BLD 204 Hallmarks of Cancer pt. 2

What happens after the transfer as emboli in metastasis (fourth step)?

Adhesion of emboli

How do tumors survive in metastasis?

Angiogenesis

CQ: Name a way cancer cells evade apoptosis by activating...?

BCL2 (an anti-apoptotic that suppressed BAX-BAK)

What happens after the adhesion of the emboli in metastasis (fifth step)?

Migration from the vessel

What is the final step of metastasis after survival?

Multiplication and growth

CQ: Name one way cancer cells achieve self-sufficiency in growth signals

Overexpress growth factor

CQ: What is the most common mutation in human tumors?

RAS

What happens after invasion in metastasis (third step)?

Transfer as emboli

What are the three types of spread of tumors within the body?

1. Invade surrounding tissues by dividing in place 2. Lymphatic spread 3. Spread via the blood stream

What are the four steps that occur for the ability to invade tissues?

1. Loosening of cell-cell contacts 2. Degradation of the ECM 3. Attachent to novel ECM components 4. Migration of tumor cells

What are the 6 hallmarks of cancer?

1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals 2. Insensitivity to anti-growth signals 3. Tissue invasion and metastasis 4. Limitless replicative potenial 5. Sustained angiogenesis 6. Evading apoptosis

CQ: Cancer cell growth factor expression is often A. Paracrine B. Endocrine C. Exocrine D. Autocrine

D. Autocrine - they can signal themselves to divide

CQ: What is RAS? A. Growth factor B. GF receptor C. Nuclear transcription factor D. Signal transducing protein

D. Signal transducing protein

What is occurring during the adhesion of the emboli?

The emboli is big enough to stick or it comes across a more narrow point

Where is the location of the final product of metastasis?

Far away from where the cancer started and it has no continuity with the original location of the tumor

CQ: What cell cycle breakpoint is always disabled in cancers?

G1-S

Describe the invasion process with lymphatic spread

Invade the lymphatic vessels and spread up along the lymphatic vessel to the node

What happens after liberation in metastasis (second step)?

Invasion

Describe the invasion process via the bloodstream

Invasion can happen in the tumor's new blood vessels (angiogenesis) or in nearby normal vasculature

What is the first step in metastasis?

Liberation

CQ: What does the reactivation of telomerase allow cancer cells to attain?

Limitless replicative potential

What happens during invasion?

Lose connection from other cells and invade

What happens after migration from the vessel in metastasis (sixth step)?

Survival

CQ: P53 is referred to as the guardian of the cell because it helps...?

The cell stop dividing if something is wrong