blue planet

A S wave, or secondary wave, moves between _______

2 - 5 km/sec

In regards to the Earth's energy budget, how much of the energy from the sun stays in the Earth System (that is how much is not reflected back out into outer space).

2/3

The break-up of Pangea to form our modern-day continents started about how long ago?

200 million years ago

The break-up of Pangaea to form our modern-day continents started about how long ago?

200 million years ago.

The Earth has seasons because the axis has a tilt of

23.5 degrees

Please complete the matching activity based on the information provided in the Explore: Sustainable Development. How many children die as a result of poor nutrition each year?

3.1 million

According to the Explore: Renewable Energy Around the World, China consumed how many billion kilowatt hours of electricity in 2010.

3.5-4 billion

Neanderthals disappeared about

30,000 years ago.

Based on the video: Earth's Elements and an Introduction to the Silicate Minerals, what is the percentage of Iron (Fe) make up the composition of the layers that make up the Earth.

35%

In Explore: Sedimentary Rock Simulation what is the velocity for coarse sand (cm/s)?

359

From Explore: Clastic Sediment, Rank the following clastic sediment types by the largest (1) to smallest (4) grain size. Clayey Mud

4

Which of the following is not evidence supporting plate tectonics?

Changes in lunar tides.

From View: Acid Rain, how does acid rain damage forests?

Damage leaves Leach soil of nutrients Reduce tree's ability to take up water

What are the two building blocks of scientific discovery?

Data and interpretation

In an anticyclone, winds __________ at the surface, and __________ in the upper atmosphere.

Diverge, converge.

What type of plate boundary created Iceland?

Divergent

Volcanic rock is characterized by large grain sized crystals.

False

Winds that result from a balance between the pressure-gradient force and the Coriolis effect are called sea breezes.

False

Match the correct term to the definition. A persistent body of ice, consisting largely of recrystallized snow, which shows evidence of slow downslope or outward movement under the influence of gravity.

Glacier

The mutual physical attraction between the masses of the moon and Earth.

Gravity

If you're a ship in the middle of the sea, can you feel a tsunami when it passes underneath you?

No.

Which of the following potential energy sources is the source of the sun's energy?

Nuclear energy

What happened in Chernobyl, Ukraine in 1986?

Nuclear meltdown.

What is the most important characteristic of periglacial regions?

Permafrost

What is the most characteristic feature of periglacial regions?

Permafrost.

Fish is an important source of dietary protein and income, especially in low-income countries.

True

In cloud formation, liquid water droplets may not freeze even when temperatures reach -5 °C.

True

Seafloor sediments provide a continuous historical record of climate change.

True

Nonrenewable resources are replenished seasonally or continuously.

False

There really are no options for dealing with global climate change. The only thing we can do is wait and prepare to adapt to the changes that occur.

False

Volcanism provides nuclear energy and plays an important role in the formation of some mineral deposits.

False

A system that can exchange both energy and matter across its boundaries is called ______

Open system

Which of the following words represents "profitable"?

Ore.

Match the correct term to its description. These are generally of biologic origin and typically contain carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds

Organic compound

Plutonic rocks cool more ____________ and have _____________ crystal sizes compared to volcanic rocks.

Slowly; larger

Which of the following statements is true for the asthenosphere?

Zone in the upper mantle that is a solid but capable of flowing like a liquid.

Sulfate aerosols whiten the atmosphere, contributing to increased planetary ______.

albedo

Match the following, When algae grows out of control

algal bloom

Match the three distinct magma compositions: Contains about 60 percent SiO2 and a lot of dissolved gas

andesitic magma

Minerals can be identified by the specific ______ between a designated pair of crystal faces.

angle

When water changes into steam,

both a change of state and a change of phase have occurred

Well-sorted gravel, with large clasts and large, interconnected openings between the clasts, is typically ____________, and can yield large volumes of water.

both porous and permeable

What are the two types of air masses that have the greatest influence on weather conditions across the United States?

cP and mT.

The rate of decay of radioactive materials ____________.

can be experimentally calculated

Which gas has a much lower concentration on Earth compared to Mars and Venus due to the process of photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide

Match the correct term to the definition. These cover mountain highlands or low-lying land at high latitudes and generally flow radially outward from their center.

ice caps

Glass is not classified as a mineral because _______.

it has many possible chemical compositions.

The source of Earth's magnetic field lies in its ____________?

molten outer core

Soil is a special type of regolith due to its __________ content.

organic

The View: The Coriolis Effect shows that when at the equator, when you look to the north air is deflected to the _____. And when looking to the south the air will be deflected to the _____.

right;left

If one has an absolute age date for an intrusive igneous rock body that is intruding into a sedimentary rock, what does that reveal about the sedimentary rock?

You know the youngest possible age of the sedimentary rock.

Please match the following matching questions using the information found in the View: Earth Provides Resources. petroleum sources

are needed to manufacture most industrial products.

Match the following: The wavelengths that are transmitted easily through the atmosphere.

atmospheric window

Which of the following factors explain why the insolation value for Earth is less than the total incoming sunlight?

Absorption by the atmosphere; reflection by the atmosphere; the shape of the Earth

this internal heat left over from the origins of Earth and other planets of our solar system:

Accretionary heat

What type of plate margin is the majority of the rim surrounding the Pacific Ocean?

Active

Of the following, what are the three common approaches to reacting to climate change impacts?

Adaptation Mitigation Intervention

Match the variable in the IPAT equation to its definition A

Affluence

What sort of historical data can a glacier provide through an ice core?

Air temperature Large volcanic eruptions Vegetation species

The percentage of incoming radiation that is reflected unchanged is called?

Albedo

Which of the following methods would not be useful for testing a hypothesis?

Analyzing the same data used to formulate the hypothesis

Why did angiosperms become the dominate land plant rather than gymnosperms?

Angiosperms utilized insects for pollination

Which of the following biomes receives the least amount of precipitation?

Arid desert.

Based on your exploring Electricity from the Sun, which of the below states has the highest average daily values of Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI)?

Arizona

In View: Waste to Energy, what is the major by-product of a waste to energy plant?

Ash

The ___ reservoir interacts with the flow of ____ through the biosphere

Atmosphere: nitrogen

Which is not a source of this internal terrestrial energy?

Atmospheric heating

In View: Ice Ages & Climate Cycles, the ice age separated into what?

Both cold glacial periods and warm interglacial intervals

What leads to the rapid dissipation of a hurricane?

Both of the above.

____________ weathering is the decomposition of rocks and minerals as chemical reactions transform them into new chemical compounds.

Chemical

Match the following: The formation of a more ordered liquid from a less ordered gas

Condensation

Which of the following is not a method used to measure the speed of plate movement?

Continental Cores

What type of boundary created the Himalaya Mountains?

Convergent

What type of plate boundary created the Himalaya Mountains?

Convergent.

In Explore: El Nino/ENSO, what impact does the event sometimes have on coral reefs?

Coral bleaching

As you go from lower to higher latitudes, the altitude of the snow line should

Decrease.

The rock cycle is a process solely involving the movement of sedimentary rock from a mountain to a river.

False

The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic system with multiple feedbacks, both positive and negative.

True

The five variables that describe the state of the atmosphere and weather are temperature, air pressure, humidity, cloudiness, and wind speed and direction.

True

The geologic column summarizes, in chronological order, the succession of known rock units.

True

The process of photosynthesis is responsible for producing most of the molecular oxygen (O2) present in the Earth's atmosphere today.

True

The results of excessive groundwater withdrawal can include depression of the water table; drying up of springs, streams, and wells; compaction of aquifers; and subsidence.

True

The zone of high rainfall normally situated near Indonesia shifts towards the central Pacific, bringing dry conditions to Indonesia.

True

Based on the study of past climate, we can conclude that future, long-term climates will be

Variable.

The source of gases for the secondary atmosphere of the Earth was _______

Volcanoes

In which environment would chemical weathering be most effective?

Warm and humid.

Which of the following resources, if contaminated, would cause the greatest impact to humans?

Water

Match the following ore formation processes with their descriptions. Placer

Water action preferentially concentrates denser minerals

DNA is an example of a:

nucleic acid

The rock cycle is ____ than the other cycles.

slower

The observation that some of the chemical energy in gasoline is lost as heat instead of being converted into kinetic energy (the motion of a car) is an example of:

the second law of thermodynamics

The luminosity of a star is defined as the _________.

total energy emitted per second

What is the dark central part of a sun spot called?

umbra

Organic compounds come from

living things

From the View: Atomic Structure, please match the particle with the appropriate charge. Electron

negative (-)

According to Explore: Deforestation around the World, which of the following geographic locations has the lowest amount of deforestation in the world?

Congo Basin

An assemblage of cratons and orogens is called a

Continental shield.

From Explore: Clastic Sediment, Rank the following clastic sediment types by the largest (1) to smallest (4) grain size. Sand

2

In Explore: Places Around the World that Could Disappear due to Climate Change, when is it feared that the Maldives could disappear?

2050

In the View: Permafrost video, when permafrost thaws what types of disruption can be caused?

All the above

The concept that species have changed over long periods of time is known as

Evolution.

Scientists presently know the exact number of species on Earth, and new species are being discovered all the time.

False

Surface waves travel through Earth rather than around it.

False

The Coriolis effect causes air to flow from the equator to the poles in a straight line.

False

The Earth's early atmosphere contained abundant molecular oxygen (O2), which allowed life to form.

False

The Medieval Warm Period gave way about 10,000 years ago to the Little Ice Age.

False

The age of the solar system is about 4.6 million years old.

False

The aphotic zone is the topmost layer of ocean water, where light penetrates and photosynthesis can occur.

False

The carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles are three of the least important biogeochemical cycles.

False

The chemical compositions of ancient air samples trapped in ice show that atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide fluctuate quite regularly, with no correlation to air temperature.

False

The emergence of agriculture about 100,000 years ago allowed people to extract resources more intensively.

False

In View: Biodiversity some ecosystems are better able to cope with the removal of a single species. Which of the following aspects of biodiversity allow for this resilience?

Genetic Diversity Species Diversity

Which type of rock will have properties that reflect the direction pressure was applied to the rock during its transformation?

Metamorphic

In Explore: Climate Migrants, the Pacific island nation of Kiribati is proposing what response to climate change?

Migration

_______ is based on the observation that sediment is deposited in more or less continuous layers.

Principle of lateral continuity

__________ states that sediment is deposited in a layer that is horizontal, or nearly so, and parallel to Earth's surface.

Principle of original horizontality

Which of the following formed first?

Prokaryotic cells.

Which of the following plates are considered "Fast Moving"?

Nazca Pacific

The site of the origin of life on Earth could have possibly been

Near deep-sea vents.

The prevailing model for the origin of the solar system is the

Nebular hypothesis

Assume there is a mountain range with a deep root of low-density continental rock extending into the underlying asthenosphere. Why type of gravity anomaly would it create?

Negative

The only gas in the atmosphere that can absorb UV rays is

Ozone.

Let's assume an earthquake occurs somewhere along the San Andreas fault. A seismograph based in Los Angeles, California monitors the earthquake. In which order will the seismic waves reach the seismograph?

P-wave followed by S-wave followed by Surface waves.

What occurs in peripatric and parapatric speciation?

Part of the population colonizes an adjacent but slightly different habitat.

If the flow into a reservoir is greater than out of it, it is said to be a _____

Sink

GHI is a measure of ______________?

Solar energy at the Earth's surface

Of the six kingdoms now recognized

Two are for prokaryotes and four are for eukaryotes.

In the View: Bioaccumulation, when an organism takes in a substance faster than it can process and excrete the substance, __________ occurs

bioconcentration

In its most general form, a __________ cycle is the complete pathway that a chemical element follows through the Earth system.

biogeochemical

Match the correct region. Where the balance between temperature and pressure is such that rocks have little strength.

asthenosphere

Earth's __________ acts like a selective filter for solar radiation and retains some thermal energy.

atmosphere

Match the following coastal features to their definitions Estuary

coastal feature formed by influence if salt water tides moving upstream

Match the following coastal features to their definitions Reef

coastal land near coastal feature built by corals

Match the correct region. A region of high temperature but also relatively high rock strength exists within the mantle from the core-mantle boundary.

mesosphere

Match the following four principal reasons for upward movement of air: Occurs when warm, low-density air rises convectively and displaces cooler, denser air

density lifting

_______ is the process by which fixed nitrogen is converted back to molecular nitrogen by bacteria.

dentrification

Paleoclimatic evidence includes ________________ now covered by vegetation and channel systems of now-dry streams.

desert sand dunes

Match to the correct term. The predominant hypothesis of earthquake formation:

elastic rebound hypothesis

Match the following, The overloading of nutrients in a water body

eutrophication

One of the most important factors affecting salinity is __________ , which removes fresh water and leaves the remaining water saltier.

evaporation

Match the following ore formation processes with their descriptions. Sedimentary

evaporation of ancient water bodies concentrates dissolved elements

According to the View: What Does a Black Hole Look Like, Charles Liu states that, the ___ you move through space, the ___ slower you move through time.

faster; slower

Match the following: All openings are filled with water

saturated zone

The production of body mass in heterotrophs is called ___________ production.

secondary

Fossil fuels are considered to be _____ inside the geosphere.

sequestered

The situation where materials have a very long residence time in a reservoir is called:

sequestration

A colloid is defined as a ______.

extremely find particles dispersed in a continous medium.

The innermost planets in the solar system (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are large and gaseous.

false

From Explore: Channel Systems, At the headwaters where the rock is predominantly bedrock and the slope is very steep, the stream valleys tend to be narrow and steep, making for ___ water movement and a ___ profile.

fast; straight

If a satellite has a fixed orbit above a specific point on Earth, it is said to be ______.

geosynchronous

Please match the following information to the correct label. Organisms that consume plants or other organisms that consume plants.

heterotrophs

In Explore: Biodiversity what role does coral have in an ocean ecosystem?

keystone

In Explore: The Coriolis Force, we learn that the Coriolis Force is defined as a force created by the curvature and rotation of the Earth, and is responsible for moving air masses. Define the following... North pole rotates

left

Match the different layers of Earth. The thick shell of dense, rocky matter that surrounds the core.

mantle

Using knowledge gained from the Explore: Mass Extinctions, match the extinction event to the cause attributed to it. PERMIAN EXTINCTION

massive volcanic activity in Siberia

The principle of uniformitarianism is based on the idea that the geologic processes that occur today likely ___________.

occured in the past

Please match the appropriate term to its function using information from the Explore: Animation: Earth Cycles. Control the weather and influence the distribution of climatic zones.

oceans

Match the following, Involves relying on natural environmental processes to clean up a contaminated site

passive remediation

From the View: Atomic Structure, please match the particle with the appropriate charge. Proton

positive (+)

Match the name of the soil processes with the corresponding definition. Removal

processes where material is taken out of the soil body

Please match the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum to its properties. Is used by satellite, aricraft, and weather systems

radar

The processes of weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, metamorphism, melting, crystallization, volcanism, and uplift of mountains are part of which cycle?

rock cycle

According to the View: Biogeochemical Cycle, the Argo program uses profiling floats to observe which of the following?

salinity currents temperature

Match the following: The dispersal of solar energy is every direction by atmospheric gasses and particles

scattering

Match the limitation of a renewable energy to its source High cost and low efficency

solar photovoltaic

Carbohydrates provide the important role of _________.

storing energy in a form easily used by plants and animals.

Please match the appropriate term to its function using information from the Explore: Animation: Earth Cycles. Rain falling on land that drains off into streams, percolate into the ground, or be evaporated back into the air.

surface water

Any portion of the universe that can be isolated from the rest of the universe for the purpose of observing and measuring changes.

system

Magma is

the mixture of molten rock, suspended mineral grains, and dissolved gas that forms in the crust or mantle when temperatures are sufficiently high

Please match the region with the correct biosphere condition: Most of South America

tropical and temperature forest

From Explore: Soil Forming, Match the following terms about Soils: Soil Removal

water and/or water erosion, chemical leaching

A monsoon is a seasonally reversing wind system.

True

What are the four major classes of Earth's terrestrial biomes.

Tundra, forest, grasslands, and desert.

Temperate forests include all of the following except

Tundra.

What is the major feature of a valley formed by a glacier versus a valley formed by a stream?

U-Shape.

Where do stromatolites form?

Warm, shallow seas.

What factors influence the position of the snowline?

Winter snowfall

Match the following: Water may be present in small quantities in pore space

aerated zone

A _______________ is a breakage surface, whereas a _______________ is a growth surface.

cleavage surface; crystal face

What obvious characteristic of a mineral samples is usually not helpful for identifying a mineral?

color

Match the following: The common plutonic rock associated with andesitic magma is

diorite

In Explore: Fluctuations in the Pressure Gradient, a primary factor that influences wind _________ on Earth is the difference in isobars.

direction and speed

In View: Glacial Landforms, Abrasion leaves behind tell-tale striations in the bedrock that identify the _______________ of ancient glaciers

direction of motion

Match the four types of seismic activity,characteristic of the basic types of plate boundary environment. Earthquakes tend to be fairly weak and shallow

divergent boundary

The carbon cycle can be understood in terms of timescales. Match the following cycle to its dominate process Short-term cycling

dominated by biological processes

The carbon cycle can be understood in terms of timescales. Match the following cycle to its dominate process Long-term cycling

dominated by geological processes

The carbon cycle can be understood in terms of timescales. Match the following cycle to its dominate process Medium-term cycling

dominated by storage of organic chemicals

When humans dig up and burn fossil fuels, we are releasing carbon to the _______ faster than it can be sequestered.

atmosphere

The abundant yield of __________ , currently more than 80 million tons per year, is just one of the many services proved to humankind by the world ocean.

fish

In regards to the global energy budget, Earth absorbs ____________ wave radiation and emits ___________ wave radiation.

short, long

Local air pollution can become regional or global as a result of longer-range transport.

True

According to the Explore: Arctic Sea Ice, in periods of global coolness the salinity level of ocean water is ___ and in periods of global warmness the salinity of ocean water is ___ .

more salty; less salty

What will be the result of sea level rising, causing the ocean to fill a glacially carved valley?

A fjord.

What is the Milankovitch Cycle?

A mathematical explanation of long term climate changes based on Earth-Sun geometrical relationships.

What is the sudden movement of a glacier due to a sudden addition of snow on ice called?

A surge.

The __________ includes all of Earth's organisms, as well as any organic matter not yet decomposed.

Biosphere

Which color stars have the highest surface temperature?

Blue

What happens to the tropical soils when the rainforests are cut down?

Clearing interrupts the nutrient cycle, leading to soil leaching and baking.

Match the characteristics to their definition. A mineral's tendency to break in preferred directions along bright, reflective planar surfaces.

Cleavage

On a world-wide bases, which of the following factors has the greatest influence over the distribution of biomes?

Climate.

What direction do gyres turn in the northern hemisphere? Why?

Clockwise due to the Coriolis.

Which is the dirtiest and produces the most CO2 of all fossil fuels?

Coal

Due to the eastern gray squirrel being introduced into the British Isles, the British red squirrel population is __________.

Declining.

Large volcanic eruptions (like Mount Pinatubo in 1991) can produce a veil of ash that envelopes the stratosphere. If this were to occur, what would be the most likely temperature result at sea level?

Decrease in temperature.

Match to the correct term. A change in shape or size of a body:

Deformation

The process of converting nitrate to nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide is called

Denitrification

Heat will always move from hot to cold because all-natural processes will move ___.

Down-gradient

The boundaries between what divisions on the geologic time scale coincide with major changes in the dominate species of life is on Earth at that given time?

Eras.

According to the View: Karst Formations, what are the two karst types that can be found in Florida?

Erosional Carbonate

The greater the complexity of the environment, the less niche opportunities there may be, and the less opportunity for organisms to specialize.

False

The higher the wind speed, the thicker the boundary layer of still air around the skin.

False

The least significant problem associated with the use of solar energy is that insolation varies spatially and temporally.

False

The most ancient known fossils are 4.6 billion years old, found in rocks from the Archean Eon.

False

The most recent Pleistocene glaciation started about 1 million years ago.

False

There are about 10,000 active volcanoes today, many of them in the circum-Pacific region.

False

There are five major groups of aquatic biomes.

False

Volcanoes are the only natural source of aerosols.

False

Which of the following selections give the correct order from highest to lowest for society's energy sources:

Fossil fuels, biomass energy, solar energy

The burning of which of the following has added largest quantities of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?

Fossil fuels.

According to Explore: Glacial Mass Budget, the outwash plains and moraine are constructed at which place?

In the front of a glacier in mountainous areas

From Explore: Groundwater, _________ is the primary mechanism of groundwater recharge.

Infiltration

According to View: Golden Spike in the Ice Core, ice cores can contain what?

Information on the climate based on a yearly interval.

Igneous rocks are also classified by their silica content, which of the following is true for high silica Igneous rock?

Lighter in color.

From your text and the View: Limits to Growth, please match the following concepts to the appropriate terms. Factors such as weather, predators, or disease that cause some individuals in a population to die off.

Limiting factor

Match the states to the correct description. Matter has a definite volume but its constituent atoms are able to flow freely past one another.

Liquid

Which of the following is not a type of potential energy?

Radiant energy

The product of rock weathering is a layer of broken-up, disintegrated rock matter.

Regolith

According to the Explore: Katabatic Winds, how does the Coriolis effect influence the Katabatic winds coming off of Greenland?

Rotation of coastal air masses can increase or halt the winds

The most important variable to erosion is

Running water.

What are the three categories of regolith?

Saprolite, Sediment, and soil

From Explore: Biomes, what kind of biome is Boca Raton, Fl located in?

Savanna

The _______ law of thermodynamics dictates that energy conversions will be inherently have some level of inefficiency.

Second

Match the four types of seismic activity,characteristic of the basic types of plate boundary environment. Deepest and most powerful earthquakes

Subduction zone boundary

In View: Beach Sand Movement, what is the most common place that sand is removed from the sand transport cycle?

Submarine Canyons

How does plate tectonics influence the composition of ocean water?

Submarine volcanoes along mid-ocean ridges leas to chemical reactions between the ocean water and the hot rocks of the seafloor

Which of the following is considered a short-term external climate change factor (versus a long-term climate change factor)?

Sunspots.

Using information learned from the View: The Solar System, please match the planets to the correct information. Mercury

Terrestrial

The ocean's tides are primarily driven by _______

The moon's orbit around the Earth

What occurs during exponential growth?

The number of individuals in a population increases rapidly.

Which of the following is the largest reservoir for carbon?

The ocean.

In the View: Magnetic Reversal, How can we tell that the magnetic field has flipped?

The orientation of magnetic minerals in lava layers

Assume you are a climatologist analyzing carbon dioxide bubbles trapped in an ice core. The cross section of ice core you are looking at is 1 million years old. During your analysis, you find that there is a greater quantity of carbon dioxide in the ice core than there is today. What does this tell you?

The past climate was warmer than today.

Peer review is important in which steps of the scientific method

all steps

Match the following streams and their three major depositional landforms: A fan-shaped body of alluvium at the base of an upland area

alluvial fan

Match the proper term to its description. Geologists refer to the sediment load as...

alluvium

Proteins are long, chainlike polymers made of __________ bonded together.

amino acids

Today there is growing concern about ________________ pollutants causing changes in the concentration of radiatively active gases in the atmosphere, which, it is thought, will lead to changes in the greenhouse effect, and ultimately to global climatic change.

anthropogenic

Please match the following matching questions using the information found in the View: Earth Provides Resources. water resources

are essential for agriculture, manufacturing, and life.

The _______ is a gaseous envelope that surrounds a planet or any other celestial body.

atmosphere

Match the term to the correct description. The smallest individual particle that retains the distinctive properties of a given chemical element.

atom

In NASA's A Short Tour of the Cryosphere, as polar ice decreases more water open water could promote greater heating....

which could lead to faster melting, reinforcing the cycle

According to the View: Soil Erosion, soil erosion is a gradual process that is caused by two forces of nature, _____ and ____

wind;water

What is subduction zone?

Where one oceanic plate is dragged or pushed below another lithospheric plate

A heavy cloud of hot gas and pyroclastic material which flows down the side of a volcano is called a

Nuée ardente.

From the View: Soil and Soil Dynamics, match the following soil horizons: Organics

O

The 41,000 year cycle of the tilt of Earth's axis is called the

Obliquity (tilt) cycle.

Facts, measurements, and information can be summed up as __________________.

Observations

The influential productivity associated with phytoplankton in the ocean varies seasonally especially in colder waters is called_________________?

Ocean Productivity

What is the leading source of energy used in the United States today?

Oil

When two oceanic plates converge the _________ plate subducts under the other plate.

Older

An animal that eats both plants and animals is a(n)

Omnivore.

In View: Atmospheric Pressure what is the average air pressure at sea level in kPa?

101.3 kPa

According to the View: Earthquakes 101, Our planet's crust is made up of about _____ major tectonic plates.

12

How many of the naturally occurring chemical elements are geochemically abundant on Earth?

12

In View: Waste to Energy, approximately what percentage of municipal solid waste was incinerated for energy in 2014?

13%

If a stream begins at an elevation of 600 meters and flows a distance of 200 kilometers to the ocean, what is the average gradient?

3 meters per kilometer.

The Sun will run out of the hydrogen fuel to burn in about:

4-5 billion years

Extracting, processing, and using mineral resources

All of the above.

Which of the following conditions are the result of high levels of oxygen in the present atmosphere of the Earth?

Benefits mammals which have a high rate of metabolism

Why is the thickness of ooze along the ocean floor not always an accurate indication of the biological productivity of surface water in a given area?

Beyond certain depths, both calcareous and siliceous ooze will tend to dissolve in the water.

From the View: Soil and Soil Dynamics, match the following soil horizons: Parent rock

C

Which of the following is an important greenhouse gas?

Carbon dioxide.

Which of the following are all biogeochemical cycles?

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen

Differentiation is a process by which

Denser materials sink and less dense materials rise to the surface.

The following term describes when warm, low-density air rises convectively and displaces cooler, denser air:

Density lifting

What is the sum of the weathering, mass-wasting, and erosional processes that result in the progressive lowering of the Earth's surface?

Denudation

In Explore: Climate Migrants, what was one of the ways the climate change may have had a role in starting the Syrian Civil War?

Drought

The science that studies the whole planet as a system of innumerable interacting parts and focuses on the changes within and among those parts

Earth System Science

The science that studies the whole planet as a system of innumerable interacting parts and focuses on the changes within and among those parts.

Earth System Science

The biotic community plus the nonliving factors and variables with which it interacts is called a(n)

Ecosystem

Match to the correct term. any change of shape or size that reverses when the deforming force is removed:

Elastic deformation

A good "working definition" for life might be: "A highly organized system that can capture, store, and transmit __________.

Energy.

In View: Coastal Erosion, what are the two major methods for preventing beach erosion?

Engineered Coastal Protection Structures Beach Nourishment

In Explore: Ocean Currents, where are the areas of fast surface water located?

Equator

A system that is self-regulating is said to have the property of homeostasis, which implies a state of _____, of balance.

Equilibrium

The hydrologic cycle interacts with the rock cycle primarily through...

Erosion.

As worldwide ice coverage decreases, why would this have an impact on global temperatures?

There is a decrease in albedo

A community is a group of individuals of the same species that interbreed and share genetic information.

False

Divergent plate margins start in continents and become oceans.

True

The open ocean is relatively free of pollution, but marine coastal zones are vulnerable to the impacts of human activity.

True

The asteroid belt is located ___________.

in orbit between Mars and Jupiter

The existence of volcanoes support the conclusion that Earth's interior is _______.

liquid

From Explore: Bedload Transport and Braided Systems, braided streams are distinctive systems that develop in areas with a ___slope and ___sediment load.

steep; coarse

Match the following: Upper surface of the saturated zone

water table

How is carbonic acid (HCO3) formed in the atmosphere?

Interaction of water and carbon dioxide.

When molten rock reaches the surface, it's called

Lava.

Which of the following is not a renewable energy resource?

Natural gas.

Water is a _____________ containing oxygen and hydrogen while air is a _____________ of oxygen and nitrogen.

compound; mixture

the specific gravity of a mineral is:

the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water

In the polar cells, warm, moist air uplifts near the poles, creating low-pressure convergence zones.

False

Interactions between individuals in communities have no influence on populations and on ecosystems as a whole.

False

It would take about 10 Earths to meet current resource needs sustainably.

False

K-strategists tend to be smaller with shorter life spans and early maturity.

False

Land breezes, sea breezes, and katabatic winds are examples of global wind systems.

False

New alternative energy sources are generally more damaging to the environment than fossil fuel mining and use.

False

Nonmetallic minerals are mined for the metals that can be extracted from them by smelting.

False

On a global scale, forests harbor only small reserves of biodiversity and do not help to regulate the climate.

False

Organisms are not selective in their uptake of chemical elements. Basically, they will take what they can get.

False

Organisms that live on land are fundamentally the same as organisms that live in aquatic environments.

False

Match the correct term to the definition. The drowned seaward end of a glacier-carved bedrock trough.

Fjord

From View: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, what is the name of part of the prokaryote cell that is used for movement?

Flagellum

What is the area called where a stream regularly overflows its banks and deposits silty sediment on the surrounding area?

Flood plain

From Explore: Depositional Glacial Landscapes, some depositional landforms result from melting water from a glacier, whereas others result directly from what?

Flowing ice

A wave is composed of a crest and trough. With this said, what are high tides and what are low tides?

High tide = crest; low tide = trough.

What happens to the tides if the Earth, Moon, and Sun are all in a line?

Highest high tides.

The air in a cT air mass is generally

Hot and dry.

According to View: Geologic Time Scale, single cell organisms first appeared in the _____ eon?

Precambrian Archeon

The spontaneous breakdown, or decay, of radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium that are naturally occurring inside Earth.

Radiogenic heat

The spontaneous breakdown, or decay, of radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium that are naturally occurring inside the Earth.

Radiogenic heat

______ is produced by the spontaneous breakdown, or decay, of radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium that are naturally occurring inside Earth.

Radiogenic heat

Which of the following processes is responsible for the blue color of the sky?

Rayleigh scattering

Of the following choices, which is the largest reservoir for carbon?

Tropical rainforests.

Match the correct term to its description. Once or presently alive, or of biologic origin.

biotic

Match the factor to the correct description. It helps determine which processes are active in any area.

climate

The distribution of terrestrial biomes is closely related to the geography of ______.

climate

The Jovian planets have atmosphere's primarily composed of ___________.

hydrogen

As per the information in the View: The Solar System, please match the correct planets to the category. Neptune

ice giants

Carbohydrate production and the consequent building of body mass in autotrophs is called __________ production.

primary

Match the factor to the correct description. Distinctive landscape elements result from the activity of various surface ______.

process

What type of rock is a kimberlite pipe?

Igneous

What is one of the reasons why the Antarctic bottom water is so dense?

It is extremely cold.

How are icebergs formed?

By pieces of glacial ice breaking off the glacier.

According to Explore: Planting Healthy Air, the PM Concentration in Miami, FL is how many μg/m3?

3 μg/m3

As of 2010, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Red List of Endangered Species lists which fish as "vulnerable" (one step short of being an endangered species)?

...

Based on your understanding of geostrophic winds, in Figure 12.5 (Pictured below), what direction do you expect the wind to predominately go?

...

Due to modern farming methods, wheat and corn production has almost __________ in the decades following the 1950s.

...

In Explore: Anthropogenic Climate Change, about how much of the land surface is exploited by humans?

...

Match the equatorial climate classifiers to the description Tropical monsoon; seasonally reversing monsoon winds; driest month with rainfall less than 6 cm.

Am

Which of the following groups of organisms became the dominant land plant at the end of the Cretaceous Period?

Angiosperms.

Subduction zones can generally lead to

Any of the above.

The region of the H-R diagram occupied by most stars is the

Main Sequence region.

What would a ship feel if a tsunami passed beneath it in the open ocean?

Nothing

According to View: Gulf Oil Spill Impact, approximately how many birds died during the 95 days following the Deep Horizon oil spill?

Over 800,000

How and where do intrusive igneous rocks form?

They form from molten magma cooling deep within the Earth

What does ozone protect us from?

UV Rays.

_____________ is important to biogeochemical cycles because of its ability to dissolve and transport a wide range of materials.

water

From Explore: Soil Forming, Match the following terms about Soils: Mineral Enchriment

water or wind deposition of materials

Solar energy is trapped on Earth primarily because of the atmosphere's ________ content.

water vapor

Match the following coastal features to their definitions Beach

wave washed sediment along a coast

In Explore: The Coriolis Force, we learn that the Coriolis Force is defined as a force created by the curvature and rotation of the Earth, and is responsible for moving air masses. Define the following... A plane traveling north from the South pole is deflected

west

In Explore: The Coriolis Force, we learn that the Coriolis Force is defined as a force created by the curvature and rotation of the Earth, and is responsible for moving air masses. Define the following... A plane traveling south from the North Pole is deflected

west

Match the limitation of a renewable energy to its source Difficulty in transmitting power from production to use

wind

The magma well at Krafla, Iceland reached a well head temperature of ___ degrees Celsius, the highest well head temperature recorded worldwide.

450

The subpolar low is centered at approximately __________ degrees north and south latitudes.

60 degrees.

In Explore: Global Temperature Patterns, which of these options affects temperature patterns?

All of these options effect temperature patterns

Along what type of plate boundary does sea-floor spreading occur?

Divergent

Which of the following most accurately describes the Earth's energy cycle?

Energy is received from the sun, some is reflected back to space, and some is absorbed, degraded and eventually reradiated back to space

Explain the differences in winter temperatures at the same latitudes along the Atlantic boundaries of England and Canada.

England receives cold air from the north and Canada receives warm air from the south according to the North Atlantic gyre.

According to the second law of thermodynamics, as energy is used for work a certain amount of energy will be lost as heat. ____ is the measure of how much useful energy is left in a system.

Entropy

Why might color not be the best method to identifying minerals?

It is because the same mineral can present as different colors

If there are any uncertainties in aspects of an Earth system, which of the following statements is most true?

It is normal for uncertainty to exist in our knowledge of a highly complex and changing system

Managed forest plantations can help maintain the stock of forest resources, and they can replace the biodiversity of old-growth forests.

False

Metamorphic rocks are named on the basis of sediment size.

False

Speciation requires that a population be reproductively immersed within other groups of the same species.

False

Stratigraphy is based on the principle of absolute dating.

False

Mass wasting is material moved primarily due to

Gravity.

What is the likely feedback loop that causes desertification?

Grazing animals increase the local albedo, causing cooler conditions, resulting in less rainfall.

About how old is the oldest craton within the North American continental shield?

Greater than 2.5 billion years old

Where do Earth's large ice sheets now exist?

Greenland and Antarctica.

A surface wind over which of the following surfaces would typically be the fastest?

Ice-covered lake.

The Tragedy of Commons suggests that

If individuals act out of short-term self-interest, all may suffer in the long run.

Match the rock families to the descriptions. Named from the Latin igneus, meaning fire.

Igneous

Please match the appropriate term to its function using information from the Explore: Animation: Earth Cycles. New rock formed by the cooling and solidification of magma accumulates as plutons beneath the surface or as volcanoes on the surface of the Earth.

Igneous rock

From Explore: Sea vs. Land Breeze, when does a land breeze usually form?

In the evening, flowing toward the water.

What are fast moving "rivers" of air found near the top of the troposphere called?

Jet streams.

Using information learned from the View: The Solar System, please match the planets to the correct information. Neptune

Jovian

Using information learned from the View: The Solar System, please match the planets to the correct information. Saturn

Jovian

Which is the largest planet in the solar system?

Jupiter

Which of the following is a non-renewable resource?

Minerals.

Refer to Explore: Virtual Rock Lab Interactivity for the following question. Which mineral has a colorless streak?

Olivine

According to Observing the Red Planet, what Mars feature is roughly equal in size to the state of Nevada?

Olympus Mons

Which of the following is the main source of terrestrial energy?

Radiogenic

According to the Explore: Differentiation of the Earth, Earth's primordial atmosphere was likely rich in________?

hydrogen, helium, and inert gases.

The ___________ is the totality of Earth's water, including oceans, lakes, streams, underground water, and all the snow and ice.

hydrosphere

Examples of sedimentary rocks include:

Sandstone, limestone, and shale

In Explore: At-Risk Species and Conservation Efforts based on the map showing the number of threatened species in the U.S, which region has the greatest number of species threatened?

Southwest

The number of species in a community is

Species richness.

Which layer of the Earth's atmosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun?

Stratospheric ozone layer

Many of the largest and driest deserts of the world coincide with the position of the

Subtropical high.

What supports and sustains almost all life on Earth?

Sunlight

Of the following choices, how can energy (realistically) best be conserved?

Supplementing oil and coal with renewable alternatives.

Where in a stream would you find the maximum velocity of water flowing?

Surface

Match the variable in the IPAT equation to its definition t

Technology

Earth's climate system is characterized by feedbacks, both positive and negative.

True

Earthquakes occur when rock masses break and slip past one another along a fault.

True

In the case of sympatric speciation, reproductive isolation and speciation may take place as a result of behavioral specialization and differentiation.

True

In the mesosphere, temperature decreases with increasing height.

True

Landslides can be triggered by human activities that oversteepen or destabilize slopes.

True

Living resources are renewable, but problems arise when they are harvested more quickly than the rate at which they reproduce and grow.

True

One of the requirements for multicellular organisms to survive on land is a means for exchanging gases with air.

True

Orographic lifting is often responsible for mountain ranges having a wet slope and a dry slope.

True

Over the past few decades, air and water quality have improved.

True

Partial melting occurs when part of a rock melts and part remains solid.

True

Studies of rock paleomagnetism have revealed the ancient positions of Earth's magnetic poles.

True

Subduction zones are marked by deep trenches where ocean-capped lithosphere sinks into the asthenosphere.

True

The Neanderthals disappeared about 30,000 years ago and were replaced by the first members of our own species, Homo sapiens.

True

The addition of warmer, fresher water to the oceans could inhibit the formation of the cold, deep, saline waters that drive the global thermohaline circulation.

True

The earliest recorded glacial episode dates to about 2.4 billion years ago.

True

The estimated global rate of soil loss through erosion now exceeds 25 billion metric tons each year.

True

Traditionally, the human economy has been viewed as a reservoir into which resources and energy flow from a limitless source.

True

Trees and corals lay down annual growth rings, which can provide paleoclimate information.

True

Unconventional hydrocarbons or synfuels include tar sands, oil shales, and methane gas hydrates.

True

Venus, unlike Earth, Mercury, and Mars spins rotates in a retrograde motion.

True

In Explore: Global Atmospheric Circulation, what is the primary variable that causes air to move on a global scale is?

Unequal heating of the Earths's tropical and polar regions

The air in a mP air mass is generally

cool and wet

Match the following: The common plutonic rock associated with basaltic magma is

gabbro

Match the states to the correct description. Matter takes on the shape of the container in which it is contained, filling the container completely (or escaping into space if it is not confined).

gas

As per the information in the View: The Solar System, please match the correct planets to the category. Jupiter

gas giants

Please complete the matching activity based on the information provided in the Explore: Sustainable Development. How many people globally use a source of drinking water that is fecally contaminated?

1.8 billion

According to the View: Layers of the Atmosphere, the troposphere rises about ____ miles from the earths surface.

10

In Explore: The Age of Megacities, how many people need to live in a city for it to be classified as a megacity?

10 million or more

In View: Earth's Atmosphere Earth's first atmosphere which was created from material colliding with the young Earth.

material colliding with the young Earth

From Explore: Channel Systems, ___________ grow more pronounced in the lower reaches of a channel system.

meanders

From Explore: Clastic Sediment, Rank the following clastic sediment types by the largest (1) to smallest (4) grain size. Gravel

1

A thin section is often used to examine the ____________ of a rock.

texture

In Explore: El Nino/ENSO, what is one potential good event that could happen on the coast of California after an El Nino year?

more precipitation in the winter, reducing the drought

Which of the following is not a common sign of an imminent eruption?

A blanket of fresh new lava or tephra spreads across the land

What is the term for the reflectivity of an object such as clouds or a white shirt, that reflect energy back into space.

Albedo

What is the term of the reflectively of an object such as clouds or a white shirt, that reflect energy back into space.

Albedo

Of the following, which is a primary producer?

Algae

The burning of organic compounds, such as oil and gas, release __________________ into the atmosphere.

Carbon dioxide

The major greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are

Carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane.

Assume you are a climatologist analyzing tree rings to determine past climates. If you see a period of time where the length between tree rings are larger than at other times, what does that tell you?

During periods of greater moisture and warmer conditions, tree rings will generally be wider.

The type of igneous rock that is a result of solidification of lava is

Extrusive igneous rock.

Air pollution only has a local effect near the source.

False

Along the Ring of Fire, volcanoes can occur, but not earthquakes.

False

Human activity affects the atmosphere but not the biosphere.

False

Why is it difficult to pull nitrogen from the atmosphere into the nitrogen cycle of the biosphere?

Few organisms can "fix" atmospheric nitrogen gas.

Based on the information found in Explore: Agricultural exposure to water stress, which of the following crop groups has the highest global water stress?

Fiber Crops

The magma gradually cools and solidifies from the outside inwards causing different minerals to form in a process called _______

Fractional Crystallization

According to Barry Sinervo in the View: Sixth Mass Extinction, what impact of climate change is driving the changes in California reptiles?

Increasing temperature

____________________ is when surface water is moved from one watershed to another to meet water demand.

Interbasin transfer

Which of the following processes is the biggest consumer of water?

Irrigation

According to the View: Mount St. Helens, what did the icy meltwater on Mount St. Helens cause?

Lahar

In the View: Alfred Wegner, What was the name of the two continents that were believed to exist after Pangea split?

Laurasia and Gondwana

According the the View: Rocks and the Rock Cycle, how and where do intrusive igneous rocks form.

They form from molten magma cooling deep within the earth.

According to the View: Origin of Life, Darwin's Theory of Evolution is based on many observations, one of which is when living things reproduce children are often born with random new traits.....

Those with negative new traits are less likely to survive and reproduce, and those with positive new traits are more likely to survive and pass those traits on to their children.

The highest rates of evaporation typically occur over

Tropical oceans.

Which of the ecosystems listed below has the greatest biomass?

Tropical rainforest.

A system that supports and sustains life must have a continually renewed source of energy and a sink for heat energy.

True

A volcano is a vent from which lava, pyroclasts, or gases are erupted.

True

About 1.4 billion years ago, the aerobic eukaryotes emerged.

True

About 99% of the species that have lived on Earth are now extinct.

True

Aerosols such as fine dust can cause dramatic changes in atmospheric albedo, causing global cooling.

True

As the plates of a transform fault grind past one another their edges may grab and lock, forcing the rocks on both sides to flex and bend.

True

Changes in the concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases have the potential to affect the stability of Earth's climate system.

True

Coal is a solid fossil fuel that forms from organic matter in a terrestrial environment.

True

In competition, individuals vie for scarce resources.

True

In each hemisphere, on the poleward side of the Hadley cells, there is a midlatitude circulation system.

True

Life contributed to the chemical evolution of the Earth system through the buildup of oxygen and sequestration of carbon.

True

Wind energy us generated by ____.

Uneven solar heating

_________ contain patches of vegetation on the bare granite summit that develop in depressions formed by weather over thousands of years.

Vernal pools

What is "hard water"?

Water rich in dissolved calcium and magnesium bicarbonates.

What adaptation allowed for reptiles to colonize dry land?

Water tight skin and eggs

Match the different layers of Earth. A spherical mass composed largely of metallic iron, with smaller amounts of nickel and other elements.

core

Which of the following gives the correct compositional layering of the Earth, from interior to surface?

core, mantle, crust

Match the different layers of Earth. Above the mantle lies the thinnest and outermost layer.

crust

Match the different layers of Earth. It consists of rocky matter that is less dense than mantle rock.

crust

Match the different layers of Earth. It is thicker under the continents than under the oceans.

crust

In Explore: Formation of Thunderstorms,Thunderstorms are intense localized storms associated with tall dense ____________ clouds.

cumulonimbus

In View: The Scientific Process, what are the two basic building blocks of scientific discovery?

data and interpretation

Falling water in vapor form is _______________________________?

fog and mist

In Explore: Sea Level Rise Impacts on Miami-Dade County, a number of sea level rise impacts in Miami-Dade county are explored. Please match the following impacts with their examples Economic Impacts

increases sea level will put more buildings at risk higher insurance costs

Match the factor to the correct description. Another factor in landscape development, is related to tectonic environment.

relief

According to the View Big Idea 1: Why Earth Science, Earth Scientists use repeatable observations and testable ideas to understand our planet.

repeatable observations: testable ideas

Match the three distinct magma compositions: Contains about 70 percent SiO2 and the highest gas content

rhyolitic magma

In Explore: The Coriolis Force, we learn that the Coriolis Force is defined as a force created by the curvature and rotation of the Earth, and is responsible for moving air masses. Define the following... South pole rotates

right

Match the name of the soil processes with the corresponding definition. Leaching

the loss of soil compounds and minerals by solution when water flows to lower soil horizons

Match the four types of seismic activity,characteristic of the basic types of plate boundary environment. Shallow earthquakes, but can be very powerful

transform fault boundary

During Explore: Tides Animation, we learn that there is a corresponding low tide for each high tide, how long between each tide?

12.5 hours

Please complete the matching activity based on the information provided in the Explore: Sustainable Development. Oceans absorb about what% of carbon dioxide produced by humans, buffering the impacts of global warming?

30%

The United Nations estimates that by 2050 as many as 54 countries with a combined total of __________ people could face water stress.

4 billion.

The Sun is massive enough to keep burning on the Main Sequence for another

5 billion years.

Please complete the matching activity based on the information provided in the Explore: Sustainable Development. How many children in developing countries remain out of school?

57 million

Temperatures increased by about how many degrees from the Pleistocene Epoch to the Holocene Epoch?

6 degrees Centigrade.

What is the Kuiper Belt?

???

Which Earth sphere is NOT involved in biogeochemical cycling?

All Earth spheres are involved in biogeochemical cycling

Heating of the oceans leads to

All of the above.

If you were to build a dam in order to reroute a river, which of the following would be affected?

All of the above.

Sedimentary rocks provide clues about

All of the above.

Speciation nearly always requires some form of

All of the above.

Sustainable development is

All of the above.

The depletion of stocks of fish in many of the world's largest fisheries is the result of...

All of the above.

The results of the Montreal protocol of 1987 include which of the following?

All of the above.

What is obsidian?

An extrusive (volcanic) igneous rock.

From the View: Soil and Soil Dynamics, match the following soil horizons: Subsoil

B

_______ are similar to stocks, but they are huge (up to 1000 km in length and 250 km wide); these enormous plutonic bodies are fundamental building blocks of continental crust.

Batholiths

How do forests effect the soil?

Both of the above.

What are the major attributes of "superposition"?

Both of the above.

Why are the continents about 20 times older than the oldest ocean basins?

Both of the above.

Along what type of plate boundary does subduction occur?

Convergent.

The direction taken by ocean currents is influenced by wind and the __________ force.

Coriolis

Which of the following describes new wind turbines?

Cost-effective.

In the northern hemisphere, the wind circulation in a midlatitude cyclone is

Counterclockwise, spiraling inward.

The dinosaurs became extinct at the end of what Period?

Cretaceous.

Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has

Doubled.

In Explore: Generalized Köppen Climate Map, what climate does Australia mostly fall under?

Dry climate

Measured average annual temperature curves all show a rise in temperature over the past century of approximately 5 to 10 degrees Centigrade.

False

Sometimes lava reaches Earth's surface through a vent that is an elongate fracture in the crust; this type of eruption is called a ________

Fissure eruption

Analysis of the fossil record shows evidence for at least __________ major mass extinctions.

Five

A collection that consists of a billion or more suns is called a

Galaxy

Which of the following sources of energy is drawn from the Earth's own internal heat source?

Geothermal energy

What type of energy is derived from heated groundwater?

Geothermal energy.

The sun releases energy from the thermonuclear fusion reaction of _______.

Hydrogen

Match the parts of the scientific method Scientists try to explain their observations by developing a ___

Hypothesis

Where does a medial moraine develop?

In the middle of two coalesced glaciers.

In the Explore: Evidence for Climate Change, what physical evidence for climate change is identified?

Increased mean global ocean temperature Increased atmospheric greenhouse gasses Increased mean atmosphere global temperature

According to the View: Identifying Minerals, why might color not be the best method to identify minerals?

It is beacause the same mineral can present as different colors.

What is the difference between a K- and R-strategist species?

K-strategists have a lower rate of reproduction but higher survival rate

What form of energy involves the movement of electrons, atoms, molecules, materials, and objects (energy to used work, such as a rollercoaster moving up or down the tracks).

Kinetic

From View: Biological Classification, please rank the taxa classifications in order from most broad to the most specific

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

As one layer of snow is successively buried by additional snowfalls, the grains of snow become Larger

Larger

In the ____________ state, matter has a definite volume but its constituent atoms are able to flow freely past one another; the material does not retain its own shape but conforms to the shape of its container, taking on a free surface under the influence of gravity.

Liquid

What is are the most likely explanations for the 150% increase in atmospheric methane since the industrial revolution?

Livestock Rice cultivation

What does the flotation height of an object depend on?

Mass and density

Sunspots

May be one of the causes for global climate change.

Which of the following studies is not an example of remote sensing?

Measuring high-altitude ozone concentrations with a balloon

Coastal erosion can be devastating to communities and ecosystems along the coastline. There are a number of ways to prevent -- or at least slow down -- this erosion. Which of the following is not one of those ways?

Medium stabilization.

In View: Glacial Landforms, if the position of the terminus remains stationary for some time, it can leave behind a ridge of unsorted till known as a __________.

Moraine

In Explore: The Age of Megacities, what is the main problem with Japan's population?

Nearly 3.27 million people will be over the age of 65 by the year 2100

A atom consists of what three parts?

Neutron, Electron, Proton

What is the generally order of events for the evolution of an island to an atoll?

Rapid extrusion of lava; subsidence (fringing reef becomes barrier reef); continued subsidence and upward reef growth.

What creates the sound of thunder?

Rapid heating of air due to lightning.

Deforestation of the tropical rainforests is a global concern in all of the following areas except

Removal of chemicals that lead to the depletion of the ozone layer.

The inner-most core of the Earth is likely ___ due to the immense ___

Solid; pressure

From Explore: Tertiary and Keystone Species please match the following terms to their definitions Hyperkeystone species

Species that can influence other species at a global scale

Throughout history, there have been time when human population growth __________ as a result of the development of new technologies, and times when population growth __________ as a result of environmental resistance.

Surged, slowed.

What conditions provide an ideal situation for hydropower?

Tall mountains and high precipitation

Imagine you go hiking in the desert and happen upon large slabs of granite rock. All around you the ground is a flat, desert floor, except for these few, large slabs of granite. What does that tell you about the geologic history of the area?

The area used to be active with intrusive igneous processes. Over time, differential erosion led to the exposure of the once-underground granite rock.

Coal results from

The decay of plant remains that accumulated in swamps millions of years ago.

Because the Earth is a closed system, which of the following statements is most accurate:

The mineral resources on this planet are all we have and - for the foreseeable future - all we will ever have

Regarding the flow of groundwater, the time required along various pathways depends on what factors?

The permeability of the rock or regolith and the distance traveled.

The density of a parcel of seawater will increase when

The salinity increases.

The observation that some kind of chemical energy in gasoline is lost as heat instead of being converted into kinetic energy (the motion of a car) is an example of:

The second law of thermodynamics

From the View: Earth Systems Interact, we learn that the flow of energy and cycling of matter produces the changes in Earth's materials. Where does Earth gets it energy from?

The sun and the Earth's Interior

What is dendrochronology?

The technique of establishing a date using tree rings.

The zone of accumulation is generally characterized by

The thickest development of glacial ice.

The distance to an earthquake epicenter can be determined by measuring

The time difference of arrival of the first P-wave to S-wave.

Biodiversity is basically a measure of

The variety of species within an ecosystem.

In View: Recycling Plastic, Biddle explains how European countries have recycling policies for electronics waste. How does the United States deal with their own electronics waste currently?

The waste is transported to developing countries and then is recycled at low costs. These workers are, at times, paid a dollar to find what they can recycle.

In the Explore: Evidence for Climate Change, what is the main cause of sea-level rise?

Thermal expansion of warmer ocean water

Depletion of the Earth's ozone layer is expected to lead to which of the following consequences?

They are all consequences of ozone depletion.

Soil enrichment processes add matter to the soil as either organic or inorganic material. In what ways does organic or mineral enrichment occur?

This occurs by adding silt deposited by river floods, wind-blown dust, or overland flow of water.

Which of the following moons has an atmosphere?

Titan

Which of the following do you think should have the highest pressure gradient force?

Tornado.

What type of plate boundary is associated with the San Andreas Fault in California?

Transform

Match the margins to the correct description. Fractures in the lithosphere where two plates slide past each other, grinding and abrading their edges as they do so

Transform fault plate margins

Which of the following is not required to be a mineral?

Translucent

From Explore: Groundwater, ________ is the process by which plants draw soil moisture in through their roots and release it to evaporation through their leaves.

Transpiration

Match the following: Water vapor released from the surface of a leaf

Transportation

A flow of energy is a fundamental requirement for any life-supporting system.

True

Measuring the speed and direction of movement of lithospheric plates requires a fixed frame of reference, such as distant stars.

True

Please match the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum to its properties. This radiation ranges between 10 nm and 400 nm and can damage tissues, cause sun burns.

Ultra violet

When did free oxygen begin to accumulate in the Earth's atmosphere?

When photosynthesis began.

In the View: Bioaccumulation, _____________ is the increase in concentrations of harmful toxins within an organism

bioaccumulation

Using Explore: Tides Animation, match the following tide terms Ebb Current

current of water moving away from the coast

Using Explore: Tides Animation, match the following tide terms Flood Current

current of water moving towards the coast

Match the characteristics to their definition. The relative resistance of a mineral to being scratched.

hardness

As per the information in the View: The Solar System, please match the correct planets to the category. Uranus

ice giants

From the View: What is an Aquifer, ___ and ___ rocks are not good aquifers as they contain little natural porosity or permeability.

igneous; metamorphic

What drives the large scale movement of lithospheric plates?

interior heat of the planet

Competition can be __________ (between individuals of different species) or __________ (between individuals of the same species.

interspecific;intraspecific

According the View: Biosphere 2, when Jane Poynter was living in Biosphere 2, they lost 7 tons of oxygen, where did it go?

into the concrete

One piece of evidence to support the idea of Earth's core being iron is _____.

iron core of meteroites.

Streams tend to pickup sediment as they flow downstream. As they become ___ their velocity becomes ___ and can transport greater volumes of sediment

larger; greater

Which of the following gives the correct order of the zones of rock strength, from the interior to the surface?

mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere

Using Explore: Tides Animation, match the following tide terms Tidal Bulge

ocean level distored by tide-raising forces

Match the following four principal reasons for upward movement of air: Occurs when flowing air is forced upward as a result of passing over a sloping terrain, such as a mountain range

orographic lifting

Numerical age is usually determined by characterizing a object's __________.

radioactive decay

What is saprolite?

rock that is weathered in situ.

From the View: Plant Succession, the first plants to inhabit the pond is:

sedge grass

The presence of fossils indicates a specimen is which type of rock?

sedimentary

According to the View: Soil Erosion, what are the five types of water erosion?

sheet, rill, ephemeral, gully, streambank

In polymerization,

small molecules are linked together to for long chains or three-dimensional networks.

The altitude of the __________ and its geographical coverage on the landscape typically change from year to year depending on the weather.

snowline

Match the proper term to its description. Consists of storm flow, which comes from overland flow into the channel as a result of precipitation, and base flow, which is fed by groundwater directly into the channel.

streamflow

Using Explore: Tides Animation, match the following tide terms Spring Tide

sun and moon are in line with the earth, highest tides

Using Explore: Tides Animation, match the following tide terms Neap Tide

sun and moon form a right angle with the earth, lowest tides

According to the View: Earth Systems Interact, Earth is a complex _________________ of interacting rock, water, air and life.

system

From Explore: Soil Forming, Match the following terms about Soils: Transformation

the chemical conversion of minerals in the soil column

What ancient environment provided the carbon for coal?

...

What is the name of the layer that is immediately beneath the surface, in which pore spaces contain some water and some air?

...

Which of the following best defines a renewable resource?

...

Which of the following factors has the largest influence on the formation and direction of the Asiatic Monsoons?

...

Which of the following soils is the best suited for growing agricultural crops?

...

Which of the following statements concerning global warming is false?

...

What type of plate boundary created Japan?

Convergent

When did the most recent ice age occur?

Pleistocene.

According the View: Geologic Time Scale, the first primitive hominids appeared during which epoch?

Plioscene

You will find fossil remains in what type of rock?

Sedimentary

On the surface of the Earth, _____________ rocks are most common, while for the crust as a whole ________________ rocks are most common.

Sedimentary; igneous

Seismic waves travel faster through

Seismic moment magnitude

Based on the video: Earth's Elements and an Introduction to the Silicate Minerals, Granite is an example of a rock containing which of the following?

Silicates

Geothermal energy sources, or terrestrial energy sources, are larger than ___________________ energy sources.

tidal

Which of the following properly lists low to medium to high grade metamorphic rocks?

Slate, Phyllite, Gneiss.

Which of the following is not a type of kinetic energy?

Stored mechanical energy

Mount Saint Helens is an example of what type of volcano?

Stratovolcano

What type of volcano is a result of thick, viscous magma (rather than fluid magma)?

Stratovolcano

Mount Vesuvius is an example of what type of volcano?

Stratovolcano.

What are the three most important factors that affect wind wave development?

Strength of wind, fetch, duration of wind.

The hypothesis that suggests that life formed near the Earth's surface in pools of water is called

The Primordial Soup Hypothesis.

All of Earth's water, land, and atmosphere that contains and supports life is known as

The biosphere.

From Explore: Clastic Sediment, Rank the following clastic sediment types by the largest (1) to smallest (4) grain size. Silty Mud

3

Hydrogen

All of the above.

New species arise as a result of

All of the above.

What factors affect the depth of the photic zone (the photic zone is the depth that sunlight travels down the water column)?

All of the above.

Which statement best explains the flat bottom of some cumulus clouds?

The flat base marks the level of condensation.

What are seismic discontinuities?

Boundaries where the velocity of seismic waves changes suddenly rather than smoothly.

Along what type of plate boundary is metamorphism the most common?

Convergent

List the following sediments from largest to smallest:

Gravel, sand, silty mud.

Tidal energy essentially generates energy from ______.

Gravitational interactions between the Earth, moon, and sun

What is the primary force that dictates the downward migration of groundwater?

Gravity.

Most of the fresh water on Earth is found in

Ground water.

What is the geologic time scale generally based upon?

The layering of rocks and sediments

Natural selection can be best defined as

Natural selection can be best defined as

DNA consists of two chainlike molecules called biopolymers. What are the structural units that are stacked together in the DNA molecule called?

Nucleotides.

In the mathematical equation that describes exponential growth (dN/dt = rN), what does the N stand for?

Number of individuals.

____________________ is the process of converting glucose to energy. Part of this process occurs in the carbon cycle when carbon dioxide gas is released into the water or atmosphere and used to break down glucose in cells.

Oxidative Respiration

What are three essential criteria for making a planet habitable?

Oxygen and temperature within a range of limits and water vapor.

During periods of glaciation, ocean waters become more enriched with which isotope?

Oxygen-18

Which of the following happened to parts of Lake Erie in the 1970s?

Oxygen-depletion.

Which ocean is shrinking because its underlying crust is being subducted under other plates?

Pacific Ocean

According to the information provided in the Explore: New Horizons: Revealing Pluto's Secrets, which of these are true of Pluto? Select all answers that are correct.

Pluto contains rugged mountains up to 3500 meters high. Craters can be found on Pluto's Surface. Pluto's atmosphere has a dozen layers of haze.

From the View: Organisms, Populations, and Communities, please match the terms below to the appropriate response. all of one type of bat living in a cave

Population

What type of magma is found at Yellowstone National Park?

Rhyolitic.

Which of the following is a direct cause of deforestation?

Road building.

Match the following: The common plutonic rock associated with rhyolitic magma is

granite

According to the Explore: Atmospheric Humidity, As the temperature of the air mass increases, the maximum amount of vapor the mass can hold will ________.

increase

Match the proper term to its description. The total of all the sediment and dissolved matter it is transporting.

load

From Explore: Soil Forming, Match the following terms about Soils: Translocation

movement of fine particles down the soil column

Match the name of the soil processes with the corresponding definition. Translocation

movement of materials within the soil

Nearly all coasts have experienced __________ , a rise of water level relative to the land over the past 10,000 years.

submergence

Which of the following is not a requirement to be a mineral?

translucent

Match the following: Movement of light through the atmosphere with no interference.

transmission

Which of the following discoveries in the subarctic is a strong indication that global climates have changed?

Tropical fossils.

Fossil fuel use causes environmental impacts at every stage, from extraction, refining, and transport to combustion.

True

Heavy mineral grains can become concentrated as a result of the sifting action of lowing water acting on clasts of differing density.

True

Humans emit more than 8 billion tons of carbon in the atmosphere every year through fossil fuel burning alone.

True

Hydroelectric power is generated from the energy of water flowing downhill.

True

Hydrogen fuel can be derived from the splitting of water by electrolysis.

True

Hydrothermal deposits are the primary sources for many metals.

True

When energy is transferred between Earth's system, some energy is lost to the surroundings in the form of _____________________. (select all that apply)

a. Vibration b. Heat c. Light d. Movement

The fact that entropy is always increasing is demonstrated by

all of the above

Who were the first people to use oil to supplement wood as a fuel (about 4500 years ago)?

babylonians

Please match the region with the correct biosphere condition: Antarctica

barren region

Match the three distinct magma compositions: Contains about 50 percent SiO2 and little dissolved gas

basaltic magma

The ___________ includes all of Earth's organisms, as well as any organic matter not yet decomposed.

biosphere

The nearest thing to isolated system in the real world is a ______ in which the boundary permits the exchange of energy, but not matter, with the surrounding.

closed system

Please match the appropriate term to its function using information from the Explore: Animation: Earth Cycles. Phase transformation associated with precipitation as rain or snow releases latent heat to the atmosphere.

clouds

The View: Putting a Value on Natural Resources stated that in 1997 the Yellow River in China went dry. What caused this to happen?

deforestation

Match the following streams and their three major depositional landforms: Triangular shaped deposit formed when a stream enters the standing water of a sea or lake

delta

Match the following to the correct term. Volcanoes that appear to be completely dead are referred to as

extinct

Using knowledge gained from the Explore: Mass Extinctions, match the extinction event to the cause attributed to it. CRETACEOUS EXTINCTION

Asteroid imparct

Where is the Coriolis force the strongest?

At the poles.

From Explore: Tertiary and Keystone Species please match the following terms to their definitions Keystone species

Can cause drastic changes to the ecosystem if they are removed

In Explore: Charles Darwin and the Voyage of the HMS Beagle, what island system did Charles Darwin first think about writing a book?

Cape Verde Islands

From your text and the View: Limits to Growth, please match the following concepts to the appropriate terms. The amount of individuals in a population that a habitat can support.

Carrying capacity

Intrusive igneous rocks are generally

Coarse-grained.

The air in a cP are mass is generally

Cold and dry.

A star's spectral class is determined by the _______ of the star.

Color

__________ will result when two or more organisms attempt to utilize the same resource.

Competition.

Match the term to the correct description. These form when one or more kinds of anion combine chemically with one or more kinds of cation in a specific ratio.

Compounds

Heat moves directly from one object to an adjacent object?

Conduction

Heat that is flowing through the outer-most solid layer of the Earth does so by:

Conduction

The volcanic mountain range of the Andes is defined as a

Continental volcanic arc.

After ore is blasted to loosen it, and then extracted, the metal is

Crushed and concentrated.

When two continental plates converge the _________ plate subducts under the other plate.

Crust is too buoyant to descend into a subduction zone

Match the following secondary earthquake effects: Ground movement displaces stoves, breaks gas lines, and loosens electrical wires, thereby starting

Fire

Nuclear energy is the heat energy produced during controlled splitting, or ________ , of radioactive isotopes.

Fission

How many climate groups are in the Köppen Climate Classification system?

Five

Some of the impacts of air pollution are __________, buy many are __________; they result from the long-range transport of airborne pollutants.

Local, regional.

The Earth intercepts what fraction of the sun's total output of energy?

One 2 billionth

From the View: Organisms, Populations, and Communities, please match the terms below to the appropriate response. organism

One living thing

In the Explore: We Are Living in the Time of Humans, which of the following statements is true about human impact on the planet?

Only 10% of the world's land area are protected natural environments 50% of global forests have been lost 40% of the world's land surface is used for agriculture

From your text and the View: Limits to Growth, please match the following concepts to the appropriate terms. Period of rapid growth above the carrying capacity before limiting factors reduce the population

Overshoot

The major reservoir for phosphorus is

Soil and rocks.

______________ is the outward force from the sun that extends to passed the planets.

Solar Wind

A photovoltaic cell converts

Solar energy into electrical energy.

In Explore: Ocean Currents, using the Track an Ocean Current Yourself, if you dropped a bottle off the coast of Boca Raton, around what coastline in the world would it approximately land in 365 days if the start date is set as November 27, 2018?

Somewhere near Europe

According to Earth's Orbit Around the Sun, during the June Solstice, what pole is not pointed at the sun

South

What was the location for the earthquake with the highest magnitude?

Southern Chile Earthquake and Tsunami

In Explore: Human Population: Full or Empty, what is the likely limiting factor for further development of Male, Maldives?

Space

What is the intrinsic value argument for protecting biodiversity?

Species have the right to continue to exist

Conservation is the conscientious management of natural heritage and resources, whereas preservation is the maintenance of wilderness areas in near-pristine conditions.

True

From Explore: When Oil and Water Mix, match the oil spill to the outcome Pegasus Pipeline Spill

an exxon mobile pipeline burst in Arkansas, over 5000 barrels were leaked

Match the following streams and their three major depositional landforms: Deposition of fine sediment beyond natural levees during a flood

floodplain

Match the following four principal reasons for upward movement of air: Occurs when two flowing air masses of different density meet

frontal lifting

Match the states to the correct description. Its constituent atoms can move freely and acquire a uniform distribution within the container.

gas

As per the information in the View: The Solar System, please match the correct planets to the category. Saturn

gas giants

Which of the following is the most viscous liquid?

lava

Match the parts of the scientific method A theory or a group of theories whose applicability has been decisively demonstrated

law

From Explore: When Oil and Water Mix, match the oil spill to the outcome Belle Fourche Pipeline Leak

leak likely caused by its location

From Explore: When Oil and Water Mix, match the oil spill to the outcome Kalamazoo River Oil Spill

led to a total payment of $177 million to the environmental protection agency and the department to justice for clean and

Continental crust is ____ dense than oceanic crust because ___

less; oceanic crust is typically formed

Please complete the matching below according to the information provided in the Explore: Farming the Sea regarding the total revenue from aquaculture by species in 2015. mussels

$10 million

From View: Plant Succession, rank the following bog elements according to their chronological order of appearance (1 is first) Sedges

1

How far away is the Earth from the Sun?

1 Astronomical Unit.

Please complete the matching activity based on the information provided in the Explore: Sustainable Development. How many people still lack access to modern electricity?

1 in 5

In View: Recycling Plastic, how many pounds of people's discarded stuff is recycled around the world each day?

1 million

If the saturation vapor pressure of air is 3 kPa and the relative humidity is 50%, then the water vapor pressure will be

1.5 kPa

About how long ago was the point that Earth's atmosphere included significant concentrations of oxygen?

1.8 - 2.5 billion years ago

Each year, about _____ percent of the Arctic Sea ice moves south into the Greenland Sea, where it eventually breaks up and melts away.

10

Magma enhanced geothermal wells such as the one at Krafla, can produce how many more times the energy of a traditional geothermal well?

10

Use the following data to calculate the discharge of a stream ("discharge" is the quantity of water passing a point on a stream bank during a given interval of time): Stream width = 10 meters. Stream average depth = 5 meters. Average flow velocity = 2 meters per second.

100 square meters per second.

During the warm Middle Cretaceous Period, about how much higher was sea level versus today?

100 to 200 meters.

Please match the following facts according to the information provided in the View: Abundant Elements. The number of naturally occuring chemical elements in the outermost layer.

12

If you have an original sediment that is cube in shape with a length, width, and height of 1 unit each, then it's overall exposed surface area will be 6 square units (1 square unit x 6 sides). If you were to break this sediment into 8 equal cubes by physical weathering, how much surface area would now be exposed?

12 square units.

According to View: Drones used to Understand Volcanoes, At what temperature is cooled rock around magma considered a habitable environment?

120 degrees celcius

A tube worm is a creature that lives within the dark, hot, and mineral-rich conditions of a hydrothermal vent. Deep-sea bacteria use chemosynthesis to convert energy into a chemical form. Of the follow, which is the most likely way that a tubeworm living in a hydrothermal vent environment acquires its energy?

Mutualism with hydrothermal vent bacteria.

A reserve such as a national park, attempts to conserve and preserve which of the following?

All of the above.

Which of the following sources contains large amounts of carbon?

All of the above.

Human activity has not changed the composition of the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution.

False

Igneous rocks form in the solid state under extreme heat and pressure.

False

Igneous rocks that cool and solidify at or near the surface are plutonic rocks.

False

In agroforestry, trees and crops are planted separately.

False

In the northern hemisphere, cyclones rotate clockwise.

False

Large-magnitude earthquakes are quite frequent.

False

Living organisms do not have the potential to adapt and to develop into new life forms, or species.

False

Midlatitude cyclones last for months and are responsible for most everyday weather events in the polar regions.

False

Mining has no impact on the geosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, or the biosphere.

False

Modern continental shorelines coincide exactly with the edges of the original oceanic rift.

False

Water loss -- that is, water that is consumed and not returned to the local hydrologic cycle -- occurs mainly through precipitation.

False

Match the limitation of a renewable energy to its source Disruption of ecosystems

Hydroelectric

Which type of lava flow has a smooth, ropy-looking texture?

Pahoehoe.

The end of which era is marked by the largest mass extinction recorded in the history of life on Earth?

Paleozoic Era

An important step in the progress of science and development of a theory is communicating with other scientists

Peer review

What causes a wave approaching the beach at an angle to break parallel to the beach?

Refraction

_______ occurs when the speed of a wave changes as it passes from one medium to another, causing the wave path to bend.

Refraction

_____________ metamorphism occurs due to increasing temperature and pressure along plate boundaries.

Regional

Generalists have a wide range of tolerance and occupy large, broadly defined niches.

True

If genetic diversity is too limited, a species population will be less adaptable to environmental change.

True

If plate tectonics operated early in Earth history, it is likely that the plates were small, rapidly moving, and constantly recycled back into the mantle.

True

Large mountain ranges are characterized by significant negative gravity anomalies because of their deep, low-density roots.

True

Major dust storms occur in deserts as a result of fine sediment being lifted by turbulent airflow and carried along as the wind's suspended load.

True

Malthus argued that human population grows exponentially while resource availability grows linearly.

True

Minerals may become segregated and concentrated into distinct bands or layers in response to metamorphism.

True

Monoculture has contributed to soil nutrient depletion and the loss of crop biodiversity.

True

Net production is biomass that is left over from gross production after it has been used to fuel the processes of life.

True

Polymerization absorbs energy; therefore, growth in living organisms requires a source of energy, which is acquired through metabolism.

True

Rock is transformed into regolith through physical and chemical weathering, which work together.

True

Thunderstorms develop over land when an updraft of warm, humid air releases latent heat very quickly.

True

Volcanoes that erupt andesitic magma are found on both oceanic and continental crust, wherever subduction occurs.

True

When two plates capped by dense oceanic crust converge, one of the plates will subduct beneath the other plate.

True

Match the following secondary earthquake effects: Seismic sea wave

Tsunami

The human economy is an ______ system into and out of which material and energy flow. Earth, in contrast, is a ____ system --- its material resources are finite, and so is its waste absorbing capacity.

open;closed

From Explore: When Oil and Water Mix, match the oil spill to the outcome Tesoro Oil Spill

over 20,000+ barrels of oil leaked on a farm in north dakota

About how long has Earth had liquid water on its surface?

over 4 billion years

Which are the two most abundant elements of the Earth's continental crust?

oxygen and silicon

Over 90 percent of the human population of Earth lives in places where the annual mean temperature is between ___ °C and ___ °C.

6; 27

According to the View: Atomic Structure, how many electrons can the second shell hold?

8

Every month, the earth is shaken by approximately ___________ earthquakes.

80,000

At atmospheric pressure (sea level) rocks begin to melt when heated to approximately what temperatures?

800 to 1000 degrees Centigrade.

In North America, what percentage of energy used is accounted for by fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal)?

85%

Calculate the growth rate (r) based on the following data: Population at end of period equals 1,000; Population at beginning of period equals 100.

9 during the period.

According to View: Oceans Overview, what is the percent of global trade relies on the ocean for transport?

90%

Which of the following glacial features is indicative of the local climate becoming dry and cold?

Loess.

Match to the correct definition. A small-mass star will leave a __________ life than a large-mass star.

Longer

What are currents within the surf zone that follow parallel to the shore known as?

Longshore currents.

While all of the following can contribute to the extinction of species, which of the following is the major cause?

Loss of habitat.

During a strong El Nino year, if the air pressure is very high over Darwin, Australia, what will the air pressure be like over Tahiti and the eastern Pacific?

Low pressure.

Non-explosive eruptions are characteristic of the following:

Low viscosity magmas Low-dissolved gas levels

The Mississippi River flows into the Gulf of Mexico. Near the deposition point, there is a "dead zone". At this zone, few animals can live. The water here is depleted in oxygen. Why is this?

Mainly due to cultural eutrophication.

At the end of the Cretaceous a mass extinction occurred and the __________ survived and flourished in the newly opened environments of the Paleogene Period.

Mammals

Of the following, which is not a biome?

Mangrove.

Match to the correct definition. The length of a stars life is primarily determined by its

Mass

Match the rock families to the descriptions. This rock is either igneous or sedimentary rock that has been changed as a result of high temperatures, high pressures, or both.

Metamorphic

Mineral assemblage is the characterization of a rock's __________.

Mineral composition

Features such as cirques are associated with what type of glaciation?

Mountain glaciation.

In View: Oceans Overview, what is the relationship of Gulf Stream between the Gulf of Mexico and the North Atlantic?

Moves warm water from the Gulf to North Atlantic

Which of the following terms refers to glacial melting below the snow line?

Ablation.

Match the equatorial climate classifiers to the description Tropical rain forest; no dry season; driest month must attain at least 6 cm of rainfall.

Af

How does deforestation effect the hydrologic cycle?

All of the above.

What is frontal calving?

Breaking off of icebergs from the front of a glacier that terminates in deep water.

How were the Great Lakes of North America created?

By continental glaciers carving troughs that filled with water.

The cA and cP air mass of North America is usually associated with a source region in _______.

Canada

From Explore: Tertiary and Keystone Species please match the following terms to their definitions Trophic Cascade

Changes in one part of the food web, such as top predators, influence another part indirectly, such as grass

What would be the greatest effect to climate from the movement of continents via plate tectonics?

Changes to thermohaline circulation.

What are the top four ions in seawater, in their order of abundance?

Chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium.

What is the smallest size category of a clast?

Clay

What is an example of a material that can have high porosity but low permeability?

Clay.

From the list below, which is a benefit of wetlands to the environment?

Cleansing of toxins from soils and water.

Based on the information found in Explore: Agricultural exposure to water stress, which of the following major commodity crops has the lowest water stress globally? Group of answer choices

Cocoa

Scenario: A large area in a semi arid climate has been affected by a decrease in rainfall over the last decade. This area is in danger of

Desertification.

Match the margins to the correct description. Fractures in the lithosphere where two plates move apart

Divergent plate margins

Which of the following statements best characterizes Earth systems?

Earth systems tend toward self-regulation and a state of equilibrium.

Which of the following are not something that satellites can sense?

Earth's crust thickness

In Explore: Charles Darwin and the Voyage of the HMS Beagle, what sort of disaster was the "great wave" that hit Concepción, Chile?

Earthquake tsuinami

If a satellite has fixed orbit above a specific point f Earth, it is said to be ____.

Geosynchronous

Most of the exoplanets discovered thus far are

Giant planets, most likely resembling Jupiter.

Isostatic rebound is caused when what feature is no longer present on a continental plate?

Glacier

In the View: Let the Environment be our Guide, what are the three slow variables that Johan Rockstorm mentions? Group of answer choices

Global Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) cycles, rate of biodiversity loss, and land system change

This geologic timescale has been divided into the major chronological divisions of Earth history, what which of the following includes all of these divisions?

Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic

From Explore: Aerosol Optical Depth Trend for Indian Cities, which State in India listed below has the highest amount of aerosols in the atmosphere based on their Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD)?

Haryana

The model in which the Sun is at the center of the solar system is called the

Heliocentric model.

Those heterotrophs who eat only plants are termed

Herbivores

In View: Symbiotic Relationships, match the following species pairs with their symbiotic relationship type Saber toothed blenny and other fish

Parasitic

A drift bottle is tossed into the ocean off the coast of Peru. Three years later the bottle is recovered on a beach in northern California. Describe the most likely path of the bottle from Peru to California, assuming it to have been transported solely by ocean surface currents.

Peru Current; South Equatorial Current; North Equatorial Current; Kuroshio Current; North Pacific Current; California Current.

_________ weathering is the disintegration of rock as a result of physical breakup.

Physical

For the May 22, 1960 Tsunami, what was the location of the recorded Tsunami wave height of 12.2 recorded at the 8 hour mark?

Pitcairn Island

With regards to a food chain or food web, the organisms that capture and lock up energy from the Sun are called

Primary producers.

In View: The Scientific Process, both quantitative and qualitative data about a geologic feature such as a crater can be used to learn more about the feature. Match the types of data below as being either quantitative or qualitative data about a crater. Information on how the crater was formed

Qualitative

Which of the following is a cutoff, meander loop?

An oxbow.

If the Earth was not rotating on its axis (but was stationary instead), how would wind flow?

Are would flow directly from high to low pressure.

What geologic areas are most likely to experience tsunamis?

Areas of subduction zones.

Of the following states, which is most prone to earthquakes?

California

What occurs when hot magma intrudes into a cooler rock?

Contact metamorphism

What are the three most important kinds of metamorphism?

Contact, burial, and regional.

A new oceanic plate will form eventually from what type of boundary?

Continental rift

Pascal demonstrated that pressure decreased with height by

Having climbers ascend a steep mountain with a mercury barometer

What is the vibrational movement of atoms and molecules?

Heat

The principle variables of metamorphism are

Heat and pressure.

Match the following ore formation processes with their descriptions. Hydrogeothermal

Heated water dissolves elements from the surrounding rocks and precipitates in large quantities along fractures

__________ molecules can become trapped by molecules of ice in sediment that is near the freezing temperature of seawater.

Hydrocarbon

Match the correct term to its description. Organic carbon compounds also commonly contain hydrogen (H), thus forming carbon-hydrogen compounds, or ________.

Hydrocarbons

If there are uncertainties in aspects of an Earth system, which of the following statements is most true?

It is normal for uncertainty to exist in our knowledge of a highly complex and changing system.

Topography formed on limestones due to solution by groundwater; characterized by sinkholes and caves

Karst

Removal of which of the following from a community will have the greatest effect to the community structure?

Keystone Species

According to the Explore: Cloud Collector's tour, what kind cloud is known to hover in place?

Lenticularis

Match the following secondary earthquake effects: The sudden disturbance of water-saturated sediment and soil can turn seemingly solid ground to a liquid-like mass of quicksand.

Liquefaction

Match the states to the correct description. The material does not retain its own shape but conforms to the shape of its container, taking on a free surface under the influence of gravity.

Liquid

Which of the following metamorphic rocks is non-foliated?

Marble

The Indian Monsoon winds in the summer ____.

Move from the oceans to the land.

Based on the map in the Explore: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Plate boundaries select the active volcanoes in Washington state

Mt. Baker Mt. Rainier Mt. St. Helens

A mineral......

Must be inorganic. This excludes the vast number of organic compounds produced by living matter

Which of the following terms defines the following: Two organisms benefit in a relationship.

Mutualism.

Traces of oxygen were probably generated in the early atmosphere through the breakdown of water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen by ultraviolet light in a process called _________.

Photodissociation

A prolonged drought can lead to trees dying. The loss of vegetation can lead to the exposure of dry and bare soil. The soil can then become more easily eroded. The erosion may lead to dust storms and further erosion. The greater amount of erosion may lead to more vegetation loss, and so on. The above is an example of

Positive feedback.

Deforestation often will result in...

Soil erosion.

___________________ are flashes of x-ray energy coming from the sun.

Solar Flares

Where is active sea-floor spreading occurring today?

The Red Sea.

Where does most of the heat supplied to the ocean originate?

The Sun.

In polar regions, the amount of annual snowfall is generally very low. Why is this?

The air is too cold to hold much moisture.

Regolith is:

The decomposition and disintegration of rock by weathering

Where are most glaciers found?

The high-latitude polar regions.

Where do contaminants in surface water mainly originate?

Urban, suburban, and agricultural runoff.

Match the following: The transfer of energy in electromagnetic radiation to the medium it is passing through

absorption

From the View: Soil and Soil Dynamics, match the following soil horizons: Topsoil

A

A _______ is a type of hot spring that periodically erupts, shooting water and steam into the air.

Hot geyser

Match the variable in the IPAT equation to its definition I

Human Impacts

When does a land breeze usually form?

In the evening, flowing toward the water.

From the Explore: Sea vs. Land Breeze, high pressure air always moves towards ______________ ?

Low pressure air

Which of the following is not a terrestrial source of energy?

Solar heating

What is the name of the process where solar radiation does not escape into space?

The Greenhouse Effect

Where would one find the equilibrium line on a glacier?

The point where net mass loss equals net mass gain.

Common property resources are commonly, jointly, or communally owned.

True

A rock that cools slowly will tend to have _________ crystals.

large

At what trophic level would you find carnivores (meat eaters)?

Second-order consumers.

Match the rock families to the descriptions. Is formed either by chemical precipitation of material carried in solution in sea, lake, or river water, or by the deposition of mineral particles transported in suspension by water, wind, or ice.

Sedimentary

Rocks formed at the Earth's surface from the breakup of other rocks are:

Sedimentary rocks.

What type of rocks are lignite and bituminous coal?

Sedimentary.

Match the variable in the IPAT equation to its definition S

Sensitivity

Which of the following has the most significant impact on the hydrological cycle?

Solar radiation

According to the View: Earthquakes 101, the most violent type of earthquake is in what kind of zone?

Subduction Zone

In View: Let the Environment be our Guide, there are four components of the Quadruple Squeeze. The first three are human population growth, climate dilemma, and ecosystem decline. What is the fourth?

Surprise

Match to the correct definition. The peak wavelengths of stars, which are blackbody radiators, are determined by

Temperature

__________ is a measure of heat, the vibrational motion of particles.

Temperature

According to Explore: Planting Healthy Air, the benefit of planting urban trees is highest when

Temperature and Particulate Matter are high

What is the outermost limit of a glacier's advance called?

Terminal moraine.

Using information learned from the View: The Solar System, please match the planets to the correct information. Earth

Terrestrial

What is the primary method to distinguish volcanic and plutonic rocks?

Texture

The lack of allele variation in the Northern elephant seal population is an example of

The bottleneck effect.

Gabbro is coarser than basalt because

The magma that formed the gabbro cooled slower than the basalt magma.

What is "hydrostatic pressure"?

The pressure due to the weight of overlying water at higher levels in the zone of saturation.

What is the minimum number of location data points needed in order to determine the location of the epicenter of an earthquake?

Three.

The release of __________ by volcanoes could lead to cooling, whereas the release of __________ by volcanoes could lead to warming.

Ash, carbon dioxide.

The average distance from Earth to the Sun is 149,600,000 km, this distance is known as

Astronomical unit

Where is the water table in a swamp?

At the surface.

The __________ is the mixture of gases—predominantly nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor—that surrounds Earth.

Atmosphere

The ___________ is the mixture of gases-predominantly nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor-that surrounds Earth.

Atmosphere

Match the equatorial climate classifiers to the description Tropical wet or dry savanna; winter dry season; at least one month must attain less than 6 cm of rainfall.

Aw

Why is water considered a "dipolar" molecule?

Because it has a positive and negative end.

The Medieval Warm Period

Began before the Little Ice Age.

In View: Explore: Global Atmospheric Circulation, _________ occurs at the equator.

convection

Please match the following facts according to the information provided in the View: Abundant Elements. The number of naturally occuring chemical elements.

92

What is natural selection's role in the process of evolution?

As conditions change, species that are able to adapt will survive

A __________ is a type of hot spring that periodically erupts, shooting water and steam into the air

Hot geyser

An important step in the progress of science and development of a theory's is communicating with other scientists?

Peer review

Which of the following determines the speed of wind?

Pressure Gradient Force.

Match the correct region. This hard outer region, which includes the uppermost mantle and all of the crust.

lithosphere

According to Explore: American Southwest Water Crises, the water levels in Lake Mead have dropped by how many feet since the drought began in 1999?

120 feet

A typical rate of seafloor spreading along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is

2 to 4 cm/year.

In Explore: Ice Conditions of the Northwest Passage, in what year did the first bulk good's transport traverse the Northwest Passage?

2013

The obliquity cycle (the Earth's tilt) fluctuates between what angles during its 41,000 year cycle?

21.5 to 24.5 degrees.

According to the Species-Area Relationship graph, if there is a location that has an area of about 30 square meters, what is the total number of species it can approximately support?

25 species.

The Magma well at Krafla, Iceland reached a well head temperature of _________ degrees Celsius, the highest well head temperature recorded worldwide.

450

In View: Recycling Plastic, 90% of steel waste is recycled. What percentage of plastic waste is recycled?

5%

About how many hectares of arid land do some researchers believe have increased since 1931 as a result of a 30% decline in rainfall during this interval in arid regions (versus human contribution to land degradation)?

50 million

The last major eruption of the Yellowstone Caldera occurred how many years ago?

640,000

What is the average precipitation at the McMurdo station in Antarctica?

7.8 mm

Crop irrigation accounts for about ____ percent of the demand for freshwater.

75

After transport, the sediment accumulates in its new location as a result of ________.

Deposition

Along what type of plate boundary will shallow-focus earthquakes be the general type of earthquake (i.e., rarely, will a deep-focus earthquake occur here)?

Divergent boundary

Nuclear fusion is a potential source of cheap, clean energy; room-temperature fusion was achieved nearly ten years ago.

False

Passive continental margins coincide with the geologically active edges of tectonic plates.

False

Petroleum is naturally occurring gaseous, liquid, and semisolid hydrocarbons that originate in a terrestrial environment.

False

Plutons are bodies of magma that reach the surface.

False

Polar deserts experience extremely high precipitation as a result of the rising, warm, moist air.

False

Renewable energy sources include wood, coal, and petroleum.

False

Subduction zones tend to have only deep-seated (rather than shallow) earthquakes.

False

The first land plants were seed-bearing.

False

The rate of soil formation depends on the rate of plate tectonics.

False

Trace atmospheric gases present in amounts less than 0.1% have little impact on life.

False

Generally, the Indian Monsoon is attributed to

A seasonal shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone.

From the View: Organisms, Populations, and Communities, please match the terms below to the appropriate response. community

All of the different living things living in one area

According the the Explore: MESSENGER and the Science of Mercury, which of the following statements are true.

All of the statements are true.

In Explore: Explore a Tapestry of World Ecosystems, which of the following is true for Hüsamlar, Turkey?

All of these

In the mid-1980s, productivity in some agricultural sectors began to level off. Why did this happen, even during the midst of the Green Revolution?

All the above

Where, in the United States, are huge amounts of oil shale found?

Along the Green River formation.

Most of the world's freshwater is stored as glaciers in _________

Antartica Greenland

The ___ is the mixture of gases - predominately nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor - that surrounds the Earth

Atmosphere

The ___ is the mixture of gases - predominately nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor that surrounds the Earth

Atmosphere

Please match the following information to the correct label. Organisms that produces its own food from inorganic molecules to facilitate growth.

Autotrophs

Please match the following information to the correct label. Tree, Algae

Autotrophs

The organisms that convert energy into food are called

Autotrophs.

The process where dissolved minerals (such as quartz) precipitate within the pore spaces of sediment creating a gluey material leading to the binding of the sediment is called

Cementation

In View: Air Masses, as a Polar Air Mass moves south over the United States, what type of air mass would it become?

Continental Polar Air Mass

The volcanic mountain range of the Andes is defined as

Continental volcanic arc

Mutations can be considered as one of the components of evolution because they

Contribute to new variations in organisms.

Because of the high temperature of Earth's interior, _______ can move molten rocks within the planet.

Convection

The principle mechanism by which heat is transferred from deep inside Earth to the base of the lithosphere is __________ .

Convection

The process by which heat is physically transferred from one location to another.

Convection

What type of plate boundary created the Andes Mountains?

Convergent

Match the margins to the correct description. Can occur between plates carrying either oceanic crust, continental crust, or both; because of their very different properties, the results of the convergence will be fundamentally different

Convergent plate margins

Which of the following is not a variable in the IPAT equation?

Demographic

What activity has added the most carbon to the atmosphere?

Human burning of fossil fuels.

A rock formed from completely molten magma is a ____ rock, while a rock formed by high temperatures and pressures without complete melting is a ____ rock.

Igneous; metamorphic

According to the View: Coal, Oil and Natural Gas, why did US oil and gas production increase after 2000?

Improved extraction technology

Where are the highest ocean surface salinities found?

In areas where evaporation is greater than precipitation.

Where are the lowest ocean surface salinities found?

In areas where there is a lot of sea ice melt.

Match to the number order to the correct storm (i.e. 1 would equal first, 2 is what 1 can develop into and 3 is what 2 can become). Depression

...

From the Explore: Desertification, what is the potential impact of increased desertification on the region's societies?

Increased political unrest

From the View: Dam Removal what were the outcomes of the dam remove project?

Increased sediment to the near shore ecosystem Increased fish spawning habitat

In Explore: Waves, where in the world are the tallest waves located?

Indian Ocean

What is the geothermal gradient?

The increase in temperature as you go deeper

A star directly above the Sun on the H-R diagram would generally be ______ than the Sun.

Larger.

In View: Symbiotic Relationships, match the following species pairs with their symbiotic relationship type Sea anemone and Clown fish

Mutualistic

The largest reservoir of freshwater is the Polar Ice Caps , which contains almost 74 percent of all freshwater (including frozen).

Polar Ice Caps; 74

Which of the following will result from a high animal population density?

Rates of reproduction decline. Resources will become scare. Mortality will increase. More predator interaction

Hypotheses should be tested against ______.

Real world observations

Which of the following is not characteristic of the Green Revolution?

Slash and burn deforestation.

Which island fragment will support the lowest number of species?

Small and isolated.

Rapid cooling causes what types of crystals to form?

Small, only distinguishable through a microscope

Which of the following would lead to a potential ice age?

Smaller contrast between winter and summer.

Which of the following materials has the highest albedo?

Snow

What is one positive value of accumulated snowfall?

Snowmelt can provide a major source of water

In Explore: The Age of Megacities, what is expected by 2050?

That 66% of the world's population is expected to live in urban areas

The hypothesis that suggests that life formed near submarine hot springs (deep sea hydrothermal vents) is called

The Black Smoker Hypothesis.

What do most current climate models suggest will happen to global temperatures by the end of the 21st Century?

Temperatures will be at least 2 to 4 degrees Centigrade higher than today.

According to Explore: Glaciers in the Cascades, what type of moraine marks the furthest point that a glacier has extended to?

Terminal

Using information learned from the View: The Solar System, please match the planets to the correct information. Venus

Terrestrial

What is the Benioff zone?

The contact zone where one slab of lithosphere subducts beneath another slab of lithosphere

In Explore: The Age of Megacities, what is one problem Paris, France is facing?

The decline in urban farming

Which of the following places is not in the life zone of the Earth:

The deep (greater than 10 km) interior of the Earth

The wavelength determines the size of the orbits of water molecules within a wave, but what determines the shape of the orbits?

The depth of the water.

In Explore: Milankovitch Cycles, what happens when Earth's eccentricity gets larger?

The difference in solar radiation that reaches the Earth at perihelion versus aphelion is greater

The planets orbit the Sun on or close to

The plane of the ecliptic.

In Explore: Milankovitch Cycles, what is obliquity?

The tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the plane of it's orbit

Uncertainty in research does not mean that ____.

There is a lack of scientific knowledge

In View: Climate Change: The Physical Science Basis, what are the two major sources of sea level rise?

Thermal expansion Melting glaciers

Deep ocean circulation is driven by variations in water temperature and salinity. What is this called?

Thermohaline circulation.

Which of the following is a reason to build a dam?

They are all potential reasons to build a dam.

According to View: Earth Provides Resources, which is not a reason the use of fossil fuels could become undesirable?

They are plentiful and a sustainable form of energy.

The debris created by glacial scouring and forms moraines is called...

Till

Earth is the only planet on which we have confirmed the existence of life.

True

Earth's climatic zones and the distribution of plant and animal communities are fundamentally affected by the presence of modern orogens.

True

Estuaries, salt marshes, and mangroves are transitional biomes.

True

For a climate proxy to be useful, there must be a mechanism for determining the age of climatic evidence in the record.

True

Some types of aquaculture require major inputs of fresh water and energy, and contribute to the loss of coastal wetlands and mangroves.

True

The 600 million year old Ediacaran fauna is one of the oldest animal fossils.

True

The IPCC is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

True

The deepest and most powerful earthquakes occur in subduction zone environments.

True

The distribution of biomes is closely related to the distribution of global climates.

True

The higher the density of material, the faster seismic body waves travel through it.

True

The locations where clastic sediment is deposited are largely controlled by plate tectonics.

True

The major characteristics of an air mass are determined by its source location.

True

The metamorphic conditions characteristic of greenschist occur where the crust is thickened by continental collision or heated by rising magma.

True

The nebular hypothesis proposes that the solar system formed from a huge, swirling cloud of cosmic gas and dust.

True

The oxygenation of the atmosphere by early photosynthetic organisms was a major environmental change that provided many new opportunities for diversification.

True

The planets formed when bits of solid matter from the solar nebula were drawn together by gravitational attraction and accretion.

True

There are six-kingdoms in the system of taxonomic classification.

True

Where would the surface velocity across a valley glacier be the fastest?

Uppermost ice in the central part of the glacier.

The fuel used in a nuclear fission reactor is

Uranium.

According to the View: Origin of Life, what was the first organic compound to be created artificially?

Urea

Which of the following is an example of the complete scientific method?

Using knowledge of chemistry to predict the ozone hole, and then making measurements that agree with these predictions

Which of the following factors can stabilize a slope and prevent mass wasting?

Vegetation.

If the carbon dioxide had not been removed from the early atmosphere, Earth's climate would most closely resemble which planet's?

Venus

A La Nina year is the exact opposite to an El Nino year. With this said, during a La Nina condition, what will the weather over the western Pacific be like?

Very rainy.

From Explore: Biomes, what type of Anthrome is characterized by areas of rural human populations, towns, and small cites with intensive agriculture?

Villages

Where do crevasses form in glaciers?

Where a glacier is subjected to tension.

What is a subduction zone?

Where one oceanic plate is dragged or pushed below another lithospheric plate.

Match the proper term to its description. An efficient conduit for carrying water.

channel

Match the following coastal features to their definitions Marine Delta

coastal feature built out into the ocean by terrestrial sediments

Match to the correct definition. Astronomers classify stars based on their

color

Please complete the matching activity based on the information provided in the Explore: Sustainable Development. Poverty is defined as

living on less than $1.25 per day

Match the characteristics to their definition. The quality and intensity of the light reflected from a mineral.

luster

Please match the appropriate term to its function using information from the Explore: Animation: Earth Cycles. Sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic rocks are buried deeply enough, heated by tectonic movements, or when mantle pressures on rock are released at mid ocean ridges, they begin to melt.

magma

Controlling the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere requires __________ feedbacks in the carbon cycle.

negative

From the View: Atomic Structure, please match the particle with the appropriate charge. Neutron

neutral (0)

In Explore: Formation of Tornadoes and Mesocyclones how is wind shear, the critical first step to tornado formation, defined?

significant change in wind speed and direction with height

Oxygen and silicon to form the basis for __________, the most common and abundant rock-forming minerals.

silicates

The common mineral silicate is composed of:

silicon and oxygen

According to View: Glacial Landforms, Paternoster Lakes are a series of lakes .....

that are strung together by a single stream or braided steam system

Andesitic volcanoes have a restricted geographic distribution. A well-known ring of andesitic volcanoes that surrounds the Pacific is called ______

the Ring of Fire

Residence time is

the average length of time material spends in a reservoir

The anthroposphere is defined as ______

the interaction of human society and natural Earth systems

The nearly continuous shift, or migration, of a meander is accomplished by erosion on ___________ of the meander loops, where velocity is greatest.

the outer banks

In View: Earth's Atmosphere, about how many "snowball earth" events did scientists think happened over a period of time from 2.4 to 2.2 billion years ago?

three or four

A system can handle and respond to changes by returning to its starting characteristics, but only up to a certain point. If pushed beyond that point—the ________—the system will be unable to return to its earlier state, and a new, different set of equilibrium conditions will be established.

threshold

Match the factor to the correct description. Although some landscape features can develop rapidly, even catastrophically, others develop only over long geologic intervals.

time

Adiabatic processes are so named because they are processes that occur ___________________________________.

without the addition or subtraction of heat from an external source.

Match the following ocean stratification terms Halocline

zone in which salinity increases with depth

Match the following ocean stratification terms Thermocline

zone in which temperature decreases with depth

Which of the following is a renewable resource?

All of the above.

Glaciers cover about how much of the land surface?

10%

Our solar system is part of the Milky Way Galaxy. About how many galaxies do astronomers believe exist?

100 billion.

According the the Explore: Geologic Time, the appearance of modern humans on Earth occurred about ______________ years ago.

150,000

The solar system is comprised of eight planets. All of the planets (other than Mercury and Venus) have one or more moons. How many moons have been observed?

170 known moons.

When did oil, the liquid form of petroleum, come in use?

1847.

What year was the first tide gauge records of a tsunami obtained?

1854

From View: Plant Succession, rank the following bog elements according to their chronological order of appearance (1 is first) Bog mat

2

In most places on the Earth, how many oceanic tides are there per day (i.e., number of high tides)?

2

From View: Plant Succession, rank the following bog elements according to their chronological order of appearance (1 is first) Peat

3

As air in the upper atmosphere migrates toward the poles (which the Hadley Cell), it is forced back down to the Earth. At what approximate latitude does this occur?

30 degrees north and south latitude.

As warm air in the upper atmosphere migrates toward the poles (Hadley Cell), at what approximate latitude does it begin to stop?

30 degrees north and south latitude.

During the most recent ice age, about what percentage of glaciers covered the Earth's land area?

30%

From View: Plant Succession, rank the following bog elements according to their chronological order of appearance (1 is first) Trees

4

Life on Earth was able to develop primarily due to

A combination of its size and its distance from the Sun.

From the View: Organisms, Populations, and Communities, please match the terms below to the appropriate response. population

A group of one type of thing in one area

What is the thermocline?

A layer of ocean water that has a major temperature shift from the layer of water above.

Which of the following would have the largest capacity to naturally remove sewage pollutants from groundwater?

A mixture of clay and sand.

Which of the following is not a factor that controls stream behavior?

All of the above. They are all factors.

Which of the following is not a 'pathway' in the hydrologic cycle?

All of the above. They are all pathways.

In View: Ice Ages & Climate Cycles, when did the last ice age officially end?

About 10,000 years ago

What is the pH of natural rain?

About 5.6.

When did the most recent ice age begin?

About 70,000 years ago.

What is the difference between present and ice-age snowlines along western North America?

About 900 to 1000 meters along the southern part of the transect.

Which of the following are viable alternative energy sources that could, in the near future, supplant coal and oil?

All of the above.

Which of the following determines whether a volcanic eruption is violent or more passive?

All of the above.

According to the View Big Idea 2: Why Earth Science, Why is it important for everyone to learn about Earth's systems?

All of the above

Flowing water in streams strongly shapes the land surface through the following processes:

All of the above

In the groundwater model, precipitation is initially stored in the soil moisture zone until field capacity is reached. From there, water can either

All of the above

Which of the following is not a natural resource?

All of the above are natural resources.

Icy comets that were originally orbiting in the inner part of the solar system could have met which of several fates?

All of the above.

If there is excessive pumping of well water, what is most likely to happen?

All of the above.

What are the forces that cause the ocean to circulate?

All of the above.

What variable(s) is(are) associated with long-term earthquake forecasting?

All of the above.

What geologic structures usually form the largest petroleum traps?

Anticlines.

How does hot spots and plate tectonics account for the islands of the Hawaiian Island chain varying in age?

As molten material continually seeped from the hot spot, an island(s) would form. As the Pacific Plate continued to move the island locked to the Pacific Plate would move as well. A new island would then form above the hot spot.

Which of the following organisms does nitrogen fixation?

Bacteria

From what scientists presently know, the earliest cellular life forms on Earth were

Bacteria.

The majority of shield volcanoes are

Basaltic.

In the Explore: Offshore Palm Beach County, what coastal protection are Borrow Pits used for?

Beach renourishment

In which zone would you find coral reefs?

Benthic Zone

A ____ cycle describes the movement of any chemical element or chemical compound that cycles through the biosphere and plays a role in its stability, as well as cycling though the other Earth reservoirs.

Biogeochemical

What involves biologic processes such as respiration, photosynthesis, and decomposition, as well as nonbiologic processes such as weathering, soil formation, and sedimentation in the cycling of chemical elements or compounds.

Biogeochemical cycles

From Explore: Biogeochemical Cycles, ________ is the extension of the Argo array of profiling floats to include floats that are equipped with sensors for pH, oxygen, nitrate, chlorophyll, suspended particles, particulate backscaterring & downwelling irradiance.

Biogeochemical-Argo

The ___ includes all Earth's organisms, as well as organic matter not yet decomposed

Biosphere

The ___ includes all of the Earth's organisms, as well as any organic matter not yet decomposed.

Biosphere

Which color Main Sequence stars are the most massive?

Blue

In Explore: Glaciers and Climate Change there are two sets of time-lapse photos of glaciers. What glacial action do these images primarily capture?

Calving

What nation contains nearly half of the worlds lakes?

Canada

Which country uses half of all coal burning energy in the world?

China

In View: The Scientific Process, which is not one of the three processes of "science"?

Classification

From the View: Soil and Soil Dynamics, which of the following would have the lowest drainage?

Clay

According to scientists from the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program, three boundaries of the planetary system have already been crossed. What are they?

Climate change, the nitrogen cycle, and biodiversity loss.

What is the name of the plate that is beneath the Pacific Ocean and off of the west coast of Central America?

Cocos Plate

What is the evolution of two interacting species in a community?

Coevolution

In View: Symbiotic Relationships, match the following species pairs with their symbiotic relationship type Blue streak wrasse and White tip shark

Commensal

In View: Symbiotic Relationships, match the following species pairs with their symbiotic relationship type Remora and Whale Shark

Commensal

For igneous rock formation, as the rate of cooling increases, the size of the crystals that form

Decreases.

What are waves that move through water deeper than one-half their wavelength known as?

Deep water waves.

The highest temperature at which magnetic material can retain permanent magnetization is called the

Curie Point.

According to Earth's Orbit Around the Sun, during which month is the Arctic Circle in complete darkness?

December

In View: Feedback in Weather and Climate Systems, what is the relationship between sea ice and the surrounding ocean temperature?

Decreased sea ice will increase ocean temperatures

In Explore: Anthropogenic Climate Change, what is the likely impact of climate change on the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia?

Decreased water availability

The process of evolution requires...

Development of helpful characteristics Successful reproduction

The 100,000 year cycle of the extent of Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun is called the

Eccentricity cycle.

Whenever an electrically charged particle is accelerated, it radiates energy in the form of?

Electromagnetic energy

According to Explore: Soil Forming, Fine Particles, particularly clays and colloids, are translocated downward through a process called ____________.

Eluviation

Using information from View: Mass Extinctions, the extinction event with the highest extinction rate was the...

End Ordovician

The capacity to do work, to move matter, to make things happen is _____________________.

Energy

Which of the following is NOT true according to the laws of thermodynamics?

Energy can be created or destroyed.

According to the second law of thermodynamics, as energy is used for work a certain amount of the energy will be lost as heat. ______ is the measure of how much useful energy is left in a system.

Entropy

Most of the major modern groups of marine organisms emerged during the Archean Eon.

False

In Explore: The Age of Megacities, what does the growing population of Shanghai, China cause?

Environmental problems, from air pollution to coal dependance

From View: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, what is the evolutionary relationship between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes evolved from Prokaryotes

Most seismic activity takes place along passive tectonic plate boundaries.

False

In the hydrological cycle, water moving from the surfaces of land, water, and plants back to the atmosphere is:

Evaporation

Match the following: The process by which a liquid is converted to its vapor

Evaporation

Water vapor gets into air by _________, a process in which fast-moving liquid molecules manage to escape from the liquid and pass into the vapor above.

Evaporation

Which process is responsible for most of the water vapor that enters the atmosphere?

Evaporation

Where does the majority of precipitation go after it falls?

Evaporation and transpiration.

Match the parts of the scientific method The observation of a phenomenon and seek to acquire trustworthy evidence about it through measurements

Experimentation

Through __________, mining companies can identify areas there may be valuable mineral resources.

Exploration.

From your text and the View: Limits to Growth, please match the following concepts to the appropriate terms. The increase in the rate of growth with each generation

Exponential growth

Which of the following best describes Shiprock in New Mexico?

Exposed remains of a volcanic conduit.

A keystone species plays a minimal role in an ecosystem.

False

Arable soil is not particularly crucial for the maintenance of our global food supply.

False

Because of human's strong understanding of the natural world, the problems associated with global change are relatively simple problems to solve.

False

Biomass fuels are not widely used throughout the world, especially in developing countries

False

Carnivores eat only plants, herbivores eat only animals, and omnivores eat both.

False

Chemical sediment consists of broken rock and mineral particles.

False

Cratons are isostatically instable.

False

To disprove a scientific law, scientists must ________

Find observations and experiments to the contrary of the law

Match the following ore formation processes with their descriptions. Metamorphic

Fractional crystallization favors denser elements precipitation out first

The ___ is the solid Earth, composed principally of rock (by which we mean any naturally formed, non-living, firm coherent aggregate mass of solid matter that constitutes part of the planet) and regolith (the irregular blanket of loose, uncemented rock particles that covers the solid Earth).

Geosphere

Which of the following sources of energy is drawn from Earth's own internal heat source?

Geothermal energy

According to the Explore: Acid Rain, some of the countries in Europe who have a high percentage (over 25%) of forest damage from acid rain include:

Germany Great Britain Slovakia

Which of the following is true?

Germany wants to move away from nuclear and might need to purchase more hydropower from Norway

The most widely accepted theory for the formation of the Moon is the

Giant impact model, in which material was ripped from the Earth after an impact with a Mars size object.

In Explore: Ocean Currents, what three major factors control all ocean currents?

Global Winds the Coriolis force Shape of continents and location of major islands

The term that describes the change produced in the Earth system as a result of human activity is:

Global change

Which rock is composed of alternating bands of light and dark minerals?

Gneiss.

Which factors influence the size and shape of a stream's channel? Streams and their channels are controlled by the interplay between the stream's cross-sectional area, gradient, average flow velocity, discharge, and sediment load.

Gradient Average flow velocity Cross-sectional area Sediment load

The boundaries between biomes are typically

Gradual zones of transition.

Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified based upon

Grain size

Which locations have the majority of Earth's Ice Sheets?

Greenland Antartica

The total amount of organic matter produced is called...

Gross productivity.

What are primary effects of earthquake damage (those that cause direct damage to buildings, infrastructure, and the landscape)?

Ground motion and surface rupture.

In different parts of the world, which of the following is a major source of water for human consumption.

Groundwater.

From View: Biological Classification, what was Charles Darwin's contribution to the field of taxonomy?

Grouping by evolutionary relation

Which of the following is not a metallic mineral?

Gypsum.

Match to the correct definition. The __________ can be used to describe the history of a star.

H-R diagram

Please match the following information to the correct label. Humans, Deer

Heterotrophs

What is the typical crystal structure of snow?

Hexagonal.

The ocean's ability to regulate global temperature is due to water's ____

High heat capacity

The ___ is the totality of Earth's water, including oceans, lakes, streams, underground water, and all the snow and ice

Hydrosphere

The ___ is the totality of Earth's water, including oceans, lakes, streams, underground water, and all the snow and ice.

Hydrosphere

The __________ is the totality of Earth's water, including oceans, lakes, streams, underground water, and all the snow and ice.

Hydrosphere

In View: Earth's Atmosphere, deep in the ocean, chemical releasing ________ venting may have contributed to the first forms of life on Earth.

Hydrothermal

Which of the following is the correct order of the sequence?

Hypothesis, theory, law

Match the correct term to the definition. Continent spanning glaciers

Ice Sheet

Match the correct term to the definition. Thick sea ice covering large coastal areas

Ice Shelf

The Bergeron process explains that

Ice crystals grow at the expense of supercooled water droplets in clouds.

Energy in a food chain can flow:_______________________.

In only one direction

What is the likely outcome in the next few decades of worsening climate change on the number of countries experiencing water stress?

Increase

With decreasing surface friction, the Coriolis effect on wind is

Increased

Speciation

Is a process by which populations of one species diverge genetically and produce one or more new species.

The Black Smoker Hypothesis.

Isolation.

Although the Himalaya Mountains are still growing today, eventually (regardless of whether the collision between the Australian-Indian plate and the Eurasian plate continues or not) the mountain will stop growing. Why is that?

Isostatic adjustment

Match the term to the correct description. Atoms with the same atomic number and hence essentially the same chemical properties, but different mass numbers.

Isotope

Why is the energy cycle different from many other Earth cycles?

It describes the movement of energy through the system, rather than the movement of materials.

The Great Red Spot is a hurricane-like storm (twice the size of Earth) that has existed on the surface of Jupiter for over 300 years. How is it possible for this storm to have lasted so long?

Jupiter's thick and turbulent atmosphere keeps the storm active.

Match the following secondary earthquake effects: Earthquake vibrations may cause soil to slip and cliffs to collapse.

Landslides

The number of mosquito genera varies as a function of what variable?

Latitude.

About 85 percent of the stars plotted on an H-R diagram fall on or close to a smooth curve that astronomers refer to as the

Main sequence region

What is the order of planets, from closest to the Sun to furthest from the Sun?

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

According the the Explore: Geologic Time, the Phanerozoic Eon is broken up into what the era's? Select the correct 3.

Mesozoic Paleozoic Cenozoic

The class of rocks formed by subjecting existing rock to extreme heat and pressure (but not to the point of melt) is called:

Metamorphic rocks

Oil and natural gas come from what?

Micro-organisms that lived in the oceans

In the View: Seafloor Spreading, What was one of the boundaries that spilt Pangea apart?

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

What was one of the boundaries that split Pangea apart?

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

The source of Earth's magnetic field lies in its ___________?

Molten outer core

Which international agreement lead to the phase out of the use of CFCs?

Montreal Protocol of 1987.

Which of the following fuels when burned produces the least amount of carbon dioxide (per unit of energy)?

Natural gas.

Which of the following terms defines the following: The role a species fills within a habitat.

Niche.

Bacteria drives which of the following cycles?

Nitrogen cycle.

Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?

Nitrogen.

Assume a deep water wave: Would a diver at 20 meters depth notice the passage of a wind wave that has a wavelength of 30 meters? Why?

No, because the diver is greater than one-half the depth of the wavelength.

In Explore: NOAA Sea Level Rise Viewer, what part Broward County would incur the least impact from sea level rise

North

From Explore, Depositional Glacial Landscapes, During the Cenozoic Ice Age, ice sheets covered much of ____________ and _____________.

North America and Europe

In Explore: Tropical Cyclone Exposure, what state coastal area has had the most tropical storm force wind exposure?

North Carolina

Which of the following statements is true about nuclear energy used for producing electricity?

Nuclear energy is produced through the process of fission, while the sun produces energy through the process of fusion

The area where we find the most active volcanoes are along the

Pacific Rim.

Match the following correctly. The variation of magnetic mineral directions between sections of oceanic crust of varying ages, which preserves a record of Earth's magnetic field at the time of rock formation.

Paleomagnetism

Radiometric dating is possible if a rock contains a measureable amount of

Parent and daughter isotopes.

In the View: Permafrost video, what is the name of the feedback cycle in which thawing permafrost releases methane and carbon into the atmosphere, leading to warmer temperatures, which then leads to faster thawing? Group of answer choices

Permafrost Carbon Feedback Cycle

According to the nebular hypothesis

Planets should rotate in the same direction as they revolve around the Sun.

Rocks that crystallize from magma under the ground are referred to as?

Plutonic rocks

Igneous rocks that crystallize underground are ______________ rocks, while _____________ rocks crystallize after emerging from a volcanoe.

Plutonic; volcanic

All bodies of igneous rock that solidify underground, regardless of shape or size, are called

Plutons

Clear-cutting is the most economically efficient way to harvest wood, but is the most ecologically damaging. From the following, select some of the problems caused by clear-cutting:

Poor nutrient cycling Soil erosion Reduced habitat for wildlife

Match the variable in the IPAT equation to its definition P

Population

According to the Explore: Deforestation Around the World, what are the major causes of deforestation in the Amazon?

Population Cattle Farming

What is the name for the measure of the interconnectedness of spaces in a material and how it controls how readily a rock or sediment will transmit fluids?

Pore space

According to Explore: Motion of Tectonic Plates, A magnetic anomaly is a departure from the theoretical magnetic field at a given location. If the field is stronger than expected, the anomaly is _________. If the field is weaker than expected, the anomaly is ________.

Positive; Negative

Match the following ore formation processes with their descriptions. Residual

Precipitation dissolves surface minerals and concentrates them in the subsurface

Of the following types of interactions, which one is most likely to limit population size?

Predation

From Explore: Tertiary and Keystone Species please match the following terms to their definitions Tertiary consumers

Predators at the top level of the food web in each given ecosystem

Which of the following influence the formation of metamorphic rocks? (choose 1 or more)

Pressure Fluids Temperature

___________ are species such as algae and photosynthetic bacteria that form the first trophic level.

Primary producers.

_______ states that in any sequence of sedimentary strata the order in which the strata were deposited is from the bottom to the top.

Principle of stratigraphic superposition

In NASA's A Short Tour of the Cryosphere, why is the snow of the Rockies important to the Midwest United States?

Provides 3/4 of the water used in the region

A geothermal power plant gets energy by

Pumping heated water or steam from rock formations.

In View: The Scientific Process, both quantitative and qualitative data about a geologic feature such as a crater can be used to learn more about the feature. Match the types of data below as being either quantitative or qualitative data about a crater. Descriptions of the types of rocks present

Qualitative

In View: The Scientific Process, both quantitative and qualitative data about a geologic feature such as a crater can be used to learn more about the feature. Match the types of data below as being either quantitative or qualitative data about a crater. Number of rock types present

Quantitative

In View: The Scientific Process, both quantitative and qualitative data about a geologic feature such as a crater can be used to learn more about the feature. Match the types of data below as being either quantitative or qualitative data about a crater. The dimensions of the crater

Quantitative

The process in which energy in the electromagnetic spectrum is transferred from a radiating or emitting body through a surrounding gas, liquid, or vacuum.

Radiation

_____________ is produced by the spontaneous breakdown, or decay, of radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium that are naturally occurring inside Earth.

Radiogenic heat

What has been used to determine the age of Earth and other objects in the solar system?

Radiometric dating

Which of the following best defines aquaculture?

Raising fish in enclosures set to the edge of water bodies.

Using knowledge gained from the Explore: Mass Extinctions, match the extinction event to the cause attributed to it. LATE DEVONIAN EXTINCTION

Rapid growth of land plants

___________ refers to the extraction of usable raw materials, such as metal, glass, and pulp from waste products.

Recycling

The continuous or repetitive collection of information about a target—Earth, in this case—from a distance.

Remote Sensing

Water pollution can generally result from all of the following, except

Rerouting a river.

A permeable rock that contains hydrocarbon fluids and gases is called a(n)

Reservoir rock.

The average length of time material spends in a reservoir.

Residence time

"Residence time" is the average time that water stays in a reservoir. There are a number of variables to residence time. Which of the following is a true statement?

Residence time in large-volume reservoirs are longer than in small-volume reservoirs.

The total quantity of a material discovered or undiscovered is called the

Resource.

If the amount of ice that a glacier loses is greater than the amount of snow it gains, it will

Retreat.

______ magma is thought to form as a result of the partial melting of the relatively silica-rich continental crust.

Rhyolitic

What feature marks the divergent plate boundary?

Rifts

Why have no earthquakes greater than a magnitude of around 10 ever been observed?

Rocks only have enough strength to store a finite amount of elastic energy before they reach the breaking point.

What is the primary source of water for sea ice?

Sea water

Clastic rocks are classified as which type of rock?

Sedimentary

Radiatively active gases do what?

Selectively absorb radiation in the longer-wavelength, infrared portions of the spectrum of outgoing terrestrial energy

What time of the year will Arctic sea ice typically reach it minimum?

September

When will Arctic sea ice typically reach it minimum?

September.

What variable(s) is(are) associated with short-term earthquake prediction?

Shorter-term prediction and early warning are nearly impossible.

Storage sites for nuclear waste

Should be located in areas that are geologically stable (i.e., no earthquakes...).

What is the major ingredient in a magma that determines whether it has high or low viscosity?

Silica.

What are the three hypotheses as to why biodiversity grew during the Cambrian Period?

Skeletons Ozone layer Sexual reproduction

The mighty Mississippi River flows into the Gulf of Mexico. The zone where the Mississippi River enters in the Gulf is known as the "dead zone". Here, few (if any) animals are able to live. Why is this?

The area has an overload of nutrients from the river, creating an algae bloom. When the algae die, their breakdown causes oxygen depletion.

Assume you see a meandering stream. Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the location of sediment along the bed?

The coarsest sediment is associated with the zone of highest velocity, which is on the outside of the bend.

In Explore: Ice Conditions of the Northwest Passage, why do ships tend to take the Bellot Strait over Peel Sound?

The entry to Peel Sound is sometimes blocked by ice

On average, how much energy does an average American or Canadian use -- directly or indirectly -- every minute of the day, every day of the year?

The equivalent of one hundred and fifty 75-watt light bulbs.

A proposed invention that would create an infinite amount of energy without any inputs would violate:

The first law of thermodynamics

The geothermal gradient tells us that:

The interior of the Earth is a source of heat, so temperature increases with depth

The realized niche of an organism is

The life pattern that the organism actually assumes. It is a subset of the fundamental niche.

Apparent polar wandering is best explained by

The movements of the continents.

Where is the largest reservoir for water in the hydrologic cycle?

The oceans.

To prevent the long-pollution of ground water, it is in our best interest to protect which of the following areas?

The recharge zone.

What is desalination?

The removal of salt from sea water.

Match the parts of the scientific method When a hypothesis has been examined and found to make successful predictions and withstand numerous tests, scientists become more confident in its validity.

Theory

Of the following, what are the three major groups of Earth's aquatic biomes?

Transitional Freshwater Marine

Practical lessons learned by studying agricultural science include

Understanding of Earth's interconnectedness.

Wind energy is generated by _______.

Uneven solar heating

If the ages of the Earth and the Moon are nearly identical, as believed, why are most rocks found on the Moon so much older than rocks found on Earth?

Unlike the Earth, the Moon has no atmosphere to weather rocks or plate tectonic activity to reform rocks.

How is a Chinook wind different from a Katabatic wind?

Warm and dry

Floating power stations in the sea are used to harness the energy of

Waves

The start of an El-Niño event begins with

Weakening SOI

Can you think of a way to float low salinity saltwater over no salinity freshwater?

Yes. Lower the density of the saltwater by heating it.

Match the following to the correct term. Volcanoes that have erupted within historic times are said to be

active

Match the following, Involves intervention by injecting oxygen or other chemicals to speed the breakdown of contaminants

active remediation

Match the name of the soil processes with the corresponding definition. Soil enrichment

adds matter to the soil as either organic or inorganic material

A naturally occurring ___________ is fog.

aerosol

From the Explore: Acid Rain, the extra acidity in rain comes from the reaction of water in the air and _________?

air pollutants, primarily sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides

Match the correct region. Within the upper mantle, from 350 to about 100 km below the surface.

asthenosphere

Match the following: Wavelengths of light that are totally absorbed by the atmosphere

atmospheric blind

Which of the following is the most common cause of human influence on biogeochemical cycles?

atmospheric emissions of pollution

Please match the region with the correct biosphere condition: Most of Australia

barren region

In the View: Bioaccumulation, _____________ is the increase in concentrations of harmful substances in the environment as they pass through successive trophic levels.

biomagnification

Match the limitation of a renewable energy to its source Diversion of agriculture to fuel

biomass

In Explore: Global Atmospheric Circulation, surface winds spiral out from the subtropical highs, moving towards the _______________.

both the equator and the mid-latitudes

Which mineral group comes from the skeletal components of marine organisms?

carbonates

According to the Explore: Atmospheric Humidity, the dew point temperature is the temperature at which a given parcel of air would become saturated, and _______ would begin.

condensation

Match the four types of seismic activity,characteristic of the basic types of plate boundary environment. Earthquakes can be deep and also very powerful

continental collision boundary

Match the following correctly. The process by which Pangea was separated came to be known as ...

continental drift

Match the following correctly. Wegener's hypothesis of plate motion is known as ...

continental drift

Match the following four principal reasons for upward movement of air: Occurs when flowing air masses converge and are forced upward

convergence lifting

The perennially frozen parts of the hydrosphere are collectively referred to as the __________ .

cryosphere

What were the three steps that were necessary for the evolution of life on early Earth?

development of all the complex chemical machinery, including DNA and RNA, needed for metabolism and replication polymerization of small organic molecules to form biopolymers the synthesis of small organic molecules

Which of the following pairs of compounds are considered inorganic?

diamonds and carbon dioxide

A __________ occurs when the output of the system also serves as an input and leads to changes in the state of the system.

feedback

Match the following to the correct term. Volcanoes that have not erupted in recent memory but still exhibit some signs of volcanic activity are said to be

dormant

Heat will always move from hot to cold because all natural processes will move _______.

down-gradient

Match the proper term to its description. The total area that contributes water to the stream.

drainage basin

Unlike materials, which cannot be recycled, energy is cycled endlessly through ecosystems.

false

The __________ is the solid Earth, composed principally of rock (by which we mean any naturally formed, nonliving, firm coherent aggregate mass of solid matter that constitutes part of a planet) and regolith (the irregular blanket of loose, uncemented rock particles that covers the solid Earth).

geosphere

The term that describes the changes produced in the Earth system as a result of human activities is:

global change

When a material changes its state, this is primarily due to a change in its ________.

heat content.

According to the Life Cycle of Stars, hydrogen atoms are fused together to produce _________ and it creates the energy that powers every star in a process called fusion.

helium

As ice has a ___ albedo, this results in ice-covered polar regions being far ___ than if the same areas were covered with water or land.

high; colder

One important factor that influences denudation rates is __________ activity, especially the clearing of forests, development of cultivated land, damming of streams, and construction of cities.

human

According to the Life Cycle of Stars, when ________________________ runs out the star becomes hotter and denser.

hydrogen

With temperature _______, the low melting-point components are removed as magma, leaving the higher-melting point minerals behind.

increase

In Explore: Sea Level Rise Impacts on Miami-Dade County, a number of sea level rise impacts in Miami-Dade county are explored. Please match the following impacts with their examples Salt Water Intrustion

increased sea level will contaminate freshwater aquifers

In Explore: Sea Level Rise Impacts on Miami-Dade County, a number of sea level rise impacts in Miami-Dade county are explored. Please match the following impacts with their examples Beach Erosion

increased sea level will increase the height of tides acting on the coast

In Explore: Sea Level Rise Impacts on Miami-Dade County, a number of sea level rise impacts in Miami-Dade county are explored. Please match the following impacts with their examples Storm Surge

increased sea levels result hurricane waves reaching further inland

Match the factor to the correct description. Surface processes interact with exposed rock in various ways, depending on rock type.

lithology

Match the correct region. Above the asthenosphere, and corresponding approximately to the outermost 100 km of Earth, is a region where the rocks are much cooler, stronger, and more rigid than those in the plastic asthenosphere.

lithosphere

Match the different layers of Earth. It is less dense than the core but denser than the outermost layer.

mantle

A landscape ______ achieves a state of equilibrium, it is, and likely always has been, a _______ surface

never;dynamic

Match the following correctly. A unifying theory that explains hundreds of years of independent observations of Earth's topographic features.

plate tectonics

GIS (Geographic Information Systems) is ultimately about finding _______________________ to solve problems and make decisions.

patterns

In the carbon cycle, carbon moving from the atmosphere to the biosphere is called:

photosynthesis

Please match the appropriate term to its function using information from the Explore: Animation: Earth Cycles. Aids in the breakdown of rock through the release of organic acids and root wedging, and they serve to hold soils in place.

plants

Match the factor to the correct description. The active ______ and depositional environment combine to result in a unique end product, or landform.

process

What are the five main factors that interact to determine the character of landforms in a given location?

process, climate, lithology, relief, time

From the View: Atomic Structure, all atoms are made from what particles?

protons, neutrons, and electrons

Isotopes of the same element have the same number of ___________ but different numbers of ___________.

protons; neutrons

Another way that lithification can occur is through __________ , in which mineral grains that were once separate can grow to become interlocked.

recrystallization

The __________ involves the cycling of material through the geosphere as a result of the formation, breakdown, rearrangement, and reformation of rock.

rock cycle

According the the View: Rocks and the Rock Cycle, examples of sedimentary rocks include:

sandstone, limestone, and shale

According to the View: Abundant Earth Elements, What are the elements not found in the Earth's outermost layer called?

scarce elements

When regolith contains organic matter, it is:

soil

According to Explore: Weathering and Mass Wasting, the slowest mass wasting process is called _______.

soil creep

Match the states to the correct description. Its constituent atoms are fixed in position relative to each other.

solid

Match the states to the correct description. Matter is firm or compact in substance with a definite volume and density, and tends to retain its shape even if it is not confined.

solid

Match the proper term to its description. Consists of water flowing downslope in a clearly defined natural passageway; we commonly apply the term river to streams of significant size.

stream

Please match the following matching questions using the information found in the View: Earth Provides Resources. fossil fuels

such as coal and natural gas can take tens to hounds of millions of years to form.

Match the following ocean stratification terms Photic zone

sufficient light energy is available for the process of photosynthesis

Climate change and evolution by natural selection is a

theory

An endangered species is in imminent danger of extinction.

true

Metamorphic rock is igneous or sedimentary rock that has been changed in mineralogy and/or texture in the solid state.

true

The physical environment in which a population or an organism lives or could live is its habitat.

true

Thermohaline circulation plays a central role in climate.

true

Using knowledge gained from the Explore: Mass Extinctions, match the extinction event to the cause attributed to it. TRIASSIC EXTINCTION

underwater volcanic activity

According to Explore: Global Atmospheric Circulation and Water Vapor Movement, the primary variable that causes air to move on a global scale is the _________ of tropical and high latitudes due to sun angle and the amount of radiation received.

unequal heating

As a result of measures to cut back on emissions of ozone-depleting substances, stratospheric ozone levels are expected to return to 1980 levels by around __________ in midlatitude regions and __________ in Antarctica.

2045, 2080.

According the the Explore: Geologic Time, the origin of the Earth dates back to about ___ years old, and the first fossil records of life date back to ___ years ago.

4.6 billion; 3.8 billion

Please complete the matching below according to the information provided in the Explore: Farming the Sea regarding the total revenue from aquaculture by species in 2015. shrimp

$11 million

Please complete the matching below according to the information provided in the Explore: Farming the Sea regarding the total revenue from aquaculture by species in 2015. clam

$112 million

Please complete the matching below according to the information provided in the Explore: Farming the Sea regarding the total revenue from aquaculture by species in 2015. oysters

$173 million

Please complete the matching below according to the information provided in the Explore: Farming the Sea regarding the total revenue from aquaculture by species in 2015. salmon

$88 million

Match to the number order to the correct storm (i.e. 1 would equal first, 2 is what 1 can develop into and 3 is what 2 can become). Hurricane

...

Match to the number order to the correct storm (i.e. 1 would equal first, 2 is what 1 can develop into and 3 is what 2 can become). Tropical storm

...

Wilderness in the United States is generally owned by

...

If you were traveling in an airplane and spotted a very straight segment of a stream channel, how would you interpret it?

..the stream is flowing down a steep-gradient slope.

According the View: Putting a Value on Natural Resources, how many people depend on fish for their main source of animal protein.

1 billion

Which of the following might result from overgrazing?

All of the above can result from overgrazing.

What is the widely accepted age of the universe?

13.7 billion years.

Which of the following are the potential ways that the lithosphere move?

An entire plate slides into the asethenosphere. Parts of a plate that is sinking into the asethonsphere drag the rest of the plate with it. Rising magma pushing on plates

In Explore: Mapping the Shale Gas Boom, what are "plays"?

Areas where large amounts of gas have accumulated, where extraction is considered both technically possible and profitable

An aquifer which flows due to the difference in pressure between the water table in the recharge area and the level of the well intake is called an

Artesian aquifer.

What are the components of an ecosystem?

Continually interacting living and nonliving components.

Chemical weathering causes insoluble materials to be picked up from regolith and rock, leaving the soluble minerals behind.

False

Different elements generally take the same pathways through the four great reservoirs of the Earth system.

False

Earth's carrying capacity is infinite.

False

Earth's diameter is increasing significantly due to the generation of new ocean crust.

False

Global climate change will have impacts on the hydrosphere, but not on the biosphere.

False

Heterotrophs, the primary producers, are the first trophic level.

False

Human actions generally have insignificant, short-lasting impacts on the Earth system.

False

Human activity affects the hydrosphere but not the geosphere.

False

Viruses have some characteristics of living things. In fact, they are considered somewhere between living and non-living. What is one of the "living" characteristics?

The contain genetic material.

What was the first evidence that lead Alfred Wegener to suspect the continents were once connected?

The continents simply looked like they fit together, especially Africa and South America.

In the View: What are Stomatolites and Cyanobacteria, why do stromatolites form their distinctive shape?

The cyanobacteria grow in layers, with new growth on the sun facing surfaces

Oil and natural gas result from

The decay of microscopic marine organisms that accumulated millions of years ago.

Friction slows airflow over the rough surface of land or water.

True

The balance of energy flow within the Earth system is dependent on which of the following (choose all that apply).

a. Energy transport b. Energy storage c. Short wave radiation d. Long wave radiation

Unlike sea ice, if this land ice were to melt, ____ of its volume would be added into the ocean.

all

Which of the following is a significant reservoir of heat in the Earth's energy cycle?

all of the above are significant reservoirs

In the View: Biosphere 2, what different ecosystems were housed within Biosphere 2?

all of these are found in Biosphere 2

Match the name of the soil processes with the corresponding definition. Transformation

alters soil material within horizons

Numerical age is expressed as the __________.

amount of time when a specific event happened

The difference in how coal and oil formed is because _________.

coal is terrestrial and oil is marine.

The melting of __________ ice does not have a dramatic impact on sea level.

sea

Match the following ocean stratification terms Pycnocline

zone in which density increases with depth