Biosciences II: Ch29

Which of the following are similarities that evolved independently in at least some species of both lycophytes and other vascular plants?

A treelike growth form The presence of leaves

In mosses, male gametangia are called _____ , while female gametangia are called _____.

Blank 1: antheridia Blank 2: archegonia

All vascular plant sporophytes have a waxy _____ and pores called _____ to help prevent water loss.

Blank 1: cuticle Blank 2: stomata

A common feature of whisk ferns and horsetails is that they both have sperm with _____; for that reason, those plants require free water for _____.

Blank 1: flagella or flagellum Blank 2: fertilization, reproduction, or sexual reproduction

In liverworts, the well-known flattened species are lobed and resemble _____, whereas the _____ form is much more common.

Blank 1: liver OR livers Blank 2: leafy, mossy, OR moss

Evidence suggests that leaves evolved more than once; _____ are small leaves found in the lycophytes and _____ are the true leaves of ferns and seed plants.

Blank 1: lycophylls Blank 2: euphylls

In humans, gametes such as sperm and eggs are formed by the cellular process of _____, whereas land plants produce gametes by the process of _____.

Blank 1: meiosis Blank 2: mitosis

Seeds are very resistant structures, that can _____ and nourish the young _____

Blank 1: protect Blank 2: embryo or plant

Moss sporophytes typically have a slender _____ with a swollen capsule, known as the _____ , at its tip.

Blank 1: stalk Blank 2: sporangium

Choose the answers that describe the typical shapes of moss sporangia.

Cylindrical Club-shaped

Select all true statements about lycophytes.

Despite resembling true mosses, lycophytes have vascular tissues. In lycophytes, the sporophyte generation is dominant.

Select all types of leaves found in vascular plants.

Euphylls Lycophylls

How does a moss sporophyte acquire nutrients?

From the gametophyte

Which of the following is true of gamete production in humans and land plants?

Gametes are formed by mitosis in land plants. Gametes are formed by meiosis in humans.

Select all features of liverworts.

Gametophytes have rhizoids. They may be leafy or lobed.

Choose all features that confined the green algal ancestors of plants to water.

Less water availability in a terrestrial environment Higher levels of UV light on land

Select the three clades of vascular plants that exist today.

Lycophytes Seed plants Pterophytes

Choose all that are carried in vascular tissue.

Minerals Hormones Sucrose Water

Select all features of fern sporophytes.

Multicellular Photosynthetic Vascular

Which of the following distinguish land plants from the clade of green algae known as the charophytes?

Multicellular sporophytes Multicellular gametophytes Diploid embryos

Select all true statements about hornworts.

Of all bryophytes, their sporophytes are most similar to those of vascular plants. Their gametophytes are photosynthetic. Their sporophytes have stomata.

Select all functions of roots.

Plant support Transport of water

What is a common function of the waxy cuticle and stomata on the above-ground parts of tracheophyte sporophytes?

Reduction of water loss

Select all true statements about fern gametophytes.

Rhizoids anchor them to their substrate. They contain archegonia and antheridia.

Select all features of mosses.

Rhizoids do not absorb as well as a vascular plant root. They use rhizoids to anchor themselves.

What structure functions both in support of the plant and transport of water and nutrients in tracheophytes?

Roots

Antheridia and archegonia produce which of the following, respectively?

Sperm and eggs

Select all structures produced by mosses.

Sporangia Rhizoids

During the evolution of plant vascular tissues, which developed first?

Stems

Which of the following are characteristics of all (with a few exceptions, such as parasitic plants) land plants?

The ability to photosynthesize Multicellular haploid and diploid generations Diploid embryos

Select the main evolutionary innovation that helped the tracheophytes to become dominant in many terrestrial ecosystems.

The development of vascular tissue

Select all adaptations of land plants that distinguish them from their algal relatives.

The presence of specialized water transporting tissues The presence of stomata for gas exchange The presence of a waxy cuticle on air-exposed surfaces

Select all features of horsetails.

Their stems are hollow. They have jointed stems.

Select all features common to whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns.

They form antheridia and archegonia. They require free water for fertilization.

Select all ways in which moss leaflike structures differ from true leaves.

They lack stomata They lack veins Most of their surface is one cell layer thick

Select all true statements about whisk fern sporophytes.

They lack true leaves. They are photosynthetic (green).

Select all adaptive features of seeds.

They nourish the embryo. They protect the embryo.

In bryophytes, the sperm are flagellated and have to swim to the archegonia; therefore, the presence of _____ is necessary for fertilization.

Water

The sporophyte of what plant group consists of evenly forking photosynthetic stems that lack roots and leaves?

Whisk ferns

A major adaptation to a terrestrial lifestyle in land plants is _____.

a cuticle on exposed surfaces

In mosses and ferns, the haploid (gametophyte) generation occupies ______.

a larger portion of the life cycle than it does in seed plants

A similarity between fern gametophytes and sporophytes is that they ______.

are photosynthetic

The adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment required ______.

better water loss management

Conspicuous, photosynthetic gametophytes are characteristic of ______.

bryophytes

The , _____ also known as nontracheophytes, are the closest living descendants of the first land plants.

bryophytes

The closest living descendants of the first land plants are the ______.

bryophytes

Hornwort gametophytes are typically provided with nitrogen by their symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing _____.

cyanobacteria

One reason bryophytes require water for fertilization is because their sperm are ______.

flagellated

The leaves of ferns are called _____.

fronds

Bryophyte have small, green _____ that are specialized for light capture and photosynthesis.

gametophytes

A typical land plant has a(n) _____ life cycle, which includes multicellular haploid and diploid stages.

haplodiplontic

Over the course of plant evolution from bryophytes to seed plants, the general trend has been toward a significant decrease in the size of the _____ stage in the life cycle.

haploid

Fern gametophytes are typically ______.

heart-shaped and cell one layer thick, except in the center

A plant is said to be _____ if all of its spores are similar in appearance.

homosporous

Plants that produce one spore type are called ______.

homosporous

The _____ are seedless vascular plants with hollow, jointed stems.

horsetails

The most common type of liverwort is ______.

leafy

Even though _____ diverged from all other vascular plants early in their evolutionary history, they are similar in having leaves and a treelike growth form.

lycophytes

Over the course of plant evolution, the general trend has been toward ______.

more embryo protection and a smaller gametophyte

Organisms that exhibit a haplodiplontic life cycle have ______.

multicellular haploid and diploid stages

In mosses and ferns, the gametophyte generation is ______.

photosynthetic and free-living

Unlike bryophytes, lycophytes ______.

produce vascular tissue

The three clades of vascular plants are the lycophytes, the pterophytes, and the _____ plants.

seed

Liverworts reproduce through ______.

sexual and asexual means

Clusters of sporangia on ferns are called _____.

sori OR sorus

Sori are clusters of ______.

sporangia in ferns

The cone-like structure on a horsetail stem produces haploid _____.

spores

The earliest vascular plants had ______.

stems but not roots

An important difference that distinguishes the leaflike structures of moss gametophytes from true leaves is ______.

the lack of vascular tissue

Tracheophytes are dominant in many terrestrial ecosystems because of their ability to produce ______.

vascular tissue

Choose the two types of vascular tissue.

xylem phloem