BIS2C Pre/Post MT2 In-Class Q's

The dikarya and angiosperms both share

(n+n)

What organisms have chitin?

- Ascomycota (fungi) - arthropod

Which character supports whisk ferns (Psilotum) as part of monilophytes and not closely related to Rhyniophytes?

- DNA chloroplast inversion this defines the euphyllophyte group

Difference between megasporocyte vs megaspore?

- Megasporocyte undergoes MEIOSIS and produces MEGASPORES - Megaspores undergoes MITOSIS to become MEGAGAMETOPHYTE.

Argue why segmentation in protostomes are not homologous to segmentation in chordates

- bc they're formed from different embryonical tissues layers.

What would happen to an embryo of a protostome if we removed a few of the cells during development? What about deuterostomes?

- embryo would cease to devlop and die - the other cells would compensate

Choanocytes (collar cells) occur outside of sponges. How many times did multicellularity evolve? How many times did collar cells evolve?

- evolved just once - collar cells evolved once, but lost several times indepedently. - All animals are multicellular

In addition to secreting waxes, the cuticle has specialized good cells that

-The waxy cuticle regulates photosynthesis - they regulate water loss - guard stomata when stomata is open, CO2 enters

How does sponge feed?

-filter feeders, but are also predatory

Monocots and Eudicots differ by the

-number of cotyledons - arrangement of veins in the leaves - number flower parts -arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem.

What are the challenges of the transition for plants to life on land in comparison to an aquatic lifestyle?

-support of the plant body - desiccation -reproduction - water and nutrient transport

Which feature distinguishes the diplontic from haplontic life cycle?

A multicellular diplontic adult stage

What is not a homoplasy in plant evolution?

A!!! phloem b. double fertilization c. vessel elements d. heterospory

The most reduced gametophytes are found in

Angiosperms

What animal has an exoskeleton?

Arthropods

T/F Dinoflagelletes (zooxanthelle) are primary producers that provide corals with a source of nitrogen

Bacteria provides nitogen. Fixes nitrogen fixation

Another name for land plants is embryophytes. Why?

Bc embryos are RETAINED on the parent plant

What is NOT evidence supporting the endosymbiotic origin of the chloroplasts?

Chloroplast genome is diploid --> FALSE! it is haploid

What is the new view of ctenophores?

Ctenophores are sister to all remaining animals due to the independent evolution of key features such as neurons, muscles, and complete gut.

T/F All gametes are haploid (n) and thus produced by meiosis

FALSE, not all gametes are produced by meiosis

T/F Only the haplontic life cycle involves a multicellular haploid stag

False - Alternation of Generations also has multicellular haploid stage.

T/F Red algae, green algae and brown algae together form a clade

False - Brown algae are not plants, they are stramenopiles

T/F Flowers, fruits and seeds are synapomorphies of angiosperms.

False - Flowers and fruit are synapomorphies of angiosperms -Seeds are a synapomorphy of seed plants.

T/F Spores and gametes are both haploid and thus produced by meiosis

False - In plants gametes are produced by mitosis

Monocots have ordered vascular bundles and parallel leaf veins

False - Monocots have scattered, not ordered vascular bundles. - Do have parallel leaf veination.

T/F In order to transition to life on land, plants evolved pollen and a waxy cuticle.

False - Waxy cuticle was part of this transition, pollen did not evolved until later.

T/F Archegonia and antheridia are found in all seed plants

False --> These structures are both lost in angiosperms. In gymnosperm, archegonia (eggs) is present, but not the antheridium.

T/F Cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis using their chloroplasts.

False! Cyanobacteria are chloroplasts. They also derive their energy from photosynthesis, lack a nucleus or membrane organelles.

T/F In seed plants, spores are the stage in life cycle responsible for dispersal.

False! It's pollen (microgametophytes)

T/F: The blastula and gastula are synapomorphies of Metazoa

False. Not all animals have gastulas

T/F: All locophotroceozoa share a trochophore larvae?

False; bc annelids live underground in soil, they don't have swimming sperm.

T/F Photosynthesis evolved once in bacteria.

False; evolved many times

Deuterosteomes can be acoelomate, pseudocoelomate or coelomate

False; only coelmoate

Flight is a synapamorphy of Hexapoda

False; they are insects that can't fly. Within insects there's a subgroup that can fly, but not for all .

Cycads are very toxic. Which other group have we learned about is also toxic?

Ferns

Which of the following is a shared feature in sexual reproduction of all eukaryotes?

Fusion of haploid gametes into a zygote.

Which other group also lost mitochrondria

Giardia

Vessel elements and double fertilization independently evolved in which group below?

Gnetophytes. Not homologous in angiosperms double fertilization in gnetophytes do not result in endosperm.

In which organism are we most likely to find in the haplontic life cycle?

Green algae

Based on the position of lophotrochozoans on phylogeny, which is not expected to be present?

In protostomes the blastopore doesn't first become the anus but the mouth

Given the cross sectional area affects velocity, where should water move more slowly inside a sponge?

Inside the cavity - drawn in bigger SA and it takes time to absorb a lot of nutrients inside

Microphylls can be best distinguished from megaphylls because

Microphylls have a single vein whereas megaphylls have branched venation.

What plant has megaphylls?

Monilophytes

What plant has DNA chloroplast inversion?

Monilophytes (euphyllophytes)

Describe the size and nutritional dependence/ independence of the gametophyte and sporophyte for each plant (moss, hornwort and fern)

Moss: dominant gametophyte; nutritionally dependent sporophyte. Hornwort: dominant gametophyte; nutritionally independent, but attached sporophyte Ferm: dominant sporophyte; nutritionally independent gametophyte and sporophyte.

Bats are important pollinators. What types of flowers do you think are associated with bat pollination?

Nectar, no landing pad

Cnidarians alternate between two different body forms, does this life cycle correspond to an alternation of generation?

No, there are 2 distinct stages, but the ploidy of the multicellular adult forms are the same.

What is true of moss sporophyte?

Nutritionally dependent on gametophyte - briefly green --> turns brown

Rhyniophytes are different than other vascular land plants in that they lack

ROOTS

Where are seeds in the life cycle?

Seeds are multicellular inside. The seed on lifecycle are the babies (embryos)

The defining feature of the haplontic life cycle is:

The lack of a multicellular diploid stage

From what organelle did the nucelomorphe arise? How do you know?

The nucelomorphe arose from the nucleus. We know because its form linear, diploid DNA

Diplomonads (Giardia) are endoparasites that lack mitochondria. What key piece of evidence suggests that they lost mitochondria?

The presence of mitochondrial genes in the Giardia nucleus.

What type of body types does Annelids have?

They are protostomes and so they have schizocoely.

Fungi are abortive heterotrophs. This means:

They secrete enzymes outside of bodies that digest food molecules that can be absorbed.

How did the organisms acquire their chloroplasts?

Through secondary endosymbiosis

Provide evidence: Why is it not one of the other levels of endosymbiosis for the development of chloroplasts?

Too many organelles for primary Too few for tertiary

Collar cells were likely present in the Urmetazoan (MRCA to all animals)

True

T/F The mitochondrion and chloroplasts arose only 1 time in the evolution of eukaryotes

True

T/F: Multicellularity is a synapomorphy of animals (Metazoa)

True

Pollen is the microgametophyte of seed plants.

True - Pollen develops from the mitotic division of microspores. - Pollen is responsible for dispersal in seed plants. - transfers sperm to egg using a pollen tube.

T/F Gymnosperms are referred to as naked seeds because they lack ovaries

True - The ovary is the part of the carpel which gymnosperms lack. The ovary in angiosperms develops into fruit, gymnosperms lack fruit and have no ovaries.

Chlorophyll A is an ancestral feature of Plantae

True --> because it first appeared in cyanobacteria

T/F Organisms in the clade for Sudden Oak Death also cause Potato Blight

True --> caused by oomycetes

T/F Eukaryotes are monophyletic, but microbial eukaryotes are polyphyletic.

True Eukaryotes have mitochondria and organelles. Mitochondria is a synapomorphy of Eukaryotes. Mitochondria evolved once in the MRCA of Eukaryotes (LECA) --> primary endosymbiosis.

T/F All domains of life are capable of photosynthesis

True Some Archea can undergo photosynthesis. They don't use pigments like chlorophyll, but different pigments. All domains of life can do photosynthesis.

All non-vascular plants are gametophyte dominant.

True gametophyte= haploid generation other plants are sporophyte dominant

T/F All vascular plants have tracheids

True! Some have vessel elements, therefore all vascular plants have tracheids.

Sea sponges lack a gastula stage as part of their development

True. They only have a blastula

Regarding sugar and water transport in vascular plants...

Water transport is passive Sugar transport is active - sugars flow from source to sink. But bc fruit is already sweet, it pushes against the gradient.

Evidence for the single origin of the chloroplast includes all of the following EXCEPT

a. multiple membranes surrounding chloroplast b. haploid, circular chloroplast DNA C!!! Some chloroplasts retain a layer of peptidoglycan d. chloroplast genes group with multiple lineages of photosynthetic bacteria. e. Chloroplasts replicate independently of the nucleus.

Evidence that supports the endosymbiotic origin of the chloroplast in Plantae include all of the following except

a. peptidoglycan in the chloroplast in glaucophytes b. the chloroplast genome is haploid c. the chloroplast genome is circular D!!! the chloroplast genome has a unique inversion.

Challenges to life on land for early plants likely included all of the following except

a. support b. desiccation c. water transport D!!! CO2 availability e. reproduction

Lichen symbiosis is more complex than previously believed. Lichens are now known to be a symbiosis between

ascomycota, cyanobacteria and basidiomycota (yeast)

What is the smallest body size in sponge morphology?

asconoid

Ctenophores don't have

cnidae

The seeds of gymnosperms and angiosperms

contain a diploid embryo.

What other animal groups use cilia for locomotion

ctenophore and placozoa

If Bryophytes lack a vascular system, by what process does water ENTER cells?

diffusion

Life cycle of Animals is best characterized as...

diplontic

T/F Unikonts (Amoebozoans and opisthokonts) are sister group of plantae

false deeper relationships among eukaryotes are resolved.

T/F only Arthropods are capable of ecdysis

false; nematods and arthropods (NAE)

sponges are simple animals

false; over time sponge morphology has been modified

T/F: Collar cells are a synapomorphy of spores

false; this cell type is shared by a group larger than sponges and larger than animals itself.

Character: sporopollenin

feature in all land plants (liverworts)

What does fern produce?

gametes

I am a plant with carpels, seeds, and scattered vascular bundles, I am most likely a

grass

What undergoes secondary growth?

gymnosperms

Where are seeds found in?

gymnosperms and angiosperms

The nutritive tissue inside the seeds of gymnosperms is

haploid! The nutritive tissue for developing embryo in gymnosperms is the product of the remains of the gametophytes (n)

Example of pathogens with high and low virulence in humans?

high virulence= plasmodial (Malaria) low virulence= common cold

Secondary growth

increases girth (plant width)

What are the advantages of complete metamorphosis?

larvae and adults have different diets.

What plant has retention of the embryo?

liverworts

What plant has vascular tissue?

lycophytes

How do you think fungi spores with below ground fruiting bodies (ex. truffles) are primarily dispersed.

mammals

Lycophytes do not have...

megaphylls

Which of the following features evolved only once in plant evolution?

microphylls (lycophytes)

What did we conclude about cellular slime molds?

multicellularity (some cells in body give up ability to reproduce) + unicellular

What caused Yellowstone River to shut down in 2016?

parasitic cnidarians

What do we expect to find in the chloroplast of the Glaucophyte lineage?

peptidoglycan

Absorptive nutrition is one trait that distinguishes the fungi. Another defining feature of fungi is...

presence of chitin in fungal cell wall.

Function of spores and gametes in seed plants?

spores never leave parent plant microgameteophyte is used for dispersal

Embryotphytes are characterized by the retention of the embryo. What is the ultimate result of the in situ mitotic growth of the embryo on the parent plant?

sporophyte

Land plants are characterized by the retention of the embryo. What is the ultimate result of the in situ mitotic growth of the embryo on the parent plant?

sporophyte

An advantage of heterospory is that plants develop specialized

sporophytes! large and small spores.

This structure from a pine tree is best referred to as a

strobilus because it has microsporangia

Dikaryotic fungal life cycles are characterized by all of the following except

the embryo. this is a multicellular diploid stage. The majority of fungal life cycle is a haplontic stage.

In angiosperms, double fertilization results in the development of

the endosperm and embryo

Describe the trend in terms of the role of the gametophyte and sporophyte

the gametophyte is becoming smaller and the sporophyte is becoming bigger

What is special about corn fruit that make them look like seeds?

the ovary wall is fused with the seed coat

What is not involved in annelid movement?

the trochophore. they are involved in reproduction.

What feature do brown algae share with Land plants

they both have chloroplasts

Argue the multicellularity in animals is unique to them

tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions. - only present in animals, not plants. - Plants have plasmodia

Schistosome is a pathogen

to humans, yes it is a pathogen to snails, no bc they are the vector

Regarding sugar and water transport in vascular plants:

water transport is passive sugar transport is active

What organisms doesn't cause a disease in plants or animals?

zooxanthelle! - Plasmodium = malaria - Trypanosome= Changa's disease - Oomycetes (sudden oak disease) - Naeglaria Fowleri (brain-eating amoeba)