Blood Pressure
hypertension
:blood pressure elevated above the upper limits of normal :excessive pressure in blood vessels and organs :systolic pressure- is 139 mm Hg or higher :diastolic pressure is 89 mm Hg or higher severe headache, chest pain, shortness of breath, stroke
hypotension
:systolic pressure <90/diastolic pressure <60mm Hg or pressure 20-30 mm Hg lower than usual :not enough blood getting to vital organs
vasodilation
decrease resistance to flow
auscultatory gap
disappearance of the sound during the latter part of phase I and during phase II may be as much as 40mm Hg can lead to seriously inaccurate reading
elasticity of blood vessels
elastic tissue allowing for stretching and distending during ventricular contraction ( systole) and recoil to original size during ventricular relaxation ( diastole)
cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute
viscosity
thickness of the blood
physiology of blood pressure
vasomotor changes viscosity elasticity of blood vessels total blood volume
korotkoff sounds
...
normal blood pressure for adults 18+
120/80 mm Hg
The blood pressure falls as the
Heart relaxes( diastole)
systolic pressure
the force exerted during ventricle contraction, maximum pressure
diastolic pressure
the force exerted during ventricle relaxation, lowest pressure
Blood pressure rises as what contracts
Ventricle (systole)
factors contributing to BP variations
age/gender emotional state genetics/race medication/drugs circadian rhythm exercise weight body position
sites for measuring blood pressure
brachial- upper arm popliteal- thigh
hypotension causes
fainting, dizziness, blurred vision, lack of energy, pallor, confusion, chest pain, increased HR, lightheadedness, weakness,
phase I
first clear tapping (systolic)
decreased elasticity of blood vessels
greater resistance to blood flow, decreased blood flow and elevated pressure; normal part of aging
vasocontriction
increase resistance to flow
phase V
last sound heard (diastolic)
phase III
loud distinct
pulse pressure
the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
blood pressure
the force exerted by the blood against arterial walls
phase IV
muffled, soft, blowing
peripheral vascular resistance
opposition to blood flow due to friction generated as blood slides along the vessel walls
assessment of BP
palpation ausculation sphymomanmeter and stethoscope electronic monitor
phase II
swishing, muffled