BIOS252 Exam 3

macular degeneration

"Dark spots" in vision caused by a destruction of the macula luteao Wet: caused by poorly constructed capillarieso Dry: Destruction without leaky vessels

Vallate papillae

- 12 of them each containing 100-300 taste buds

water soluable

- circulate freely in bloodo Amines, peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and eicosanoids

Filiform papillae

- cover the entire tongue surface, contain NO taste buds but rather function to increase friction to move food and contain tactile receptors

Eustress

- helpful, everyday stress that prepares us to meet everyday challenges

Cushing Syndrome

- hypersecretion of cortisol

Acromegaly

- hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood

Pituitary gigantism

- hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood

Graves' disease

- hyperthyroidism

Addison's disease

- hyposecretion of cortisol

Pituitary dwarfism

- hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood

Diabetes mellitus

- hyposecretion or inaction of insulino Type 1 - insufficient secretion of insulino Type 2 - inactivity of insulin caused by obesity

Endemic goiters

- hypothyroidism

Fungiform papillae

- scattered all over the tongue and contain about 5 taste buds each

How many chambers does the ear contain? 1 2 3

3

thermoreceptor

A receptor that responds to changes in temperature.

osmoreceptor

A sensory receptor that detects changes in water potential

Corticotropic releasing hormone​

ACTH

low blood pressure

ADH

Activation of the adrenal cortex

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

There are multiple causes for Vertigo, most of them trigger it via a build up of pressure in the membranous labyrinth. Select all that would cause increased pressure in the membranous labyrinth. Loose otoliths Bacteria Inflammation Excess Endolymph

Bacteria, Inflammation, Excess endolymph

general senses (unconscious)

Blood Pressure​ Blood composition​ Stretching of viscera​ Oxygen​ pH​

Membranous Labyrinth​

Cochlear Duct​ Ampulla Utricle Saccule Endolymph​

Complex Tactile Sensations

Combination of the previous nerve endings - gives surfaces textures

general senses include:​ (Consciously ) ​ Consciously perceived:​ Touch​ Pressure​ Stretch​ Heat​ Cold​ pain​

Consciously perceived:​ Touch​ Pressure​ Stretch​ Heat​ Cold​ pain​

what is the retina?

Contains receptor cells called rods and cones. These are sensitive to colour and light intensity.

Select all that apply: Indicate the receptors that sense vibration. Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle) Lamellated Corpuscle Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Tactile Disc) Corpuscle of Touch (Meissner Touch) Free Nerve Endings Root Hair Plexus

Corpuscle and Lamellated

The hair cells in the ampulla are embedded in a gelatinous membrane called the ___________ to sense rotational acceleration while the utricle and saccule have membranes called ___________ to sense linear acceleration. Crista Ampularis/ otolithic membrane Kinocilium/ otolithic membrane Crista Ampullaris/ kinocilium Otolithic membrane/ Crista ampullaris

Crista Ampullaris/ kinocilium

occurs due to the hypersecretion of cortisol due to ACTH hyperexcretion

Cushing syndrome

The finger-like projections extending from the neuron's cell body that are most frequently the site of stimulation and formation of graded potentials are called

Dendrites

A 55 year-old client has entered into your office complaining of blurred vision. You are asked by the healthcare provider to dilate his pupil and take a picture of the retina. The retina shows numerous little yellow bumps/deposits resembling little stones. What eye condition would you expect this client has? Dry macular degeneration. Those yellow bumps are called drusen and are waste products. Wet macular degeneration. Those yellow bumps are scar tissue produced from leaky vessels Wet macular degeneration. Those red lines coming from the optic disc are distributing fatty deposits behind the retina. Dry macular degeneration. Those yellow bumps are bacteria called endolymphocytes

Dry macular degeneration. Those yellow bumps are called drusen and are waste products.

Select all the following body systems that have mechanisms of regulation for most body systems.​ Endocrine Skeletal Muscular Digestive Nervous

Endocrine Nervous

The maculae of the utricle and saccule detect linear acceleration or deceleration of the head Cristae in semicircular canals detect rotation Otoliths present in semicircular canals help to detect head rotation

Equilibrium

sexual maturation

FSH/LH

True or False: Receptors for Pressure and stretch are only exteroreceptors. True False

False

True or False: Tactile receptors are found only in the skin. True False

False

There are three major layers of the eye, each contributing to its functionality. They are:

Fibrous Tunic Vascular Tunic Retina

Indicate the receptors that sense touch. Free Nerve Endings Root Hair Plexus Corpuscle of Touch (Meissner Touch) Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Tactile Disc) Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle) Lamellated Corpuscle

Free Nerve Endings Root Hair Plexus Corpuscle of touch Type 1 cutenous mechanoreceptor

tissue damage

GHRH

cortisol

Glucocorticoid

produces 6 hormones that are responsible for the control of several endocrine organs.​

HYPOTHALAMUSCULAR pituitary gland

chemicals control the trigger or inhibition of the release

Humoral stimuli -

If Vertigo subsides due to adaption then the issue is in (Inner EarCentral Nervous System). If Vertigo doesn't go away, then it is in the (Inner EarCentral Nervous System).

Inner Ear, CNS

vertigo

Loss of sense of balance or "Spinning" of the roomo Causes: Stroke, Encephalitis, and toxins or drugs like alcohol

Mechanoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors sense anything that has to do with tactile sensations. Tactile sensations have many sensory modalities including:​ ​Touch​ Pressure​ Itch​ Tickle​ Vibrations​ Stretching​ Proprioception​

Corpuscles for touch

Meissner's corpuscle - light touch, low frequency vibration

Type I Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors

Merkel cells - pressure

This receptor senses very light touch and low frequencies. Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Tactile Disc) Free Nerve Endings Corpuscle of Touch (Meissner Touch) Lamellated Corpuscle Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle) Root Hair Plexus

Messengers touch

major functions of endocrine system

Metabolism​ Growth Sleep Mood​ Tissue function​ Reproduction​ Stress​ Fluid dynamics​

A _________ with a __________Diameter carries electrical impulses the fastest

Myelinated, Large

5 special senses

Olfaction (smell)​ Gustatory (Taste)​ Sight​ Auditory (hear)​ Equilibrium (Balance)​

Sound travels from _________

Outer Ear-auricle, external auditory canal, temp. membrane Middle Ear- Eustachian tube, ossicles, oval window, round window Inner Ear- body labyrinth and cochlea organ of cortisol

Lamellated Corpuscles

Pacinian corpuscle - vibration

Which of these is NOT one of the three areas of the brain that the olfactory sends info to are:​ The limbic system​ Primary olfactory area of the temporal lobe​ Primary olfactory area of the occipital lobe​ A segment of the frontal lobe​

Primary olfactory area of the occipital lobe

Proprioreceptors differ from the receptors of the special sense, equilibrium in that.... Proprioreceptors are located in the muscles, tendons and joints while the sensory receptors for equilibrium are located in the inner ear. Proprioreceptors use free nerve endings and encapsulated dendrites while equilibrium uses special cells associated with their dendrites to sense position. Proprioreceptors have their own cranial nerve while the nerves for equilibrium enter into the CNS between T4 and T5. Proprioreceptors have special cells associated with their dendrites to sense position while equilibrium uses free nerve endings and encapsulated dendrites

Proprioreceptors are located in the muscles, tendons and joints while the sensory receptors for equilibrium are located in the inner ear.

Type II Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors

Ruffini's corpuscle - light and deep pressure (baroreceptors)

Bony Labyrinth​

Scala vestibuli​ Scala Tympani​ Perilymph

ciliary processes

Secrete aqueous humor into the anterior chamber. They also are the site of attachment for the

Somatostatin Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Dopamine Corticotropin Releasing Hormone

Soma - Inhibits growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone.​ Thyro- Stimulates the release of prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone dopa - inhibits prolactin cortico- rielase of adrenocor. hormone

Secondary endocrine structures

Structures capable of producing hormones but that is not their only function: Pancreas, Thymus, Skin, Heart, Stomach, Liver, Kidneys, Hypothalamus, Gonads, and Small Intestine

primary endocrine structures

Structures whose roll is only in the production of hormones: Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, and Adrenal gland

Which of these statements is correct for the taste buds? Taste buds are the bumps on your tongue​ Taste buds sense 3 different tastes​ Taste buds are the tactile receptors on your tongue​ Taste buds have the sensory receptors for gustation ​

Taste buds have the sensory receptors for gustation ​

Zonular fibers:

The Zonular fibers are the cables connecting the lens to the Ciliary body.

You are part of triage where you take notes of the patient's signs of vertigo. You have the patient turn their head. You then look at the patient's eyes. Which of the following would be a sign of vertigo? The eyes are holding still The eyes are moving back and forth in a rhythmic manner. The eyes are going around randomly in a circle. The eyes have been replaced with spirals.

The eyes are moving back and forth in a rhythmic manner.

where is the location of the free nerve ending?

The location of free nerve ending receptors are associated with the epidermal layer of the skin.

Indicate if this sentence is correct, if not chose the correct sentence: The oval window is bigger than the tympanic membrane, thus the ossicles help produce smaller pressure waves in the perilymph​ The oval window is larger than the tympanic membrane, thus the ossicles help produce larger pressure waves in the perilymph.​ The oval window is smaller than the tympanic membrane, thus the ossicles help produce smaller pressure waves in the perilymph.​ The oval window is smaller than the tympanic membrane, thus the ossicles help produce larger pressure waves in the perilymph.​ This statement is correct​

The oval window is smaller than the tympanic membrane, thus the ossicles help produce larger pressure waves in the perilymph.​

Proprioceptor=

The prefix "Proprio" means self or one's own. It is aptly named since proprioceptors will communicate to your brain how the body is positioned. ​ where are you? receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints

The tactile sensations is a combination of five different sensory modalities. They are:

Touch Pressure Vibration Itch Tickle

Graves disease

Toxic goiter) occurs due to the hypersecretion of thyroid hormones and thyroid hypertrophy due to autoantibodies that mimic the effects of TSH. Manifestations of this disorder include elevated metabolic and heart rates, sleeplessness, extreme weight loss, sweating, and exophtalmos (a bulging of the eyes).​

The process in which a sensory structure is stimulated and creates a graded potential in a neuron is called:​ Phasic Perception Transduction​ Sense

Transduction

The auditory (Canal,Tube,Foramen,Fossa) is located in the middle ear while the auditory (Canal,Tube,Foramen,Fossa) is the pathway sound waves follow to strike the tympanic membrane.​

Tube, canal

Select all that apply: Indicate the receptors that sense pressure. Lamellated Corpuscle Corpuscle of Touch (Meissner Touch) Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Tactile Disc) Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle) Root Hair Plexus Free Nerve Endings

Type 1 and Type II

There are two different types of macular degeneration. A "dry" type and a "wet" type. (Dry/Wet) refers to the presence of recently made but poorly built capillaries. (Dry/Wet) refers to the degradation of the macula without the leaky vessels.

Wet / Dry

Any senses categorized as special senses have this in common​; A)They are all exteroceptors​ B)They are the only receptor types located in the head.​ C)They all use a type of chemical receptor to sense stimuli​ D)All their sensory neurons have specialty cells used for sensing​

a

Cerumen is A fluid secreted in the membranous labyrinth A fluid secreted found in the bony labyrinth A wax substance created in the auditory canal​ A mucus created in the middle ear to lubricate the ossicles.​

a wax substance created in auditory canal

Which of the following organs will contribute the most to the stress responses?​ Thymus Adrenal gland​ Posterior pituitary gland​ Pancreas Pineal gland​

adrenal gland

Activation of the adrenal cortex

adrenocorticotropic hormone

(Amplitude,Frequency,Pitch,Hoarseness) is detected by how much the basilar membrane is shaken while (Amplitude,Frequency,Pitch,Hoarseness) is detected by what part of the basilar membrane shakes.​

amplitude, frequency

The __________ houses the special hair cells that sense rotational acceleration

ampulla

structures of balance

ampulla, saccule, utricle , head of snail, cochlear duct

DHEA

androgen

Contains aqueous humor. Borders are the cornea, ciliary body and lens.

anterior cavity

Blood pressure

antidiuretic hormone

Allows for air to enter or exit the middle ear.​

auditory tube

Hormones that will activate the cell that originally secreted them

autocrine

The name of the stem cells that develop into olfactory cells are called​ ​Mucus cells​ Basal cells​ Support cells​ Mitral cells​

basal cells

The ______________ is attached to Hair cells and can be vibrated by sound waves. Doing so disturbs the hair cells and causes them to generate an electric gradient.​ Basilar Tympanic Vestibular Tectorial

basilar

lipid soluable

bound to transport proteins; receptors inside cellso Steroid based, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide

Epinephrine

catecholamine

chemoreceptors

chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide

paracrine

communication is the most common form of intercellular communication.​

When cells cannot absorb glucose, they must get their energy someplace else, and in turn, they metabolize fat and protein. In time, this leads to ___________.​ short-term increases in cardiovascular and neurological function​ muscular hypertrophy​ a condition called ketoacidosis, causing deep, gasping breathing.​ respiratory alkalosis​ decreased blood levels of free fatty acids and their breakdown products​

condition called ketoacidosis causing deep gasping breathing respiratory alkalosis

Select all of the following that are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. corticosteroids epinephrine mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids androgens norepinephrine

corticosteriods mineralcorticoids glucocorticoids adrogens

Stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone.​

corticotropin releasing hormone

As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine ________​. Cortisol rise​ Fall and cortisol rise.​ Rise and cortisol fall.​ None of the choices are correct Cortisol fall​

cortisol rise

Peptides that can either upregulate or downregulate cellular functions

cytokines

what is the sclera made of?

dense irregular CT

inhibits prolactin

dopamine

lessen the amount of receptors due to large amounts of hormone

down regulation

Which of these regions of the oral cavity has taste buds?​ Select all that apply. epiglottis Pharynx (Throat) Tongue​ Hard Palate

epiglottis pharynx tongue

kidney

erythropoietin and calcitriol

Which glands secrete their product by way of a duct directly onto an epithelial surface?​ autocrine​ paracrine​ endocrine​ amphicrine​ exocrine​

exocrine

Select all that apply: The accessory structures of the eye include Eyebrows The lens Eyelashes The lacrimal gland

eyebrows eyelash lacrimal gland

In order for the signal for smell to arrive at the primary olfactory area, the smell must pass through the thalamus.​ True False

false

Rotational acceleration is initially sensed when you rotate your head and the endolymph accelerates faster than your head. True False

false

The auditory canal is the part of the ear that is most likely to be infected.​ True False

false

True or False - Two cranial nerves broadcast the gustatory stimuli to the brain.​ True False

false

True or False Proprioceptors differ from receptors for equilibrium in that proprioceptors are located in the vestibule whereas the receptors of equilibrium are found in ligaments, tendons and muscles​ True False

false

True or False: A single neuron and its receptor can sense multiple stimulus types. True False

false

True or False: Overstimulating the photoreceptors can cause them to be stuck in on mode. True False

false

From the white outer layer to the inner layer, the names of the layers of the eye are called: Vascular tunic, Fibrous Tunic, Retina Vascular tunic, Retina, Fibrous tunic Fibrous tunic, Retina, Vascular tunic Fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, Retina

fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, retina

aqueous humor

fluid in the eye, found between the cornea and the lens

The papillary muscles can adjust the shape of the lens. This gives the eye the ability to Focus on near or far objects Discern the intensity of light Reflect light away Change the shape of the object being looked at (i.e. changing a square to a circle.

focus on near or far objects

Production of sex cells

follicle stimulating hormone

stomach

gastin, gherlin

Hypersecretion of growth hormone can lead to a condition called ___________, while hyposecretion can lead to a disorder called ___________.​ acromegaly; gigantism​ chronic hyperglycemia; gigantism​ pituitary dwarfism; acromegaly​ gigantism; pituitary dwarfism​ gigantism; acromegaly​

gigantism; pituitary dwarfism

alpha

glucagon

Glands involved with the production of reproductive hormones

gonads

Steroid hormones that will promote cellular growth

growth factor

Mitosis of cells

growth hormone

(High/Low) Frequencies vibrate the basilar membrane on the proximal end while (High/Low) frequencies vibrate the basilar membrane on the distal end.​

high, low

Corticotropin release from the hypothalamus will lead to the secretion of ACTH

hormonal stimulation

A professional football player was tackled awkwardly and now says that he is dizzy each time he moves his head. You also notice his eyes are moving rhythmically. The dizziness subsides after thirty seconds. You decide to ask him some clarifying questions about his symptom, one of them will be Do you feel your eyes moving? How would you describe your dizziness? How hard were you hit?

how would you describe your dizziness?

As calcium levels begin to fall in blood, the parathyroid gland will secrete parathyroid hormone.

humoral stimulation

Select all of the following molecules that are capable of penetrating the plasma membrane of cells. hydrophobic molecules​ hydrophilic molecules water gases lipids

hydrophobic molecules, gases

Which of the following organs is considered the master regulator of homeostasis?​ infundibulum hypothalamus anterior pituitary​ posterior pituitary​ pineal gland​

hypothalamus

Which of the following organs is considered the master regulator of homeostasis?​ posterior pituitary​ hypothalamus anterior pituitary​ pineal gland​ infundibulum

hypothalamus

region in the brain that detects changes in homeostasis and will secrete tropic hormones.​

hypothalamus

Resistance reaction

hypothalamus releases CRH, TRH, and GHRH. Longer lasting and accelerate breakdown reactions to provide ATP for counteracting stress

Means anvil. It is the middle bone​

incus

Equilibrium is sensed by structures within the (Inner EarMiddle EarRetinaChoroid) while light is sensed by the (Inner EarMiddle EarRetinaChoroid) found in the eye.

inner ear, retina

The primary gustatory area is located in which hemisphere of the brain?​ Occipital Insula Temporal Limbic

insula

beta

insulin

Which of the following pairs of hormones have opposing functions? insulin and glucagon​ epinephrine and norepinephrine​ luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone​ aldosterone and androgen​ prolactin and oxytocin​

insulin and glucagon

In 1924, the micronutrient ___________was added to salt products. This was in response to a study that found the addition of this substance prevented goiters, an enlargement of the thyroid gland, in at-risk populations

iodine

colorful donut shaped disc that dilates or constricts depending on how bright or dim the light is

iris

The hair cells release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft after they're depolarized by the influx of this ion​: K+​ Ca2+ ​ Cl- Na+

k+

This structure of the eye is somewhat pliable and can be stretched to focus an image onto the retina Cornea Choroid Iris Lens

lens

adipose

leptin

mediate allergic and inflammatory responses.​

leukotrienes

vulation (female); promotes production of testosterone (male)

leutinizing hormone

Which of the following is/are not considered an endocrine tissue or organ?​ thyroid​ adrenal glands​ pancreas​ testes liver

liver

Foliate papillae -

located in the lateral trenches of the tongue and degenerate in early childhood

Select all that apply Color Blindness arises from genetic anomalies or lack photo pigments. If you are red-green color blind you are probably lacking pigments in these types of cones Long-Wavelength Medium-wavelength Brief-Wavelengths Short-Wavelength

long and medium

Physical causes of stress include ________. Check all that apply.​ malnutrition infection intense exercise​ grief anger

malnutrition infection intense exercise

Damage to the thyroid gland would interrupt which of the following functions?​ metabolism​ defecation​ sleep​ fluid balance​ lactation​

metabolism

Aldosterone

mineralocorticoid

A hormone is a ____________ and the target cells is _________.​ regulatory molecule that controls secretions of other cells; a cell that synthesizes hormones​ molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones.​ molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that synthetizes hormones.​ protein that stimulates other cells; the source of hormone secretions​ None of these are correct.​

molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones.​

As glucose levels of blood rise, insulin secretions increase, leading to a decrease in glucose levels. This is an example of ____________ feedback.​ Positive Negative

negative

Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops. Most often, this is in the form of ______________. all of the above are correct negative feedback​ direct nervous stimulation​ positive feedback​ reverberation

negative feedback

Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops. Most often, this is in the form of ______________. direct nervous stimulation​ positive feedback​ all of the above are correct reverberation negative feedback​

negative feedback

distress

negative stress fight or flight response

When a patient is exposed to a major stressor, it triggers the brain to send sympathetic innervation towards the adrenal glands, leading to the secretion of adrenaline.

neural stimulation

neurons control the trigger or inhibition of the release

neural stimuli

The special senses are considered special because They are in special locations throughout the body. They are associated with sensory neurons. The neurons are associated with special sensory cells. They are well known throughout the human population and are thus dubbed special.

neurons are associated with sensory neurons

Addison Disease

occurs due to the hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

Peptides and catecholamines are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate a target cell. Where are the receptors for these hormones?​ In the nucleus​ On the cell surface​ On a cAMP molecule​ On the cytoskeleton​ On the DNA​

on the cell surface

hormonal stimuli

other hormones either trigger the release or inhibit the release

Childbirth

oxytocin

stretching of the cervix

oxytocin

The tactile sensations include all of the following EXCEPT​ Itch Touch Pressure​ Pain Vibration​

pain

nocireceptors

pain receptors

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions? anterior pituitary pineal gland pancreas thyroid gland

pancreas

Which of the following is considered a secondary endocrine structure?​ Thyroid Parathyroid Pancreas Adrenal glands​ Pituitary gland​

pancreas

Includes glands associated with both acute and chronic stress Glands that produce hormones of sympathetically dominant states Production sites for hormones involved with blood pressure regulation Production sites for hormones involved with hydration status Glands that produce hormones of blood glucose regulation

pancreas, adrenals

f cell

pancreatic polypeptide

​Hormones that will activate a cell that is contained within the same tissue.

paracrine

Utilize cAMP DAG, or IP3 systems Require second messenger systems Elicit responses almost immediately Hydrophilic Bind to membrane bound receptors

peptide

Hormones display ____________ effects when one hormone enhances the target organ's response to a second hormone that is secreted later.​ All of the choices are correct.​ antagonistic​ permissive None of the choices are correct.​ synergistic

permissive

The special cells of the eye are Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors Chemoreceptors Photoreceptors

photoreceptors

Contains vitreous humor. The inner lining of it is the retina.

posterior cavity

will not produce any hormones, but rather is responsible for the secretion of hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

posterior pituitary gland

​Exteroceptors =

primarily sense stimuli that are coming from the outside. Your special senses of sight, smell and hearing along with the general somatic senses associated with touch.​ Receptors that receive outside stimulus​

Thromboxane

produced by blood platelets to inhibit prostacyclin.​

Prostacyclin

produced by blood vessels to prevent blood clotting.​

Production of breast milk

prolactin

Steroid hormones bind to ___________ of the target cell protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus​ carbohydrate receptors on the cell membrane​ carbohydrate receptors in the cytoplasm​ protein receptors on the cell membrane​ lipid receptors on the cell membrane

protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus​

black hole that allows light into posterior chamber of eye

pupil

Photoreceptors

respond to light (rods and cones)

The part of the eye that senses light is called The retina The lens The cricoid The pupil

retina

A patient has come into triage complaining of being dizzy. To be considered true vertigo, what must the patient mean when they say they feel dizzy? They feel queasy. The room is spinning to them. They feel lightheaded. Their head hurts.

room is spinning

The ampulla combined with the semicircular canal sense ________ acceleration. The saccule and utricle sense ___________ acceleration. Linear, static Linear, Rotational Rotational, linear Static, rotational

rotational, linear

whites of eyes

sclera

small intestine

secretin, cholecystectomy

Which of the following body systems would be most influenced by parathyroid hormone?​ immune digestive integument cardiovascular skeletal

skeletal

delta

somastatin

Inhibits growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone.​

somatostatin

Require a transport protein Hydrophobic pass directly through the plasma membrane Elicit response over several hours to days Bind to receptors in the cell's nucleus

steroid

trh

stimulates TSH and PRL

PRL

stimulates milk production

LH

stimulates ovulation

ACTH

stimulates the adrenal hormones

adh

stimulates water retention

The olfactory cells are located in the ____________ portion of the nasal cavity.​ ​ ​ glomerulus Nares ​Inferior ​ Superior​

superior

Inferiorly, Superiorly Medially, laterally Laterally, medially Superiorly, Inferiorly

superiorly, inferiorly

Taste sensations

sweet Sour Salt Bitter Umami

External ear infections (otitis externa) are often referred to as Runner's Ear Swimmer's Ear Walker's Ear Jumper's Ear

swimmers ear

A patient will describe to you their sign/symptom while a sign/symptom will be perceived by you.

symptom, sign

gustation is sense of __________

taste

Connected to the malleus. Makes the tympanic taut in the presence of loud noises.

tensor tympani muscle

Adaptation

the ability to no longer perceive sensations due to prolonged exposure

Select all that apply. The main structures that cause light to refract are The retina The choroid The lens The cornea

the lens the cornea

prostaglandins

the most diverse eicosanoids that are produced throughout the body with a variety of functions depending on the body system affected.​

what is the cornea?

the transparent layer forming the front of the eye.

Cililiary Muscles

they are responsible for changing the shape of the lens, an extremely important feature for vision which we discuss later.

Includes the principal glands of metabolic control Includes a gland responsible for immune maturation Includes hormones critically involved with blood calcium homeostasis

thymus and thyroid

Activation of the thyroid gland

thyroid stimulating hormone

Stimulates the release of prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone.

thyrotropin releasing hormone

The ear is protected by loud noises via the _________ reflex.​ Cochlear Ipsilateral Vestibulo-ocular Tympanic

tympanic

increase the amount of receptors due to small amounts of hormone

up regulation

Indicate in which part of the ear you would find otolithic membranes. Utricle None of the above Saccule

utricle saccule

What is the sclera of the eye?

white of the eye

autocrine

​​​​​​​communication is not as common as paracrine or classic communication. ​

chemoreceptors sense _________

chemicals

Contains melanin to help absorb any light that may have made it past the special cells that detect light. Also contains the vascular network.

choroid

Part of the ciliary body, produces the aqueous humor of the anterior chamber.

ciliary process

One of these is not like the others. Indicate which papilla doesn't have taste buds at some point in life. Filiform​ Fungiform​ Vallate​ Foliate​

fungiform

What type of sense is touch considered? Special Sense General Sense

general

When it is dark, the primary receptors sensing light are the ________. When walking around in the day time, the primary photo receptors sensing light are the ___________. Rods, Cones Cones, Rods Pyramids, columns Columns, Pyramids

Rods, Cones

A person born with Albinism lacks the pigment in their skin as well as their eyes. This means that the color of their iris will be: Red Green Brown Blue

blue

Part of the ciliary body, and attached to the lens via zonular fibers. responsible for reshaping the lens so as to bend light differently.

ciliary muscles

clear portion of fibrous tunic, encapsulates anterior cavity

cornea

The axons of the primary sensor neuron pass through the foramen of this bone marking.​ Foramen Magnum​ Foramen ovale​ Sella Turcica​ ​Cribriform plate​

cribriform plate

Most lateral bone. Connected to the tensor tympani muscle and tympanic membrane

malleus

Interoceptor=-

monitor and maintain the homeostatic balance of your body as well as check for stretching, pressure and damage to internal organs.​ receptors located inside, along organs

Mechanoreceptors

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch

The portion of the eye with the special sensory cells and their associated neurons.

retina

In the retina, the __________ cells sense hues of gray while the _________ cells sense color. cone, rod rod, cone short, long long, short

rod , cone

structures of hearing

scala vestibuli, snail shell, basilar membrane, cochlear duct, scala tympani

To __________ is when a stimulus successfully stimulates an action potential in its specific neuron. How your brain interprets the message is how the stimulus is __________.​

sense; perceived

Olfaction is a fancy way of saying​ Touch Smell Sight Old factories​

smell

Olfaction is considered..​ A special Sense​ ​A general Sense​ A somatic sense​ No nonsense​

special sense

One of these is not like the others. Indicate which one of these is not one of the five tastes? Spicy (hot) Umami Bitter Sour

spicy

Looks like a stirrup. Most medial end fits into the oval window.

stapes

Select all that apply> The three small bones in the middle ear​: Tympanic Stapes Anvilus Incus Malleous Auricle

stapes incus malleous

__________ are the fast adapting type of sensory receptors. They sense a stimuli and then shutdown very quickly. __________ are the slowly adapting receptors. ​

tonic; phasic

Select all the locations where the taste buds can be found from the options below. top of the epiglottis The surfaces of the tongue pharynx Sclera Nasal​ conchae soft palate

top of epiglottis surfaces of tongue pharynx soft palate

True or False - Gustatory receptor cells use chemoreceptors to sense tastants.​ True False

true

True or false: Grabbing and feeling an object might use all the receptor types in order for the brain to perceive what it is touching. True False

true

Because of the setup of the eye, the image winds up ________________on the retina.

upside down