Biopsych final

Label the brain structures on the figure

1) neocortex 2) basal ganglia 3) hippocampus 4) amygdala

Homo sapiens first appeared in the fossil record _____ years ago.

200,000

How many neurons are believed to be part of the enteric nervous system?

200-500 million

The first humanlike brain evolved:

6 million years ago

The cerebellum contains _____ of all the neurons in the adult human brain.

80%

Which statement about behavior is NOT correct?

Behavioral patterns of various species of animals are relatively consistent.

Which of the following statements describes clinical trials?

Clinical trials are consensual experiments.

Materialism was advanced by:

Darwin

The correct order of these early hominids from smallest to largest brain size is:

Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis.

Tools are associated with:

Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens

Which sequence is correct?

Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens

Sensory inputs are transmitted through layer(s) _____ of the cortex.

IV

Which layer of the brain receives only sensory inputs?

IV

Why is the SARGP2 gene significant in human evolution?

It is active when the cerebrum is developing and has mutated three times over the course of human evolution.

Why is the species of Homo floresiensis so intriguing?

It was about 3 feet tall and lived up to around 13,000 years ago

James found out he has damaged the ventral stream in his brain. Because of his brain injury:

James will not be able to recognize objects.

Which of our human ancestors had the largest brain size?

Neanderthals

Why have some neuroscientists argued for retiring the term "limbic system"?

No scientists have agreed which structures are a part of it, the term is obsolete, the idea of a limbic system suggests that cognition is separate from emotions and memories.

If a tree falls in the forest, does it make a sound if no one is present?

No, because sound is a fabrication of the human brain.

Brain size is correlated with:

Plasticity, body size, nutrition

Which statement is TRUE when considering primate characteristics?

Primates generally have only one offspring per pregnancy.

_____, caused by a genetic mutation, can help protect against malaria.

Sickle-cell anemia

Krishna has just been diagnosed with Tay-Sachs disease. Which of the following statements would the doctor NOT use to describe this disease to Krishna's parents?

Tay-Sachs can be treated by limiting the consumption of fats or lipids.

Why does the olfactory bulb play a role in human sexual behavior?

The VNO detects pheromones and relays this information to the amygdala and hypothalamus.

Which of the following does NOT accurately reflect what is known about the forebrain?

The larger the forebrain, the more coordinated the animal.

Fiorito and Scotto placed the common octopus in an experimental situation to see if it could learn through observation. In their experiment, an observer octopus watched while a demonstrator octopus was either rewarded for choosing the right ball or punished for choosing the wrong one. What did the researchers conclude from this study?

The observer octopus demonstrated learning because it chose the "rewarded" ball more quickly and more frequently than an octopus that had no experience with the task.

Which statement applies to Neanderthals?

They had larger brains than modern humans. They likely communicated using language. They made music and wore jewelry and makeup.

Which statement is NOT true of australopiths?

They lost the ability to climb trees.

When neuroscientists say the brain is plastic, what do they mean?

They mean that neural tissue can change how it functions and how it is organized.

Which of the following represents a hierarchical organization of the nervous system?

When we see a red ball, individual circuits identify its color, its shape, and its movement.

Huntington disease results in:

abnormal involuntary movements

Dunbar proposed that group sizes of _____ tend to be correlated with increased brain size in primates.

about 150

When did the first of the australopith species appear in the fossil record?

about 4 million years ago

Behavioral neuroscientists believe that _____ living organisms came from a common ancestor.

all

The sucking response of a newborn baby is considered:

an inherited behavior.

The _____ regulates internal organs without a person's conscious awareness.

autonomic nervous system

Woodburn Heron conducted an experiment to see how the brain would cope without any sensory input. He found that the brain:

began to produce hallucinations to make up for the sensory inputs that were missing.

A _____ is a sensory neuron with one axon and one dendrite, and a _____ is a brain cell that brings sensory information from the body into the spinal cord.

bipolar neuron; somatosensory neuron

Which animals would have the largest cerebellum?

birds

The notion that all living things are related was put forward by:

both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.

Descartes placed the seat of the mind in the:

brain

The set of brain structures responsible for most of our unconscious behaviors is called the:

brainstem

Animals with both a brain and a spinal cord are called:

chordates

In the Taxonomy of Modern Humans, to what phylum do humans belong?

chordates

Humans, tigers, dogs, and monkeys are all part of the same:

class

A forebear of two or more lineages or family groups is known as a:

common ancestor

Jeremy plays college football and was recently hospitalized due to injuries related to a blow to his head. It is likely that he is suffering from a(n):

concussion.

All of the pathways connecting regions of the CNS are referred to as the:

connectome

The left hemisphere primarily controls functions on the _____ side of the body.

contralateral

When observing a sagittal brain section at the midline, what is the prominent feature composed of white matter?

corpus callosum

Most of human _____ originated long after our brains evolved.

culture

Margaret is recovering from neurosurgery in which electrodes were implanted in her brain to stimulate her amygdala with low-voltage electrical currents to facilitate specific behaviors. She experienced:

deep brain stimulation

Comparing intelligence between species is difficult because we are typically reduced to comparing:

differences in species-typical behaviors.

Which has the largest encephalization quotient?

dolphin

Climate change may have placed pressure on apes to adapt to their environment. Specifically, apes that lived in _____ climates may have begun to walk upright.

drier

moving from superficial layers to deep layers, in what order are the meninges found?

dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater

Humans are classed as:

fruit eaters.

Everything that you inherited from your parents makes up your:

genotype

The reticular formation is primarily made up of:

gray matter and white matter.

The bumps on the brain are called _____, and the cracks on the brain surface are called _____.

gyri; sulci

Encephalization indicates that the ganglia are contained in the:

head.

Which of the following is NOT a cranial nerve involved in eye movements?

hypoglossal

Inherited behavior:

includes emotional expressions in humans.

The term afferent refers to _____ signals.

incoming

What process is responsible for allowing some chickens to run around even after their heads have been cut off?

integrating cranial functions

Charles Spearman proposed that intelligence:

is due to one primary factor.

The philosophical position that the workings of the brain and nervous system alone fully explain rational behavior is called:

materialism

_____ are ideas, behaviors, or styles that spread from person to person in a culture and can be influenced by brain structure.

memes

The RNA that carries the protein code from the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum is called _____ RNA.

messenger

In a fully developed human brain, the cerebellum and pons evolve from the _____ of the mammalian embryo.

metencephalon

The _____ is a nonmaterial entity that is responsible for intelligence, attention, awareness, and consciousness.

mind

The energy producers in the cell are called the:

mitochondria

Parkinson disease is a form of:

movement disorder.

The medulla oblongata arises from the _____ of the mammalian embryo.

myelencephalon

Natural selection is the idea that organisms:

naturally evolve traits that let them live longer and pass on their genes to the next generation.

A large collection of axons coursing together outside the CNS is to _____ as a large collection of axons coursing together inside the CNS is to _____.

nerve; tract

Sensory and motor signals from the head and neck are sent to _____ sections of the spinal cord.

none are correct (incorrect are lumbar, thoracic, sacral)

The sense of smell is referred to as:

olfaction.

The vagus, facial, and oculomotor nerves are the primary components of the:

parasympathetic nervous system

A _____ is a set of characteristics that can be seen or measured.

phenotype

Which is NOT a standard component of every amino acid?

polypeptide

Which part of the hindbrain might be damaged if someone has difficulty waking up?

reticular formation

Eating fruit favors a larger brain because it requires good:

sensory, memory, and motor skills

Vegetation eaters have:

smaller brains than fruit eaters

Which invertebrates would show ganglia?

snails

The _____ transmits sensory information and produces movement.

somatic nervous system

Which item is NOT a cerebral artery that acts as a major supplier to the cerebrum?

superior

The _____ facilitates the fight-or-flight response and triggers an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.

sympathetic nervous system

In the human brain the mesencephalon contains the:

tectum and tegmentum.

Which of the following is NOT part of the brainstem?

telencephalon

At the very end of the axonal branches is a knob known as the:

terminal button

Mentalism is:

the notion that the mind is responsible for behavior.

Which of the following is NOT part of the hindbrain?

the tegmentum

One of the benefits of neoteny is that it allows:

time for more brain cells to be produced

Which of the following is NOT a function of the peripheral nervous system?

to direct the flow of neural information within the brain

CNS is to PNS as:

tract is to nerve.

A(n) _____ is a product of introducing one or more genes from one species into the genome of another species to be passed along and expressed in subsequent generations.

transgenic animal

The primary function of the thalamus is:

transmission of sensory inputs to the cortex.

Rebecca is moving her eyes. Which cranial nerve would NOT be responsible for her eye movement?

trigeminal

The bones that form the spinal column are called:

vertebrae