bld 3: midterm 1 quiz based quizlet

When the Darwin/Wallace theory of natural selection is summarized, four central postulates emerge. Which of the following is NOT one of these four natural selection postulates?

Variations in traits are produced by mutations.

Who developed a theory of evolution almost identical to Darwin's?

Wallace

Traits with low heritability are more affected by environmental variation than by genetic variation.

true

Which of the following conditions would tend to make the Hardy-Weinberg equation more accurate for predicting the genotype frequencies of future generations in a population of a sexually reproducing species?

little to no migration with surrounding populations

An antibiotic kills 99.9% of a bacterial population. You would expect the next generation of bacteria

to be more resistant to that antibiotic.

Which of these values would most likely be the heritability of body mass index (BMI) in a developing country with a large gap between nutrition and health care available to the rich and poor?

0.33

If a population of 100 individuals is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the recessive allele frequency is 0.4, what are the expected numbers of individuals who are recessive homozygotes, dominant homozygotes, and heterozygotes?

16 recessive homozygotes, 36 dominant homozygotes, 48 heterozygotes

8. Suppose 64 percent of a remote mountain village can taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and must, therefore, have at least one copy of the dominant PTC taster allele. If this population conforms to Hardy—Weinberg expectations for this gene, what percentage of the population must be heterozygous for this trait?

48 percent

Which statement illustrates Lamarck's theory on the mechanism of evolution?

A man who routinely shaves the hair off his head will have sons who become bald.

Which of the following mechanisms can drive evolution?

All of the above

You sample a population of butterflies and find that 56% are heterozygous at a particular locus. What should be the frequency of the recessive allele in this population?

Allele frequency cannot be determined from this information.

Which of the following statements best summarizes natural selection?

Traits that promote survival and reproduction become more frequent in species from one generation to the next.

5. Who proposed the geological theory of catastrophism?

Cuvier

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection?Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable.Condition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success.Condition 3: Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime.

Conditions 1 and 2

What was the prevailing belief prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?

Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging.

Lyell's book Principles of Geology, which Darwin read on board the H.M.S. Beagle, argued in favor of which of the following concepts?

Earth's surface is shaped by natural forces that act gradually and are still acting.

8. Which of the following influences on Darwin believed in evolution?

Lamark

The concept that Earth's present landscape is due to gradual geologic processes was proposed by:

Lyell

Use the following information to answer the question below.Researchers studying a small milkweed population note that some plants produce a toxin and other plants do not. They identify the gene responsible for toxin production. The dominant allele (T) codes for an enzyme that makes the toxin, and the recessive allele (t) codes for a nonfunctional enzyme that cannot produce the toxin. Heterozygotes produce an intermediate amount of toxin. The genotypes of all individuals in the population are determined (see chart) TT-> 0.56 Tt-> 0.28 tt-> 0.16 and used to determine the actual allele frequencies in the population.Refer to the accompanying figure. Is this population in Hardy—Weinberg equilibrium?

No; there are more homozygotes than expected.

Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus?

Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows.

Which of the following thinkers argued that organisms tend to produce many more offspring than the environment can support, leading to a struggle for existence, an argument that later influenced Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection?

Thomas Malthus

16. Which of the following assumptions or observations contradicts Darwin's idea of natural selection?

Whether an organism survives and reproduces is almost entirely a matter of random chance.

A trait that confers a greater level of fitness, relative to those who lack it, is called a(n) ________.

adaptation

A population of organisms will not evolve if _____.

all individual variation is due only to environmental factors

9. Broccoli, cabbages, and brussels sprouts all descend from the same wild mustard and can still interbreed. These varieties were produced by

artificial selection

A particular species can choose to reproduce sexually or asexually. If it is living in a relatively stable, resource filled environment, which is the most beneficial for the species to choose?

asexual reproduction

Evolution by natural selection ________.

can be both tested experimentally and observationally.

6. Cotton-topped tamarins are small primates with tufts of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, you notice that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and father more offspring. To test the hypothesis that having longer hair is adaptive in these males, you should ________.

determine if hair length is heritable

This type of large scale mutation is the most common mechanism for the origin of new (novel) genes?

duplications

Essentialism as proposed by Aristotle considered variation within a species to be important characteristics created by God.

false

Special Creation proposed originally that species are created and never go extinct.

false

The genetic makeup of any organism is its ________, which determines the physical characteristics called its ________.

genotype; phenotype

Humans share several features with salamanders. Certain genes and proteins are nearly identical between the two species; both species have four limbs with a similar skeletal structure; the species' early embryos are very similar; and where the salamander has a functional tail, humans have a vestigial tailbone. In evolutionary terms, these are examples of

homology.

5. Genetic variation _____.

must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population

Genetic variation _____.

must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals in a population is equal to 2p.

p2.

Aristotle believed that

species are fixed (permanent) and perfect.

Biological fitness is best defined as

the ability of an individual to produce offspring that survive and reproduce, relative to other individuals in the population.

Darwin developed his theory of natural selection despite having an incomplete and/or inaccurate knowledge base from which to work. Which of the following were problems for Darwin?

the source of variations in populations an understanding of inheritance patterns from one generation to the next The accepted age of the Earth was far too young to allow for the gradual changes Darwin envisioned.

Which of the following represents a pair of homologous structures?

the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale