BIS10 unit 1-3

Which is NOT one of the major chemical building blocks of modern life?

-Silicon (right) -carbon -nitrogen -hyrogen

Which of the following is a component of a virus?

-capsid -DNA or RNA

potential energy and kinetic energy are from of

-mechanical energy

From the DNA sequence 3' ATGCCAGGC 5', what is expected to be its complementary sequence?

5' TACGGTCCG 3'

How many possible combinations of 3-letter "words" can you make using the 4 DNA bases A, G, C, and T?

64

Which molecule does the job of "decoding" an mRNA by physically linking a three base codon to its corresponding amino acid?

A tRNA

The phospholipid bilayer of a cell is similar to what structure of a house?

A window screen

Which of the following is an example of falsification in the scientific process?

An experiment disproves one hypothesis, allowing us to discard it.

Which of the following is necessary for any viral protein to be made?

An mRNA encoding the viral protein must be transcribed.

Drugs that kill bacteria are called

Antibiotics

The seedless "grapes" you buy at the Farmer's Market are very different from grapes that people ate 5000 years ago. Over the past 5000 years, this difference in grape traits is primarily due to:

Artificial Selection of grape traits through selective breeding

Which of the following is FALSE about the molecular building blocks of life?

Carbohydrates form the membranes to create barriers that separate compartments

Type 1 diabetes is a defect in "sending the signal." Which of the following is FALSE about Type 1 diabetes?

Cells throughout the body become insensitive to insulin.

A delicious dinner prepared by friends includes an appetizer of smoked salmon. Fish contains both protein and fat. After eating, the protein in the salmon would be:

Degraded by proteases to amino acid monomers in your stomach, which are absorbed by your small intestine.

A certain species of butterfly varies in color from white to dark blue. The birds found in the same area feed on the white or lightly colored butterflies, leaving butterflies that are darkly colored. This is an example of what type of selection?

Directional selection

Using the genetic code provided below, which polypeptide CANNOT be made from the following mRNA: 5'-ACCAGCGUUAC-3'

Leu-Ala-Pro

A breast cancer patient is treated with a drug that inhibits the Her2 growth factor receptor. The patient shows a remarkable recovery, but about 10 months later the cancer comes back. The cancer is now resistant to the drug. Where did this drug resistance come from?

Most of the cancer cells were killed, but a small number had mutations that made them resistant to the drug.

Which of the following terms refers to the physical characteristics associated with a trait?

Phenotype

Which of following DOES NOT affect your risk for getting cancer?

Physical contact with people who have cancer

Water is:

Polar

Which enzyme transcribes an mRNA from DNA?

RNA Polymerase

The majority of the effects of an energy drink are based upon the interaction of which ingredient with the metabolic processes of our bodies?

caffeine

Wheat plants have been modified to increase the rate of photosynthesis to decrease the amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere in response to the global concern of

climate change?

A gardener saves seeds from a red tomato plant in her garden. She plants the seeds the following summer and is surprised when the plant produces orange tomatoes. Then she remembers the red tomato plant was next to a plant that produced yellow tomatoes. This an example of a GMO.

false

A hypothesis should be tested unless there is a strong support for this hypothesis in the scientific community

false

Energy drinks supply organic energy nutrients, such as carbohydrates, for use in the metabolic pathways of cells

false

Our bodies have multiple cell types because the cell types have different genes.

false

Epigenetics is one way that the same genotype can result in different gene expression in a cell due to:

histone modifications

Which of the following terms means the ability of the body to operate under a set of defined internal conditions?

homeostasis

The movement of genes between species is termed

horizontal gene transfer.

Which of the following produces antibodies?

plasma cells

Cytotoxic T cell activation by cell-mediated immunity results in the ______ and apoptosis of infected cells.

production of memory T cells

The end result of gene expression is usually a(n):

protein or enzyme

Which of the following produces immune system cells?

red bone marrow

A nucleic acid was analyzed and found to contain 29 percent A, 23 percent G, 33 percent C, and 15 percent U. The nucleic acid is most likely:

single-stranded RNA

Climate change has the ability to alter which characteristics of an ecosystem?

temperature and precipitation levels

Cells "eat" to get energy and molecular building blocks.

true

A scientific hypothesis is:

A testable explanation for observed phenomena

Hydrogen bonding:

Is responsible for water adhesion and surface tension

What property of the carbon atom makes it well-suited to form the backbone of biological molecules?

It can make bonds with four other atoms.

What is the primary role of polymerization in life/biology?

It introduces a source of variation

A scientific hypothesis must be potentially ________. It must lead to predictions that can be clearly determined to be correct or incorrect.

falsifiable

Tiktaalik and Archaeopteryx are associated with which type of evidence of evolution?

fossil

which of the following is the basic unit of inheritance?

gene

the majority of fats in the diets are

triglycerides

If an individual with Type A blood marries a person with Type AB blood, which blood types may be present in their offspring?

-Type AB -Type A -Type B

Genetically modified plants may be produced for which of the following reasons?

-to provide resistance to drought -to provide resistance to commonly used herbicides -to provide resistance to insect pest species -to reduce spoilage

HIV is thought to have evolved from a similar virus (SIV) that infects monkeys. How could a virus evolve to jump from infecting monkeys to infecting humans?

A mutation in the viral spike protein causes it to bind to a "receptor" on human cells that is homologous to its previous "receptor" on monkey cells

Which of the following is an example of anabolism?

Building glycogen polymers from glucose

During DNA replication, which enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides in the DNA strands?

Helicase

Mutations in genes that are needed to repair damaged DNA are often associated with increased risk for cancer. Why?

Mutations in these genes make cells more likely to acquire additional mutations, including mutations that can promote cancer.

Which of the following is TRUE about how neurons work in the brain?

Neurons secrete chemical signals to communicate with each other.

If a lactose intolerant person drinks milk, what happens to the lactose?

The lactose is broken down and digested by bacteria in the gut

How would lacking ribosomes hinder cells?

They wouldn't be able to translate mRNA into proteins

Lipid membranes are an example of self-organization in biology.

True

Protein involves the polymerization of

amino acids

The majority of crop plants, such as rice, soybeans, and corn, belong to this classification of plants.

angiosperms

Which of the following is an example of catabolism?

breaking down protein into amino acids

What are probiotics?

live bacteria that help you digest food

This molecule helps to move the genetic information from the nucleus of the cell to the ribosome.

mRNA

Cancers are named based on which of the following?

the types of tissues or organs they originate in

which of the following allows geneticists to change a specific area of a gene?

- PCR site-specific mutagenesis - CRISPR

which of the following are correct statements rega the DNA molecule?

- it is a double helix -the two DNA strands are oriented in an anti-parallel configuration -the information is contained within the nucleotides of DNA

Which of the following statements explains the relationship between mutations and natural selection?

-A mutation may result in a variation of a trait that may be more advantageous (right) -All of the answer choices describe the relationship between mutations and evolution. -A mutation in the genetic material may or may not have an effect on the protein. -A mutation may result in the death of an organism or cell.

Which of the following does NOT describe an enzyme?

-A protein that gets modified into a new form (right) -A protein and RNA machine that polymerizes amino acids to make proteins -A protein that catalyzes the polymerization of DNA -A protein that cuts DNA into two pieces

Which of the following statements is FALSE about DNA replication?

-DNA replication is not "hijacked" by viruses (right) -DNA replication is carried out by DNA polymerase -A new DNA strand is made from an existing DNA template -DNA replication is guided by base pairing interactions

Which of the following statements about biological membranes is FALSE?

-Membranes lipids are entirely nonpolar (hydrophobic). (right) -Membranes separate the inside of cells from the outside -Membranes define special compartments within cells. -Membrane formation is driven by interactions between molecules.

Antigenic shift involves:

-all of the above (right) -a single host cell being infected by viruses from two different animals -a formation of new combinations of H and N spikes on the virus - a slower adaptation by the immune system

Homologous structures represent which form of evidence supporting the theory of evolution?

-comparative anatomy -embryonic development

Which of the following statements are correct regarding a mitochondrion?

-it is the result of an endosymbiotic relationship between ancient bacteria -it is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells -it is the site of aerobic respiration

Which of the following statements are true concerning evolution?

-it is the result of heritable changes in the DNA -it is the unifying theme in the study of biology

Which of the following is correct regarding immunotherapy?

-it uses the body's immune cells to fight cancer -it has the ability to attack specific cancer cells -it may use monoclonal antibodies to attack cancer cells

Carbohydrates are processed in which of the following locations?

-large intestine -mouth -small intestine

Which of the following is present in a eukaryotic cell but not in a prokaryotic cell?

-mitochondria -nucleus -internal compartments

Which of the following contents of an energy drink is a B vitamin?

-niacin -folic acid

which of these statements are correct? the use of genetically modified plants, and plants products, has ______.

-none of the above are correct (right) -negatively impacted non-target insect species -the ability to cause health problems in most individuals -resulted in gene transfer to weed species

Which type of mutation would substitute a different amino acid for the original amino acid when the gene is translated?

A missense mutation

The seedless "organic" watermelon you buy at Whole Foods is very different than the watermelon people could have eaten 5000 years ago. This modification of the traits in the watermelon over the past 5000 years is due to:

Artificial Selection of watermelons through selective breeding

Your physical traits are determined entirely by your genes.

False

The replication of the genetic material occurs following a successful passage of which checkpoint?

G1

The greenhouse effect is caused by

Gases such as CO2 trapping radiation from the sun that was reflected by the Earth

Which of the following best explains the difference between selective breeding and genetic engineering?

Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating the DNA of organisms, whereas selective breeding makes use of existing, naturally present variation and the process of sexual reproduction.

The work of which of the following researcher(s) used radioactively labeled material to determine whether proteins or DNA are the genetic material?

Hershey and Chase

Which of the following is present on the surface of every body cell (with a nucleus) to identify self?

MHC-I

During which of the following is genetic variation introduced into the cells that will become the gametes?

Metaphase I Prophase I

Fermentation and respiration are two different ways that a cell can break down glucose to make ATP. Which of the following is a difference between respiration and fermentation?

Respiration produces more ATP per glucose molecule than fermentation does.

Analysis of the ratio of Carbon-14 to Carbon-12 in the atmosphere provides evidence that the increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are due to human activities.

True

Antibiotic resistance genes can be transferred from one species of bacteria to a different species of bacteria.

True

Biodiversity is important for modern medicine because many of our best drugs are natural products that we discovered in plants and microbes.

True

The discovery of liquid water on Mars makes scientists think that it is more likely that life may have existed on Mars. What observations or evidence about water causes scientists to feel this way?

Water is a fundamental part of every living organism on Earth, therefore water might be fundamental for life on other planets as well

Which of the following is FALSE about your gut microbiome?

Your gut microbiome is not affected by your diet.

Polysaccharides, like starch and glycogen, primarily function to store:

energy

With continued use over our lifetimes, our bodies will eventually become resistant to antibiotics.

false

Which of the following nutrients is packaged into proteins to be transported by the lymphatic system prior to being used by the body?

fats and oils

The symptoms associated with the flu are largely the result of a reaction by which body system?

immune system

The World Health Organization defines a GMO organism as one that has had its genetic information altered

in a way that would not occur in nature.

The absorption of water from food primarily occurs in the:

large intestine

Use the following figure to help answer this question. Which of the following parts of a DNA molecule are held together by hydrogen bonds?

nucleotide bases on opposite strands of the double helix

Which of the following is the enzyme that converts viral RNA to DNA in the host cell?

reverse transcriptase

Lactose intolerance is caused by

the reduction or loss of the lactase enzyme

Hydrolysis of sucrose, a disaccharide, results in __________.

two monomers

Golden rice has been genetically modified to produce

vitamin A

which of the following are correct regarding the concept of entropy?

-it is the measure of disorder in a system - cells must constantly acquire energy to prevent entropy -it is explained by the second law of thermodynamics

Which of the following pathways generates the majority of the ATP from energy nutrients?

-the electron transport chain

Different cell types arise within an individual because the cell types have different genotypes.

False

During photosynthesis, plants use the energy from light to create new carbon atoms.

False

If you were observing embryonic structures of a tortoise, a chick, and a human, which of the following would not be a similiar structure?

Five finger digits

Evolution is a theory. Evolution is considered a theory by scientists because:

It is a well-supported hypothesis that has never been falsified.

Eating excessive amounts of fat-soluble vitamins is dangerous for your health.

True

DNA is a polymer of:

nucleotides

Tamiflu specifically targets which part of the influenza virus life cycle?

release

Choose the correct statements regarding genome editing.

-CRISPR is found in bacteria as a protection against viruses -Genome editing may be used to repair genes -Genome editing may be used to inactivate genes

Which of the following is NOT a property of water that makes it well suited to be a central molecule in biology?

-Water interacts equally with both polar and nonpolar molecules. (right) -Water drives the formation of membranes through the hydrophobic effect. -Water stays in a liquid state over a large range of temperatures. -Water is a good solvent

You found some leftover Valentine's day candy, and you remember that the sucrose in candy can be:

-all answers are correct (right) -metabolized for energy -broken down into monomers and absorbed in the small intestine -broken down into glucose and fructose and used as molecular building blocks

Which of the following processes is NOT necessary for natural selection?

-catastrophic events that result in extinction (right) -offspring inherit genes from their parents -some members in the population are more likely to survive and reproduce more than others -there is genetic variability within the population

Which of the following is NOT true about hypotheses:

-hypotheses can never be falsified (right) -hypotheses are predictions based on past experience -hypotheses are tentative explanations -hypotheses should be testable

Which of the following are correct regarding caffeine?

-it is a psychoactive drug -it interferes with a neurotransmitter called adenosine to decrease drowsiness -it raises the amount of fatty acids and glucose in the blood -it acts as a stimulant to the central nervous system

Which of the following are correct regarding antigenic drift?

-it is due to minor mutations in the structure of the H and N spikes -mutations may be introduced by the action of the reverse transcriptase enzyme -it may result in a reduced fidelity for flu vaccines

Which of the following statements are correct concerning the influenza A virus?

-the virus uses H and N spikes to target its host cell -its genetic material is RNA

which of the following are correct regarding DNA probes

-they are used in DNA microarrays -they are complementary to the sequence of nucleotides in the gene of interest

Model organisms are important for revealing biological processes that are a general feature of all living organisms. Which statement below is an accurate description of how model organisms have been used for this purpose?

Because humans and chickens share a common ancestor and many homologous genes, studying chickens has led to major advances in understanding cancer in humans

Cheese contains some protein, some carbohydrates, and also some fat. After eating a wedge of cheese, the fat in the cheese would be:

Degraded by lipases to fatty acids and absorbed in your small intestine

If you inject a stem cell into any tissue in a person's body, that stem cell will quickly become the cell type needed to replace cells of that tissue.

False

Lipids and proteins are broken down by the same digestive enzymes.

False

RNA polymerase begins transcription by binding to an origin of replication on DNA

False

Selective breeding introduces genetic diversity in a population.

False

Today's weather forecast is typical for this time of year. Therefore, climate change is not real.

False

In studying for your midterms, your roommate tells you he just heard about a new herbal supplement that helps build muscles. To evaluate this extraordinary claim, what might be a good question to ask your roommate?

How much of the supplement do you need to eat to have an effect on muscle mass?

An intermediate phenotype in a heterozygous individual is an indication of which pattern of inheritance

Incomplete dominance

Which of the following is the definition of anemia?

Low oxygen concentrations in the body

Lactose in milk and high fructose corn syrup are composed of the same monosaccharides.

false

which of the following is not correct regarding photosynthesis?

all of the reactions require sunlight

In a normal cell, G1 phase is the checkpoint for DNA damage. If the damage is too extensive, the cell will undergo __________.

apoptosis

A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene can lead to cancer because these genes are involved in

checking the DNA for damage during the cell cycle.

At which of the following checkpoints is a cell's DNA checked for damage, and if found, the cell is sent to the G0 phase?

G1

In normal cells, tumor suppressor genes

monitor the rate of cell division and check newly synthesized DNA for damage before being passed on to daughter cells.

Which organ is responsible for the majority of the digestion and absorption of nutrients that enter our body?

small intestine

Which of the following foods is a different plant species from the other foods?

soy beans

A breast cancer tumor is detected that is about 2 cm in size and has only moved into lymph nodes located in the breast. What stage would this cancer be assigned to?

stage 2

angiogenesis is:

the growth of blood vessels in response to a growing tumor

The information for producing a protein is contained within which part of the DNA molecule?

the nitrogen-containing bases

the term gene expression refers to which of the following?

the processing of genetic information to form a functional protein

A cell containing 9% sodium chloride is placed in a beaker containing 20% sodium chloride. Which of the following describes the condition of the solution in the beaker in relation to the cell?

the solution is hypertonic

Yeast and humans have homologous proteins.

true

which accessory organ interact with the small intestine?

-galibladder -pancreas -liver

Which of the following ingredients in an influenza vaccine helps the immune system identify the flu virus?

aluminum salts

Mutations are always:

changes in the DNA sequence.

Influenza viruses target which types of cells in the body?

epithelial cells

A virus has been identified as H7N9. Based on this information, which class of virus would it belong to?

influenza A

Embryonic stem cells have the potential to create any cell type in the body.

true

One of the four categories of the innate immune system is the inflammatory system. Its role is to

- All the answer choices are correct. (right) -increase blood flow to the infected area. -isolate the infection to a limited area -allow fluid, containing cells from the immune system, to reach the infected area

When a cell needs to import glucose from the outside of the cell to the inside of the cell, it uses a process called passive transport (also called facilitated diffusion). How does this process work?

Transporter proteins in the plasma membrane allow glucose molecules to cross the plasma membrane into the cell.

"Three person babies," in which mitochondria from a healthy donor are used to replace the mitochondria in a fertilized egg, represent a strategy to correct mitochondrial diseases caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA.

True

By joining a small number of different monomers together in different orders, polymerization can create a vast diversity of DNA molecules.

True

Medical research that studies fish cancers could be useful to study human cancer because both animals share a recent common ancestor.

True

The same carbon atom could be part of the air, part of plant, and part of you at different times.

True

The start codon defines the reading frame for the translation of an mRNA.

True

Which of the following forms of radiation has the shortest wavelength and highest amount of energy?

gamma waves

Which of the following pathways does not occur in the mitochondria?

glycolysis

golden rice is an example of a plant that has been modified to do which of the following?

add nutritional content

Which of the following is a natural product, produced by plants, that interferes with the formation of the spindle fibers during cell division?

alkaloids

This class of chemotherapeutic drug causes breaks in the structure of the DNA molecule, thus preventing cell division.

alkylating agents

Plants genetically modified with the Bt gene

are more pest resistant.

What was the process used to engineer wild peaches into the kinds of peaches that we now buy in the grocery store?

artificial selection (breeding)

Which of the following is not paired correctly?

- megaphylis- reproductive structures that disperse seeds (correct) vascular tissue - allow the transport of nutrients and water - flowers - attract pollinators and produce fruits - seeds - protect embryos from drying out

Water is a central molecule for life because:

-All answers are correct. (right) -Water is a liquid across a wide range of temperatures. -Water has a high heat capacity. -water is polar

Mendel's law of segregation proposed which of the following?

-All of the above (right) -Gametes contain a single copy of each trait -Individuals possess two copies of each trait -Alleles separate during gamete function

Memory B cells are developed after a primary response. These memory cells are activated during a secondary response to

-All of the answer choices are correct (right) -have an overall more efficient immune response -have a quicker recovery time from an infection -produce a higher amount of antibodies

Which of the following is a potential use for genetically modified animals

-All of the answer choices are correct. (right) -GM animals can be modified to increase their nutritional value to humans. -GM animals are good models for studying human diseases. -GM animals can be used to grow organs for human transplants.

Which of the following are correct regarding malignant tumors?

-they may undergo metastasis -they invade surrounding tissues -they are masses of unspecialized cells

One of your classmates in BIS10 is running a fever, coughing, and sneezing. You "google" that in a class of 150, you have a roughly a 1 in 100 chance of catching the flu. Which the following statistics suggests a greater risk to your health than getting the flu?

50 out of 1000 students are hit by a bike in between classes

Which of the following statements about embryonic stem cells is TRUE:

Embryonic stem cells have the potential to become any cell type.

Which was the first organism to have its DNA directly manipulated in the lab, and is thus considered the first GMO?

Escherichia coli

To treat a patient with a genetic disease, a virus is engineered to deliver a gene of interest directly into the cells of the body where the disease is located. This is an example of:

Ex vivo gene therapy

HIV is a retrovirus with an RNA genome. During the life cycle of the HIV virus, HIV integrates itself into the host cell's genome (see diagram below). Based on the diagram, which of the following is NOT necessary for HIV to integrate into the host genome?

Export of viral RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

How is falsification important to the scientific method?

Falsification is important for eliminating hypotheses that are incorrect, as determined by evidence collected from experiments.

How does analysis of the ratio of Carbon-14 to Carbon-12 in the atmosphere provides evidence that the increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are due to human activities?

Fossil fuels are high in Carbon-12, so when they are burned they lower the ratio of Carbon-14 to Carbon-12 in the atmosphere

What does the following evolutionary tree tell us about the relationships involving plants, animals, and fungi?

Fungi share a more recent common ancestor with animals than they do with plants.

At which checkpoint is DNA assessed for accuracy before cell division?

G2

Normally, the flow of information in a cell is in which direction?

DNA, RNA, protein

The information in which of the following is identical?

Sister chromatids

which of the following is not an input for photosynthesis

- carbohygrates (correct) - oxygen (correct) - water - solar energy - carbon dioxide

Which of the following are passive processes?

- osmosis - facilitaed diffusion - diffusion

You are interested in whether an analysis of Iceman's genome could predict if he was predisposed to violent behavior. What type of evidence would NOT suggest that violent behavior is a genetic trait?

-Exposure to violent behavior in childhood (right) -If one twin has violent behavior, there is a high likelihood for the other twin to also have violent behavior -Increased probability of violent behavior that runs in families -Increased prevalence of violent behavior in maternal relatives only

Which of the following is part of a hemoglobin molecule?

-Four globin protein -A heme group

A genetic disease has which of the following characteristics?

-It can be passed from one generation to the next -It is due to changes in the DNA of an individual

Which of the following is incorrect regarding cancer?

-all of the above (right) -cancer cells can affect the physiology of the boy's organ systems -cancer is a disease that is the result of an inability to regulate cell division -one in three females and one in two males will develop cancer in their lives

Future genetically modified plants and animals are being designed to meet what needs of human society

-all of the above (right) -prevention of disease -increased food supply -adaptation to consequences of climate change

Why is the influenza virus a good model for the study of evolution?

-all of the above (right) -the virus reproduces rapidly -the genetic material of influenza changes quickly -the virus is responsible for a human disease

Which of the following may be used to regulate the activity of an enzyme?

-all of the above are correct (right) -changes in pH levels -changes in temperature -feedback inhibition from the product of the reaction

What is an allele?

A genetic variation of a gene

You read about a genetic study that reports a genetic basis for the "sweet tooth". In particular, the study identified a SNP that predicts how much sweet food a person will tend to eat. Which of the following could describe a SNP that affects a person's preference for sweet food?

A single base change in the DNA encoding a sweet taste receptor that makes the receptor less sensitive.

Which of the following is TRUE about evolution?

All animals share a common ancestor in evolution

The interaction of the respiratory system and circulatory system occurs where?

Alveoli of the lungs

Which of the following monomers is correctly matched with its polymer?

Amino acid—protein

Which of the following processes determines the precise order of nucleotides in a gene of interest?

DNA sequencing

Why is it unlikely for there to ever be a single "cure for cancer?"

Cancer can be caused by many different mutations so many different treatments will have to be developed

The location in the cell where translation happens is the:

Cytoplasm

Transcription is terminated at stop codons in the mRNA.

False

Which of the following is FALSE about GMOs in agriculture?

Genetically modified foods can genetically modify humans that eat them.

How do greenhouse gases cause climate warming?

Greenhouse gases prevent radiation of infrared energy back into space, trapping the heat near the earth's surface and causing the climate to warm.

In the stomach, ______ denatures proteins and ______ starts the digestion of proteins.

HCl; pepsin

Which of the proteins below is expressed by a proto-oncogene?

HER-2

Taxol is an important drug used to treat cancer. It is a natural product that was discovered in the Pacific Yew tree. Taxol works by blocking the function of a protein called tubulin involved in cell division. The Pacific Yew tree uses Taxol to defend itself against fungal pathogens by blocking the pathogen's cell division. However, Taxol also works to block the division of human cancer cells. Why does the drug work to block cell division in both contexts?

Humans and fungi share a common ancestor, and their tubulin proteins are homologous.

Artificial selection differs from natural selection in that:

In artificial selection, humans select variants from a population

Where is most of a eukaryotic cell's ATP synthesized?

In the mitochondria.

The Iceman's brown eye color could best be explained by:

Inherited bey2 alleles of genotype Bb and inherited gey2 alleles of genotype Bb

Which of the following is TRUE about the way cells use the biomolecules obtained from food?

Lipids and proteins are digested to monomers which can be used by cells to make new polymers

Which organelles are the site of cellular respiration?

Mitochondria

Which of the following is NOT true about your digestive tract:

Nutrient absorption does not occur in your large intestine

Which of the following statements about eukaryotic cell reproduction and the cycle is FALSE?

Once a cell replicates its DNA, it will always divide into two cells.

which of the following does not introduce new genes into a plant to transform it

RNA interference

Which of the following is an example of making a genetically modified organism (GMO)?

Rainbow Papaya in Hawaii was made by adding a gene from a virus to produce virus-resistant papaya crops, which are resistant to Ringspot virus.

Which of the following statements about cell surface receptors is FALSE?

Receptors are not specific and can be activated by a wide array of different molecules.

Which of the following acts as a source of carbon dioxide within the carbon cycle?

Respiration from humans and animals

Which of the following is not involved in the process of transcription?

Ribosome (right) DNA RNA polymerase Messenger RNA (mRNA)

How does saliva aid in the digestion of food?

Saliva contains the enzyme amylase that breaks down carbohydrate polymers into disaccharides.

Which of the following statements about stem cells is TRUE:

Scientists have figured out how to make stem cells (called induced pluripotent stem cells) by adding or activating specific transcription factors.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding sexual reproduction?

Spermatogenesis produces four haploid sperm cells

CAR T cells are an emerging therapeutic strategy that has shown very encouraging early results for treating some types of cancer. How do CAR T cells work?

T cells are taken from the body of a cancer patient. The T cells are modified to give them a new receptor that makes them specifically recognize the cancer cells, and then the T cells are injected back into the patient where they can fight the cancer.

Why do cells have "receptors" on their surface that allow viruses to enter?

The "receptors" have other "normal" functions, but viruses hijack these proteins to enter the cell.

All of the following would be considered a virulence factor for a pathogenic bacterium except:

The ability to tolerate extremely high temperatures up to 80 degrees Celsius

A baby is born with a mitochondrial disease due to a mutation of a gene encoded in the mitochondrial genome. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

The baby may have inherited the mutation from his father.

Consider the following scenario: A fish that was normally found in freshwater has evolved and can now survive in brackish (containing a mixture of fresh and salt) water. How would this affect other levels of biology?

The evolution of the fish would affect all other levels of biology, including other populations, communities, and ecosystems.

You discover that you always get more mosquito bites than your brother, and you would like to figure out why. Which of the following would be a good hypothesis?

The extremely fragrant body spray that your brother uses may be protecting him from mosquitos.

Compare and contrast the genetic code in plants and humans.

The genetic code is identical for both plants and humans.

Many proteins have parts that are polar and other parts that are nonpolar. In water, the "hydrophobic effect" helps these proteins fold into a three-dimensional shape. How does this work?

The nonpolar parts of the protein cluster in the core of the structure away from water, and the polar parts end up on the protein's surface where they are exposed to water

The key feature that allows the DNA molecule to store information is:

The order of the nucleotide bases on the sugar-phosphate backbone.

How does climate change affect earth's oceans?

The pH level of the ocean willshift to a more acidic environment, leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species of shellfish and corals.

Which of the following causes siblings to have different genotypes?

The segregation of chromosomes during meiosis.

Many animals have color vision because they have three closely related genes encoding proteins that detect light of different colors. Where might these three genes have come from?

The three genes had a common ancestor which was copied and mutated during evolution.

Whooping cough is a dangerous respiratory disease caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria. There is a vaccine that for whooping cough. How does the vaccine most likely work?

The vaccine contains pieces of the bacteria, and it is intended to make your body develop B and T cells that would immediately recognize and clear the bacteria if you encounter it in the future

A big surprise in the DNA-based evolutionary "Big Tree" of life was that:

There are three domains (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes)

What is the role of adult stem cells in our bodies?

They differentiate into specialized cells to replace cells in tissues that die or aren't functioning

Eating excessive vitamin A or vitamin D can be dangerous, but eating excess vitamin C is much less risky. Why?

Vitamins A and D are fat soluble and so excess cannot be excreted in urine.

Which of the following vitamins can accumulate to toxic levels in the body?

Vitamins A, D, E, or K

Your friend tells you that there is a new herbal supplement that prevents people from catching colds. She tells you that fifty students in her dorm took the supplement last week, and none of caught colds. Which of the following questions would help you assess whether her claim is valid?

Was there a control group of students who did not take the supplement?

During winter break, you get a sore throat and your doctor diagnoses you with "strep" throat, which is caused by the group A Streptococcus bacteria. Your doctor prescribes antibiotics, stressing that you take the full dosage for the full ten days. Why was she concerned that you take all of the antibiotics?

You may select for antibiotic resistant bacteria already present in your body

Which of the proteins below is expressed by a proto-oncogene?

a mutation in just one gene causes cancer

In science, a theory is:

a well-supported hypothesis that has never been falsified

The immune system's role is to

actively seek and destroy pathogens.

Genetic engineering techniques allow us to put the human insulin gene into bacterial cells. What aspect of what you learned about the Central Dogma allows us to make human insulin in bacteria?

bacteria and humans use the same genetic code to translate nucleic acids into protein

Which of the following are being genetically modified to produce biotechnology products such as vaccines, drugs, or other chemical products?

bacteria, plants, animals

Chromosomes are copied

between the growth phase (G 1) and preparation cell division (G2).

Adaptive immunity differs from the innate immune system in its abililty to respond to specific pathogen antigens. The antigens trigger

both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity

Starch and glycogen are similar kinds of biomolecules in that:

both are polymers of glucose

all organic nutrients contain which of the following elements?

carbon and hydrogen

enzymes work by

decreasing the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur

Homology is similarity due to:

descent from a common ancestor

If all the cells in your body share the same genotype, what process enables an embryonic stem cell to become a neuron (brain cell) or a hepatocyte (liver cell)?

different patterns of gene expression.

Structures that are passed on from a common ancestor, such as the bone structure of a limb, are called ______ structures. Structures that have the same function but evolved independently, such as wings of bats and birds, are called ______ structures.

homologous; analogous

Over the past several decades, the overall trend for earth's temperatures has been

increases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global warming.

Bacterial cells have a membrane made up of lipids and proteins. Plant cells, fungal cells, and animal cells possess a membrane made up of lipids and proteins. Based on this observed pattern, I hypothesize that all life on Earth is made up of cells that have membranes composed of lipids and proteins. This is an example of:

inductive reasoning

In which of the following does histamine cause capillary beds to be leaky, thus slowing the movement of pathogens into a wound?

inflammatory response

Starch digestion begins in the __________ and protein digestion begins in the __________.

mouth; stomach

Which of the following is the end result of a PCR process?

multiple copies of a gene of interest

which process produces changes in the genetic material?

mutation

The absorption of nutrients from food primarily occurs in the:

small intestine

Which of the following is the grade appeal policy for BIS10?

submit a request for regrade to your instructor by email within one week of the receipt of your grade

The chemical reactivity of an organic molecule is largely determined by which of the following?

the types of functional groups attached to the hydrocarbon chain

Birds and insects both have wings, but we do not consider this similarity as evidence of relatedness because

the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin.

There are many promising therapies for human disease based on stem cells. What is it about stem cells that makes them so promising?

they can differentiate into a variety of cell types

why have Arctic apples been genetically modified?

to prevent over-ripening and spoiling of the fruit

Bacillus thurengiensis (Bt) endotoxins are used in plants for which of the following reasons?

to provide protection against pest species

This was the first GMO to be approved for human consumption.

tomato

Which of the following terms best describes a GMO that includes the DNA from another organism?

transgenic

As the climate changes, genetic modifcation can help make plants more heat and drought resistant.

true

Evolution will only occur when changes in genetic information are passed on to the next generation.

true

Evolutionary relationships among species have often been deduced from shared characteristics, and can be determined from DNA

true

The drugs we use today to treat bacterial infections will be less effective in fifty years because bacteria will have evolved resistance to these drugs.

true

Which of the following best describes the ecological effects of GMOs?

-All of the answer choices are correct. (right) -Genetically modified crops that contain the Bt endotoxin are relatively safe for the environment and have not shown a negative impact on species. -Genetically modified crops that contain the Bt endotoxin may contribute to resistant strains of insects. -Genetically modified crops that contain the Bt endotoxin may kill non-target insects.

Cells may be obtained from a fetus for DNA testing by which of the following processes?

-Amniocentesis -Chorionic villus -sampling

Which of the following procedures use X-rays to detect the presence of cancer?

-CT scan -mammogram

Which of the following statements about cancer is FALSE?

-Cancer can be caused by defective mitochondria (right) -Viral infections can sometimes cause cancer -Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells that might invade other tissues. -Cancer can be caused by mutations

Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe, and it is a central element for life on Earth. Which of the following is NOT a reason why carbon is considered a "building block of life" on Earth?

-Carbon atoms contain both polar (hydrophilic) and nonpolar (hydrophobic) elements (right) -Carbon can make a bond with another carbon atom -Carbon can make up to four bonds in combination with many other elements, such as O and N. -Carbon atoms can be connected in long chains through covalent bonds to make the "backbone" of large molecules

Which of the following IS NOT a way that organelles benefit a cell?

-Each organelle can be independent and self-sufficient. (right) -Concentrating components in a smaller space can make processes more efficient. -Different organelles can be specialized for different processes. Compartmentalization can prevent one process from interfering with another.

PCR differs from DNA replication in which of the following?

-It can produce large numbers of copies of a specific gene -It uses primers to target specific segments of the DNA molecule -It uses a thermostable DNA polymerase

Which of the following statements are correct regarding a DNA molecule?

-It is a double-helix -The nucleotide base pairs between DNA strands are linked by hydrogen bonds -In a DNA molecule, A = T and G = C -The two DNA strands are oriented in the same direction

Which of the following is NOT a common property of pseudoscience?

-It is supported by data from experiments designed to test its primary hypotheses (correct) -It is supported by personal anecdote -It has a conclusion that sounds appealing -It is based on ideas or claims that cannot be tested

Which of the following statements are correct regarding gene therapy?

-It may be done inside or outside of the body -It has been used to treat genetic diseases in humans -It requires the use of a vector

Which of the following may be caused by sickle-cell disease?

-Pain in the joints of the body -Blockages in the capillaries of the respiratory system -Anemia

At dinner, you educate your friends about the 500 species of bacteria present in your digestive tract (your "gut microbiome"). Which of the following is NOT a function attributed to your gut microbiome?

-Producing antibiotics to cure an infection (right) -regulating the development of the gut -Producing vitamins that your body does not -Digesting fiber that your cells cannot digest

Which of the following statements about the central dogma is FALSE:

-The amino acid sequence of a protein can be used to determine the exact mRNA sequence that was used to translate it. (right) -The genetic code is used to convert mRNA into protein. -In eukaryotes, mRNA is transported and carries information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. -Conversion of DNA into RNA represents transcription: DNA-directed RNA synthesis

Which of the following are used to determine the stage of cancer?

-all of the above are correct (right) -the size of the tumor -the presence of cancer in nearby lymph nodes -whether the cancer has moved to other organs of the body

which of the following can be used to make copies of a gene of interest?

-polymerase chain reaction -DNA cloning

which of the following are correct regarding carbohydrates?

-polysaccharides are long chains of glucose molecules -they are hydrophilic -they contain energy in carbon-carbon bonds -they are the preferred energy source of cells

Antiviral medications target which aspects of the viral life cycle?

-release -attachment -uncoating

Which of the following is NOT an example of emergence in biology?

-sugar molecules can be used to store energy (correct) -many lipids molecules together form a cell membrane -a school of fish swim together, forming a synchronized group -many cells together form an animal

At this level of structure, the protein often assumes its function within a cell.

-tertiary

Which of the following are correct regarding the B vitamins?

-they are water-soluble vitamins -some are used in the metabolism of fats and proteins -some are components of coenzymes, such as NAD+ and FAD

Which of the following accurately describes the structure of DNA?

A double helix containing two anti-parallel strands with the bases on the inside of the helix and the sugar backbone on the outside.

Which of the following is NOT an example of emergence in biology?

A flock of birds together eat more fruit than a single bird could

Which type of mutation could change many amino acids at once in the protein encoded by a gene?

A frameshift mutation

BRaf is a gene that is frequently mutated in skin cancer. BRaf encodes a protein that normally acts to promote cell growth and division after a cell is activated by growth factors. Which of the following best describes the connection between BRaf and cancer?

BRaf is an oncogene. Mutations that make BRaf overly active can promote cancer.

Purified insulin protein produced in bacteria is available on the market as an injection. Why is it not administered orally, such as in a capsule or a pill form?

Because the insulin would be digested by our digestive tract.

Darwin was very interested in the observation that animals on distant and isolated landmasses appeared to be related to animals on the mainlands. However, despite their similar appearance, the animals were indeed not related.Which of the following types of evidence would help Darwin make sense of his observations?

Biogeographical

Which of the following correctly describes the role of one of the major classes of molecules that is fundamental for life?

Lipids form membranes that create barriers to separate compartments within cells

Cellular respiration is a process that

harvests the potential energy found in the chemical bonds of organic molecules

Which of the following methods of producing a vaccine does not require use of the entire influenza virus?

recombinant method