Biopsych chapter 16 (16.2-16.3, 16.5, 16.6, 16.7)

What proportion of patients with damage restricted to Broca's area display pure Broca's aphasia? Approximately __________%.

0.0

The volunteers in the first experiments performed on split-brain humans had... A) suffered from severe cases of epilepsy. B) their corpus callosums severed. C) their optic chiasms severed. D) all of the above E) both A and B

A and B A) suffered from severe cases of epilepsy. B) their corpus callosums severed.

According to the cognitive neuroscience approach to the study of language, A) constituent cognitive processes of language are localized in the brain. B) the areas of the brain involved in language are not dedicated solely to that purpose. C) because language is very complex it is likely controlled by one large homogeneous area of cortex. D) all of the above E) both A and B

A and B A) constituent cognitive processes of language are localized in the brain. B) the areas of the brain involved in language are not dedicated solely to that purpose.

The decision to treat "terminal" human epileptics with commissurotomy was made on the basis of previous comparative studies that had shown that... A) epileptic discharges spread from one hemisphere to the other via the corpus callosum. B) commissurotomy has little disruptive effect on behavior outside contrived laboratory situations. C) commissurotomy eliminates seizure discharges. D) all of the above E) both A and B

A and B A) epileptic discharges spread from one hemisphere to the other via the corpus callosum. B) commissurotomy has little disruptive effect on behavior outside contrived laboratory situations.

The cognitive neuroscience approach to the study of language is based to a large degree on the following method: A) fMRI. B) PET. C) structural CT. D) both A and B E) both B and C

A and B A) fMRI. B) PET.

In healthy individuals, information from the right eye can cross to the left hemisphere via the... A) optic chiasm. B) corpus callosum. C) fornix. D) all of the above E) both A and B

A and B A) optic chiasm. B) corpus callosum

After the picture of a familiar object is flashed in the RIGHT visual field of a human split-brain patient, the patient can... A) say what the object was. B) reach into a bag with her right hand and select the object that was presented from a group of test objects. C) reach into a bag with her left hand and select the object that was presented from a group of test objects. D) both A and B E) both A and C

A and B A) say what the object was. B) reach into a bag with her right hand and select the object that was presented from a group of test objects

In experiments on split-brain laboratory animals, visual information can be presented to ONLY the LEFT hemisphere by... A) cutting the optic chiasm longitudinally. B) blindfolding the left eye. C) blindfolding the right eye. D) both A and B together E) both A and C together

A and C together A) cutting the optic chiasm longitudinally. C) blindfolding the right eye

Of the 214 aphasic patients in the classic Hecaen and Angelergues's study, how many displayed disorders of language that were purely expressive (i.e., Broca's aphasia) or purely expressive (i.e., Wernicke's aphasia)? A) 0 B) 23 C) 47 D) 102 E) 148

A) 0

Many of the early studies of the split brain were conducted in the laboratory of... A) Roger Sperry. B) Wilder Penfield. C) Brenda Milner. D) John Pinel. E) Doreen Kimura

A) Roger Sperry

Who were the neurosurgeons who performed the first major series of commissurotomies for the treatment of intractable epilepsy? A) Vogel and Bogen B) Kolb and Whishaw C) Olds and Milner D) Pinel and Barnes E) Sperry and Gazzaniga

A) Vogel and Bogen

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, when we read, the OUTPUT of the angular gyrus is transmitted to... A) Wernicke's area. B) Broca's area. C) the primary motor cortex. D) the arcuate fasciculus. E) the primary visual cortex

A) Wernicke's area

The left planum temporale roughly corresponds to... A) Wernicke's area. B) Broca's area. C) the frontal operculum. D) Heschl's gyrus. E) primary auditory cortex

A) Wernicke's area

The Z lens was developed by... A) Zaidel. B) Zalman Amit. C) Zurif. D) Zimbardo. E) Zola-Morgan.

A) Zaidel

A spoon is presented in the left visual field of a split-brain patient, and an apple is simultaneously presented in the right. Then, the patient is instructed to reach into two bags (one with each hand) and feel around until he comes up with the object that was presented on the screen. However, before the objects are withdrawn, the patient is asked to tell the experimenter what he has in each hand. The patient is likely to say, "I have... A) an apple in each hand." B) a spoon in each hand." C) an apple in my left hand and a spoon in my right." D) a spoon in my left hand and an apple in my right." E) no idea."

A) an apple in each hand."

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, Broca's area contains the neural programs of... A) articulation (speech production). B) reading. C) language comprehension. D) language reception. E) translation.

A) articulation (speech production)

A major advantage of the Z lens over conventional procedures for testing split-brain patients is that it... A) does not restrict the experimenter to the use of simple visual stimuli presented for 0.1 seconds. B) permits the testing of both hemispheres. C) does not require an eye patch. D) all of the above E) both B and C

A) does not restrict the experimenter to the use of simple visual stimuli presented for 0.1 seconds

Cross-cuing is communication between the hemispheres of a split-brain patient that occurs... A) externally, via the behavior of one of the hemispheres B) via the corpus callosum. C) via any cerebral commissure. D) via any cerebral commissure other than the corpus callosum. E) B or C

A) externally, via the behavior of one of the hemispheres

The study of how left and right hemispheres differ in their approach to cognitive tasks has led to the concept of a left hemisphere... A) interpreter. B) reporter. C) responder. D) calculator. E) scientist.

A) interpreter

The findings of the brain stimulation studies of Ojemann and colleagues suggest that language abilities might be organized in the cortex like a A) mosaic. B) phonograph. C) text book. D) lexicon. E) serial.

A) mosaic

A structural MRI study found that the __________ in the left hemisphere in musicians with perfect pitch than it is in musicians without perfect pitch. A) planum temporale is larger B) planum temporale is smaller C) frontal operculum is larger D) frontal operculum is smaller E) Heschl's gyrus is larger

A) planum temporale is larger

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, the cortical region indicated here plays a special role in... A) reading and writing. B) sign language. C) language comprehension. D) language expression. E) emotional language

A) reading and writing.

Electrical stimulation of the left cerebral cortex of conscious patients can influence their speech in a variety of ways. Which of the following is not a commonly observed speech-related response to cortical stimulation? The patient... A) says an unintended phrase. B) is momentarily mute. C) can speak but finds it difficult to name common objects. D) can speak but makes errors in counting. E) mispronounces well-known words

A) says an unintended phrase

The Wernicke-Geschwind model is a... A) serial model. B) parallel model. C) holistic, nonlocalizationist model. D) both A and C E) both B and C

A) serial model

Remarkably, naming famous faces, animals, and tools seems to be associated with activity in A) slightly different areas of the left temporal lobe. B) a large area of the right parietal lobe. C) a very small part of Broca's area. D) a large area of Wernicke's area. E) a small are of the left angular gyrus

A) slightly different areas of the left temporal lobe.

Evidence that the perception of music is lateralized comes from demonstrations that... A) the left ear is superior to the right in the melodic dichotic listening test. B) the right ear is superior to the left in the melodic dichotic listening test. C) left temporal-lobe damage is more likely than right temporal-lobe damage to disrupt musical abilities. D) both A and C E) both B and C

A) the left ear is superior to the right in the melodic dichotic listening test.

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, the NEURAL output of the left frontal operculum goes to... A) the primary motor cortex. B) Broca's area. C) Wernicke's area. D) the angular gyrus. E) the arcuate fasciculus

A) the primary motor cortex

Both the planum temporale and Heschl's gyrus are in... A) the temporal lobe. B) the frontal lobe. C) primary olfactory cortex. D) Wernicke's area. E) Broca's area.

A) the temporal lobe

The most powerful fMRI tests suggest that the language areas of the cortex are A) large and homogeneous. B) patchy and widespread. C) variable. D) both A and C E) both B and C

B and C B) patchy and widespread. C) variable

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, during SPEECH, the output of Wernicke's area is transmitted to... A) the angular gyrus. B) Broca's area. C) primary motor cortex. D) Heschl's gyrus. E) the planum temporale

B) Broca's area

Which of the following investigators, along with Sperry, played a major role in testing the original series of human split-brain patients? A) Kimura B) Gazzaniga C) Kolb D) Milner E) Petersen

B) Gazzaniga

The first large-scale cortical electrical stimulation studies of conscious human patients were conducted by... A) Lashley. B) Penfield. C) Hebb. D) Kimura. E) Milner.

B) Penfield

Each hemisphere of a human split-brain patient is capable of completion. That is why on the chimeric figures test, each hemisphere sees... A) the entire stimulus. B) a complete, but different, face. C) only half a face. D) the same face. E) only half the stimulus

B) a complete, but different, face.

Damage to the left angular gyrus has been implicated in some cases of... A) word salad. B) alexia and agraphia. C) aphagia. D) expressive aphasia. E) conduction aphasia.

B) alexia and agraphia

This split-brain patient was asked to reach under the ledge with her left hand and select the object that appeared on the screen. She selected the... A) spoon. B) apple. C) first the spoon and then the apple. D) first the apple and then the spoon. E) none of the above

B) apple

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, signals are carried from Wernicke's area to Broca's area via the left... A) corpus callosum. B) arcuate fasciculus. C) massa intermedia. D) angular gyrus. E) primary motor cortex

B) arcuate fasciculus

Although several average neuroanatomical asymmetries have been reported in the areas of the human neocortex that are thought to play important roles in language, there is no strong evidence that these anatomical asymmetries... A) occur in healthy people. B) are related to the lateralization of language functions in individuals. C) occur in women. D) occur in musicians. E) occur in the left hemisphere

B) are related to the lateralization of language functions in individuals.

It has been estimated that the corpus callosum contains 200 million... A) nuclei. B) axons. C) glia. D) synapses. E) cell bodies

B) axons

As a result of mounting evidence that broad categories of cognitive function are not lateralized, research on the lateralization of function has started to focus on... A) language. B) constituent cognitive processes. C) emotion. D) spatial ability. E) cognitive tasks

B) constituent cognitive processes

During a test in which split-brain patients were asked to verbally specify which of two colors, red or green, had been presented in the left visual field, an interesting phenomenon was discovered. This phenomenon is... A) unilateral emotion. B) cross-cuing. C) the helping-hand phenomenon. D) transfer of hircismus. E) interhemispheric transfer of color.

B) cross-cuing

Most people palpate with their... A) prefrontal cortex. B) fingers. C) right hemispheres. D) visual cortex. E) mouths open

B) fingers

Left-hemisphere damage is more likely than right-hemisphere damage to be associated with... A) contralateral motor problems. B) ipsilateral motor problems. C) motor problems of the left hand. D) both A and C E) both B and C

B) ipsilateral motor problems.

The hypothetical neural mechanism in humans that continuously assesses patterns of events and tries to make sense of them is termed the... A) right-hemisphere interpreter. B) left-hemisphere interpreter. C) right prefrontal lobe. D) left prefrontal lobe. E) left-hemisphere dominatrix

B) left-hemisphere interpreter

Which of the following structures was found to be larger in the left hemisphere in about 65% of human brains? A) Heschl's gyrus B) planum temporale C) frontal operculum D) Broca's area E) both C and D

B) planum temporale

The major weakness of functional brain-imaging techniques as research tools is that they cannot A) be used to study nonhuman primates. B) prove causation. C) be used to study subcortical structures. D) reveal activity in cerebral nuclei. E) be used to study split-brain patients

B) prove causation

After the picture of a familiar object is flashed in the LEFT visual field of a split-brain patient, the patient can... A) say what it was. B) reach into a bag containing several test items with the left hand and pull out the object that was presented. C) reach into a bag containing several test items with the right hand and pull out the object that was presented. D) both A and B E) both A and C

B) reach into a bag containing several test items with the left hand and pull out the object that was presented.

Kimura found that the __________ ear was better at identifying digits and the __________ ear was better at identifying melodies in the __________ test. A) left; right; sodium amytal B) right; left; dichotic listening C) left; right; dichotic listening D) right; left; sodium amytal E) left; right; cross-cuing

B) right; left; dichotic listening

Areas of the brain that analyze the meaning of a word are said to be performing a __________ analysis. A) phonological B) semantic C) grammatical D) serial E) lexical

B) semantic

Theoretically, Broca's area is to Wernicke's area as... A) speech production is to speech reception. B) speech production is to language comprehension. C) conduction aphasia is to receptive aphasia. D) the frontal operculum is to the arcuate fasciculus. E) word salad is to conduction aphasia

B) speech production is to language comprehension.

Evidence suggests that the naming of different categories of nouns (such as faces, animals, or tools) is each mediated by a different part of the A) parietal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) limbic lobe.

B) temporal lobe

Early research indicated that much of the aphasia resulting from the surgical excision of Broca's area was a consequence of... A) removal of the center for speech production. B) temporary postsurgical edema. C) removal of the center for speech reception. D) inadvertent removal of the arcuate fasciculus. E) inadvertent damage to Wernicke's area

B) temporary postsurgical edema

Broca's area roughly corresponds to... A) the left planum temporale. B) the left frontal operculum. C) the left Heschl's gyrus. D) Wernicke's area. E) the right frontal operculum

B) the left frontal operculum

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, __________ area is the center of speech production

Broca's

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, word salad results from damage to... A) Wernicke's area in the right hemisphere. B) the frontal operculum. C) Wernicke's area. D) the arcuate fasciculus. E) Broca's area

C) Wernicke's area

A pathological difficulty in reading is termed A) phonemia. B) aphasia. C) dyslexia. D) apraxia. E) lexicalia.

C) dyslexia

The helping-hand phenomenon was demonstrated in a test... A) involving the presentation of a photograph of a nude human figure. B) involving the presentation of a chimeric figure. C) in which the test items were in open view on top of a table. D) in which the patients were asked to reach into two different bags and pull out two different objects. E) in which the patients were asked to simultaneously pull the same object from two different bags

C) in which the test items were in open view on top of a table

Wernicke's area is... A) in the right parietal lobe. B) in the right frontal lobe. C) just posterior to the left primary auditory cortex. D) both A and C E) both B and C

C) just posterior to the left primary auditory cortex

One way of using the Z lens to test the left hemisphere's comprehension of spoken words is to... A) read words to the left ear. B) read words to the right ear. C) present visual stimuli in the right visual field, then verbally instruct the patient to respond to the visual stimuli. D) both A and B E) both B and C

C) present visual stimuli in the right visual field, then verbally instruct the patient to respond to the visual stimuli.

Geschwind... A) proposed a nonlocalizationist approach to the neuropsychology of language. B) attacked the strict localizationist approach. C) revived the localizationist ideas of Broca, Dejerine, and Wernicke. D) both A and B E) both A and C

C) revived the localizationist ideas of Broca, Dejerine, and Wernicke.

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, the VISUAL FORM of a read word is translated into a meaningful auditory code by... A) Broca's area B) Wernicke's area. C) the angular gyrus. D) the primary motor cortex. E) the arcuate fasciculus

C) the angular gyrus

The identification and study of the various areas in the left cerebral cortex that participate in language-related activities is generally referred to as the study of... A) cortical language asymmetry. B) cortical language lateralization. C) the cortical localization of language. D) the functional cortical asymmetry of language. E) the cortical Wernicke-Geschwind model

C) the cortical localization of language

The left hemisphere plays a greater role in controlling the left hand than... A) it does in controlling the right hand. B) the right hemisphere does in controlling the left hand. C) the right hemisphere does in controlling the right hand. D) all of the above E) both B and C

C) the right hemisphere does in controlling the right hand

According to the text, the main problem with the analytic-synthetic theory of cerebral asymmetry is its... A) specificity. B) brevity. C) vagueness. D) simplicity. E) age.

C) vagueness.

In the ground-breaking experiment of Myers and Sperry on the learning of a visual discrimination by split-brain cats, when the eye patch was shifted to the other eye, the performance of all cats... A) in the experiment fell to 50% correct. B) with transected corpus callosums fell to 50% correct. C) with both their optic chiasms and their corpus callosums transected fell to 50% correct. D) with transected optic chiasms fell to 50% correct. E) with both their optic chiasms and their corpus callosums transected fell to zero correct.

C) with both their optic chiasms and their corpus callosums transected fell to 50% correct.

A major difficulty in studying the asymmetry of the cortical language areas is... A) their boundaries are unclear. B) they differ greatly from person to person. C) that it is unclear how anatomical asymmetries are related to functional asymmetries. D) all of the above E) both A and C

D) all of the above

According to the text, the independence of the hemispheres of split-brain patients tends to be overestimated because... A) most published discussions of split-brain patient's focus on those cases in which independence is relatively complete. B) few studies have focused on emotional information, which is more readily transferred between separated hemispheres. C) most studies of split-brain patients have used simple tests, which are readily performed by one isolated hemisphere. D) all of the above E) most split-brain patients are right-handed

D) all of the above

Bavalier et al. (1997) used a particularly sensitive fMRI procedure to study reading. They found that the areas of cerebral activity A) in individual volunteers were patchy. B) varied both from individual to individual and within individuals from trial to trial. C) were widespread over the lateral surfaces of brain. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

Broca's aphasia" and "Wernicke's aphasia" are confusing terms because... A) the disorders to which they refer rarely, if ever, exist in their pure forms. B) the disorders to which they refer do not result from damage to Broca's and Wernicke's areas, respectively. C) they are predictions of the Wernicke-Geschwind model rather than common neuropsychological disorders. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

Cutting the optic chiasm longitudinally produces blindness in the... A) medial half of each retina. B) right half of the visual field of the right eye. C) left half of the visual field of the left eye. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

Electrical stimulation of sites in the left neocortex of conscious human patients often A) disrupts language-related abilities, even when applied to sites outside the areas of the Wernicke-Geschwind model. B) has similar disruptive effects at widely scattered sites. C) has different effects at the same sites in different patients. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

In contrast to the predictions of the Wernicke-Geschwind model, CT and structural MRI studies have identified aphasic patients who appear to have damage restricted to... A) the medial frontal lobes. B) the basal ganglia. C) subcortical white matter. D) all of the above E) both A and B

D) all of the above

With respect to cerebral lateralization of function, A) the left hemisphere plays the greater role in many aspects of language in most people. B) the right hemisphere plays the greater role in many aspects of spatial perception in many people. C) lateralization of neither language nor spatial perception is total. D) all of the above E) both A and B

D) all of the above

Visual information can be restricted to the RIGHT hemisphere of a laboratory animal by... A) blindfolding the left eye. B) cutting the optic chiasm longitudinally. C) cutting the corpus callosum longitudinally. D) all of the above together E) both A and C together

D) all of the above together

Which component of the Wernicke-Geschwind model is illustrated here? A) Broca's area B) Wernicke's area C) angular gyrus D) arcuate fasciculus E) auditory cortex

D) arcuate fasciculus

Heschl's gyrus is the location of the primary... A) visual cortex. B) language area. C) somatosensory cortex. D) auditory cortex. E) reading area.

D) auditory cortex

The right hemispheres of most split-brain patients... A) have no language abilities. B) have more language abilities than the left hemispheres. C) have language abilities equivalent to those of the left hemispheres. D) can understand many spoken or written words and simple sentences. E) none of the above

D) can understand many spoken or written words and simple sentences.

According to the text, watching a game of chess without knowing the rules would be like studying research on the... A) lateralization of language without knowing the names of the commissures. B) lateralization of language without knowing about Sperry's Nobel-prize-winning experiments. C) cortical localization of language without knowing about PET-scan experiments. D) cortical localization of language without knowing about the Wernicke-Geschwind model. E) production of language without knowing about Broca's area

D) cortical localization of language without knowing about the Wernicke-Geschwind model

Cognitive neuroscientists interested in the brain mechanisms of language search for the specific parts of the brain that mediate A) phonemes. B) language production. C) language comprehension. D) language's constituent cognitive processes. E) both B and C

D) language's constituent cognitive processes

One theory of why lateralization of function evolved is that there are two fundamentally different modes of thinking, each requiring different neural circuitry. These two modes of thinking are referred to as... A) positive and negative. B) scientific and nonscientific. C) logical and illogical. D) synthetic and analytic. E) motor and sensory

D) synthetic and analytic

The study of lateralization of function has focused on the right hemisphere because... A) most people are right-handed. B) most people are dextrals. C) the right hemisphere is dominant. D) the special abilities of the left hemisphere have been more apparent. E) both A and B

D) the special abilities of the left hemisphere have been more apparent

What proportion of the digits recognized by healthy volunteers in the conventional dichotic listening test are typically those presented to the right ear? A) 100% B) 95% C) 90% D) 85% E) 55%

E) 55%

According to the analytic-synthetic theory of cerebral asymmetry, A) the left hemisphere thinks in an analytic mode. B) the left hemisphere operates in a logical computer-like fashion. C) the right hemisphere is concerned with overall stimulus configuration and processes information in Gestalts or wholes. D) the left hemisphere abstracts relevant details and attaches verbal labels to them. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

The ground-breaking experiment of Myers and Sperry established that... A) one function of the corpus callosum is to transmit learned information between hemispheres. B) the key to studying the function of the cerebral commissures is to develop experimental procedures for presenting information to one hemisphere while keeping it out of the other. C) one hemisphere is capable of solving simple problems as rapidly as two hemispheres working together. D) the cerebral hemispheres are capable of functioning independently. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

The results of CT and structural MRI studies of aphasic patients indicate that... A) not all aphasic patients have damage to the classic Wernicke-Geschwind areas. B) most aphasics have extensive damage to subcortical white matter. C) few, if any, aphasics have damage restricted to the classic Wernicke-Geschwind areas. D) large anterior lesions tend to be associated with deficits in language expression, whereas large posterior lesions tend to be associated with deficits in language comprehension. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Chimera... A) developed the dichotic listening test. B) has studied the lateralization of musical ability. C) has shown that subjects tend to make gestures during speech with the hand controlled by the hemisphere that is dominant for speech. D) all of the above E) is a mythical monster composed of the combined parts of different animals.

E) is a mythical monster composed of the combined parts of different animals.

Areas of the brain that interpret the meaning of a word are said to be performing a __________ analysis. A) phonological B) serial C) grammatical D) phonemic E) none of the above

E) none of the above

CT and structural MRI studies of the brains of patients with language-related disorders have found that... A) lesions restricted to Broca's area produce Broca's aphasia in most patients. B) lesions restricted to Wernicke's area produce Wernicke's aphasia in most patients. C) large anterior lesions are more likely to produce deficits in language reception than are large posterior lesions. D) both A and B E) none of the above

E) none of the above

The largest commissure in the human brain is the... A) optic chiasm. B) anterior commissure. C) massa intermedia. D) majora commissura. E) none of the above

E) none of the above

The smallest units of sound that distinguish among various words in a language are called A) semantics. B) syllables. C) graphics. D) lexicons. E) phonemes.

E) phonemes

Roger __________ won a Nobel Prize for his studies of split-brain patients

Sperry

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, word salad results from damage to __________.

Wernicke's area

The left planum temporale corresponds roughly to __________.

Wernicke's area

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, the visual form of a read word is translated into a meaningful auditory code by the left __________.

angular gyrus

The hemispheres of split-brain patients can communicate with one another externally, through their behavior; this is called __________.

cross-cuing

Broca' s area corresponds to the part of the cortex referred to as the left __________

frontal operculum

PET and __________ are currently the main imaging techniques used by cognitive neuroscientists to study language.

functional MRI (fMRI)

The smallest units of sound that distinguish among words of a particular language are called __________.

phonemes

Interpreting the meaning of a word is called a __________ analysis.

semantic

It has been reported that naming faces, animals, and tools each activates a slightly different area of __________ lobe cortex.

temporal