Blueprint MCAT FL 5
What is the importance of the equivalent point of a titration? The half equivalence point?
(i) The equivalence point is the point at which the compound being analyzed has been completed neutralized and (ii) the half-equivalence point is where the pH and the pKa of the analyzed solution are equal
What solvents do SN1 reaction mechanisms prefer? SN2 reactions?
(i) polar protic and (ii) polar aprotic
What is the charge and mass on a gamma ray, respectively?
0 and 0
How many radians in a sound wave's wavelength?
2-pi radians
What is a repressor?
A protein that binds to the operator and stops transcription
What is an operator?
A short segment of DNA that binds the repressor
What is necessary for a keto tautomer to convert to an enology tautomer?
An alpha-hydrogen that is liberated leaving an electron that gets wrapped up into a C=C
Are gases more soluble in hot or cold water?
Cold - inversely proportional to the solubility of solids
How do facultative anaerobes differ from obligate anaerobes?
Facultative like but do not require oxygen during metabolism, whereas obligate anaerobes require that oxygen be completely absent.
During oxidative phosphorylation, which membrane complex transfers electrons from succinate to coenzyme Q? (A) Complex I (B) Complex II (C) Complex III (D) Complex IV
O: (A) - I figured that since there was some sort of connection between complex II, there would be no way for shuttling to really happen since that did not seem to be consistent with how flow happened. So I figured that electrons came from complex I and were shuttled to coenzyme Q over the membrane. However, the issue here is that complex I gets its electrons from NADH. C: (B) - Complex II gets its electrons from succinate, thereby satisfying the requirement imposed by the questions and meeting the thought process that got me to complex I in the first place.
Ethanol is used as a temporary treatment for poisoning with ethylene glycol (ethane-1,2-diol). The efficacy of alcohol as an antidote is best explained by: (A) The high affinity of ethanol for ADH and the toxicity of ethylene glycol (B) The low affinity of ethanol for ADH and the toxicity of ethylene glycol (C) The high affinity of ethanol for AGH and the toxicity of glycolic acid (D) The low affinity of ethanol for ADH and the toxicity of glycolic acid
O: (A) - I thought that there would be a higher affinity based on the fact that there would need to be some competition between the two molecules. However, I was between whether ethylene glycol or glycolic acid was toxic. Ethylene glycol is non-toxic but its metabolites are. C: (C) - The reasoning was correct for the first part of the second question and for the second part of the question I was wrong as to ethylene glycol being toxic as opposed to its metabolite: glycolic acid.
Which of the following does NOT increase groupthink? (A) Deindividuation (B) External threats (C) A lone dissenter (D) Insulation of the group
O: (A) - I thought that this was the answer because deinidividuation it is not directly listed as a characteristic of groupthink. However, it should be noted that deindividuation is correlated with higher group cohesiveness, which would increase groupthink. C: (C) - The only answer choice that might decrease groupthink would be a dissenter because they are going against the group and vocalizing contrary opinions.
Based on the passage results, how would the mass and stiffness be expected to vary along the length of the membrane? (A) They would both be at a maximum value at the base and decrease along the membrane to a minimum at the apex. (B) They would both be at a minimum value at the base and increase along the membrane to a maximum value at the apex (C) The stiffness would be highest at the base, while mass would be highest at the apex (D) The stiffness would be lowest at the base, while mass would be lowest at the apex
O: (A) - I was thinking about this problem more conceptually than analytically. To me, it made sense that the inner part of the membrane would be smaller than the base. However, there was no reasoning behind this outside of what made the most visual sense. C: (C) - This problem required the use of a spring equation: f = (1/2 * pi)(k^-2 / m). Since the maximum frequency is at the base, the k value must be the highest and the mass must be the lowest. This relationship would be reversed in the case of the apex.
How would the alkaline ability of the zwitterion form of HEPES (pictured below), another of Good's buffers, compare to that of the zwitterion form of PIPES? (A) HEPES would be more alkaline, since the removal of the sulfonyl group reduces the ability of the conjugate base to delocalize electron density via resonance, thereby increasing its reactivity (B) HEPES would be less alkaline, since the removal of the sulfonyl group reduces the ability of the conjugate base to delocalize electron density via resonance, thereby increasing its reactivity (C) HEPES would be more alkaline, since the removal of the sulfonyl group reduces the availability of acidic hydrogens in its zwitterion form (D) HEPES would be less alkaline, since the removal of the sulfonyl group reduces the availability of acidic hydrogens in its zwitterion form
O: (A) - It was first important to determine whether or not the alkalinity of the HEPES would increase or decrease. I thought it would increase on the basis of its losing an incredibly acidic group. My answer then included resonance because this is what determines whether or not a leaving group is good in some situations, so I thought that this same reasoning was applicable here. C: (C) - HEPES only has one acidic hydrogen and PIPES has two, this difference confers a larger impact on the alkalinity of the buffer than (A)
Light inside the thin glass tube of a laparoscopic surgical devise strikes the edge of the glass tube and is entirely reflected back into the tube, with none of the light exiting to the surrounding medium. Which of the following must be true? (A) Incident angle = 90-deg (B) Incident angle = 0-deg (C) Incident angle >= Critical angle (D) Refraction angle = Incident angle
O: (A) - Neglected the fact that the light would need to be reflected in favor of the fact that the light was not being reflected back into the medium. This was based on faulty logic and an uneducated guess. C: (C) - There is total internal reflection, which means that the incident angle must have an angle that surpasses the refractive index of the new medium (this is an area of confusion for me and it needs to be cleared up)
A researcher carries out a column chromatography at physiological pH, using a stationary medium with a net positive charge. If a solution containing the following oligopeptides is poured into the column, which oligopeptide will most likely be found in the first fraction collected? (A) DDGE (B) EILD (C) KRVV (D) VEGP
O: (A) - READ QUESTIONS BEFORE YOU ANSWER THEM! This answer is reflective of the last sample that would elute because it is the oligopeptide that has the highest affinity for the stationary phase C: (C) - This oligopeptide is going to have the highest proportion of positively charged residues, which will be repulsed by the stationary phase.
Genotypic analysis of another colorectal cancer cell line, CRC200, indicates that the cancerous cells are expressing a single nonsense mutation in one of their copies of p53. Given that information, which of the following would most likely represent the number of colonies observed after an identical transfection assay? (A) pC27-53: 16, pC27-53X 56 (B) pC27-53: 67, pC27-53X 713 (C) pC27-53: 712, pC27-53X 56 (D) pC27-53: 647, pC27-53X 748
O: (A) - The difference between these two was the lowest, and the differences between the two cell lines would likely be low because of the fact that the cell has one functional p53 gene and the cell is still cancerous (so there would not be a significant change). However, this is wrong because the proportionality of the difference is too large C: (D) - Since the first cell line has a copy of p53 that is functional (the other is not), it could still theoretically use it. Thus, the cancer in the cell line was due to some other oncogene. Therefore, the introduction of another functional one would not have a noticeable change, which was the case in (D), even on the basis of proportionality.
What is the primary process responsible for the loss of latent heat and entropy from the ocean at the air-sea interface in Table 1? (A) Precipitation (B) Condensation (C) Evaporation (D) Melting
O: (A) - This answer was rather silly, as it does not make sense and would not change the latent heat in a system owing to its being the same phase and state as the ocean that it is falling into. C: (C) - Evaporation requires energy as it is facilitating the change of a liquid into a vapor. This would create negative latent heat (because the energy is absorbed by the liquid and translated to gas as opposed to released, which would create a positive latent heat).
A pure sample of (R)-limonene has a specific rotation of +125.6. If a mixture of (R)-limonene and (S)-limonene has a specific rotation of +62.8, what are the percentages of the R and S enantiomers in this mixture? (A) 75% R, 25% S (B) 55% R, 45% S (C) 45% R, 55% S (D) 25% R, 75% S
O: (B) - This answer is based on the fact that both seemed to be in equal proportions to me (which would be a racemic mixture and would show no optical activity) C: (A) - This answer is correct because finding this amount requires the use of a weighted average. The optical rotation of the R form is the opposite of the S form in sign (but not magnitude). To find this answer, should have used the following equation: 126(x) + -126(1-x) = 62 This includes the optical rotation of both forms and the measured mixture as provided by the question. This would have resulted in getting choice A.
Towards the end of a game, a team's pitcher begins to lose his focus and shortens his stride, uncoupling the kinetic chain at his hips. How will this impact his pitch? (A) It will make his shoulder more injury-prone as a result of the increased energy being dissipated during the follow-through from the inefficient kinetic chain. (B) It will decrease the velocity of the pitch due to a decrease in energy transfer through the torso (C) It will decrease the velocity of the pitch as a result of the increased energy being dissipated during the follow-through from the inefficient kinetic chain (D) It will decrease the velocity of the pitch due to a decrease in the ability to generate force in the legs
O: (A) - reason being that I did not think that the power generation would change, but did think that the transfer would change and that the passage said that the shoulder would need to rotate more to deplete the energy taken from the legs. The uncoupling in this case comes before the shoulders, so they should not have been considered. C: (B) - the fact that the kinetic chain uncouples at the hips (READ QUESTIONS AND TAKE INFORMATION FROM THEM) means that there is going to be a larger loss of energy at that point, leading to lower available energy at the upper torso and shoulders, thereby reducing the pitch velocity.
Which of the following is NOT a type of strategy that HM used to try to remember? (A) Rehearsal (B) Priming (C) Chunking (D) Dual Coding
O: (B) - I figured that priming would not be a strategy that HM would have used given that there was a loss of short term memory from the surgery. Given that this was the case, I figured that the priming effect would not happen. However, priming occurs when HM successfully reads the words that he had been exposed to with more ease (so priming does not need to be conscious). C: (C) - There was no chunking mentioned in the passage, nor was there an indicator that the practice of grouping information into larger collections was happening.
One program leader has quit smoking very recently and still craves cigarettes frequently. She handles her urges by volunteering to help others in her community quit. Which defense mechanism from psychodynamic theory could best fit her behavior? (A) Sublimation (B) Reaction formation (C) Intellectualization (D) Rationalization
O: (B) - I selected reaction formation because I figured that she had a desire to smoke and that she had signal anxiety because she did not want to smoke. Instead of smoking, she formed a reaction by telling other people not to smoke. I still contend that this is a reasonable answer because she has an urge to quit smoking and provides messaging to the contrary. C: (A) - Sublimation is the channeling of unacceptable urges into POSITIVE activities (or more acceptable activities).
Sociologists have found that for first-generation immigrants from West African nations, health outcomes and healthcare disparities are relatively minor compared to white and Asian populations, whereas the children of West African immigrants experience health outcomes and healthcare disparities nearly aligned with US-born African American populations. This sharp downward change in a single generation is likely: (A) a negative consequence of social segregation into ethnic enclaves (B) due to lifelong exposure to higher socioeconomic environment of the US as compared to West African nations (C) unrelated to educational attainment (D) due to increase social and cultural integration in the United States
O: (B) - My thought process behind this was that there was a shifting baseline. The immigrants that came from West Africa to the United States were likely not accustomed to the same standard of healthcare and were therefore not subject to the same level of disparity. The shifting baseline idea is wrong and based no no fact or theory. C: (D) - The fact that there is a greater similarity between the second generation African children and the children of the same demographic that were US-born demonstrates that a greater degree of assimilation had taken place and that this could be responsible for the similarity in health outcomes and the experienced disparities.
The results of the experiments suggest that the hippocampus is responsible for what function? (A) Long-term memory (B) Short-term memory (C) Working memory (D) Eidetic memory
O: (B) - Short term memory was used throughout this process (through priming). This process does not need to be explicit, but it was still used. C: (A) - Memory was not retained beyond the immediate and short-term memory. The inability to consolidate information past the point of short-term/working memory is what is compromised in HM, which implicates the role of the hippocampus in long-term memory.
The structure if farnesyl pyrophosphate is shown below. In the human body, two FPP molecules are combined in a reaction that directly leads to which class of compounds? (A) Cholesterol (B) Sphingolipids (C) Triacylglycerols (D) Purines
O: (B) - Sphingolipids contain alipathic amino alcohols and sphingoid bases, which are not inferred by this structure. I picked this because the name was familiar and I did not see how the other three could be synthesized from FPP. C: (A) - The molecule should have been considered in more detail - cholesterol is the only molecule that makes sense and the molecule is reminiscent of a fused carbon ring system.
According to the passage, which of the following methods would likely yield the most ideas? (A) Individuals working alone (B) A group critically discussing ideas (C) A group listing ideas without responding to others' ideas (D) It cannot be determined from the passage
O: (B) - The passage does not make a conclusive statement about which one is better, but does discuss the merits of the method selected. This is what justified the choice but does not serve as sound reasoning. C: (D) - The passage does not provide comparisons between groups, which would preclude any conclusions from being made regarding which method would yield the highest results. Since the passage doesn't conclusively say, neither should the answer to this question.
Which of the following, if true, would most challenge the researchers' conclusions regarding the identity of the genetic material involved in the experiment? (A) Transfer of DNA between phage and bacteria did not occur immediately following insertion of the virus (B) No 32-P was identified in the genetic material of infected step 3 bacteria following bacterial lysis and release of phage virions (C) 35-S-containing coat fragments from phage progeny adsorb to bacteria, although the fragments contain no DNA (D) Protein which happened not to pick up the 35-S label entered the cell from the phage
O: (B) - The step 3 bacteria were exposed to virions with the isotopes in question, but the reason that this answer is wrong is because the genetic material that has the isotopic tags is essentially sloughed off as a vision itself, not being retained in the bacterial genome following lysis. C: (D) - This would indicate that there might be some ambiguity as to which material was the genetic material. This ambiguity would challenge the results of the experiments.
If this study were administered in an Asian country, a pattern of results we could expect to see would be: (A) lower meritocracy scores in high-SES students, but higher meritocracy scores in low-SES students (B) higher meritocracy scores in high-SES students, but lower meritocracy scores in low-SES students (C) lower meritocracy scores in both high-SES and low-SES students (D) higher meritocracy scores in both high-SES and low-SES students
O: (B) - This answer was based more on stereotype than knowledge or reasoning. I figured that in a more "cut-throat" environment, students in Asian cultures would be more likely to elevate trends that are present in the United States to higher and more extreme levels. C: (C) - Asian cultures are more collective and less individualistic, so they are going to put less emphasis on individual success and focus more on the success of the entire group. This would lower the focus on the meritocracy aspect of it.
Mr. Smith believes his son John smokes marijuana because he looks very similar to "typical stoners" that Mr. Smith has seen. John sometimes smells a little funny and has been dressing differently because he has started practicing yoga - he has to wear loose clothes at the studio and he smells because his teacher burns incense in class. What cognitive heuristic did Mr. Smith use when judging John? (A) Adjustment heuristic (B) Anchoring heuristic (C) Availability heuristic (D) Representativeness heuristic
O: (C) - I selected this answer because Mr. Smith may have a concept of what a prototypical teen smoker would look like, and draws upon this to determine that his son is a smoker. C: (D) - Mr. Smith determines that John resembled another group of people in both smell and appearance, thereby leading him to believe that he was part of that group. This misattribution is a fundamental part of representativeness heuristic that is not present in the availability heuristic, which allows for the creation of more general conclusions instead.
According to the analysis in the passage, which of the following traits would be unique to antisocial personality disorder when compared to BPD? (A) Impulsivity (B) Intentional malevolence/sadism (C) Inappropriately seductive behavior (D) Depression
O: (C) - I selected this because it was the only one that I could not see being associated with BPD while also being possible in antisocial personality disorder. However, I was not sure of what characterized antisocial personality disorder, so that could be a reason why this is incorrect. C: (B) - Antisocial personality disorder is the only Cluster B personality disorder that is associated with a fixation on malevolence or harm. This tendency is not present in BPD, which makes this the correct answer.
As described in the passage, the kidney's response to alcohol consumption is most similar to its response to: (A) low blood osmolarity and low blood pressure (B) low blood osmolarity and high blood pressure (C) high blood osmolarity and low blood pressure (D) high blood osmolarity and high blood pressure
O: (C) - I thought that alcohol would cause the same response as it would to having ANP released, which I know is released in response to low blood pressure. C: (B) - Alcohol consumption causes an increase in water secretion, which is something that would clearly happen in the case of high blood pressure. Another situation in which that would happen is low blood osmolarity because, by decreasing the fluid volume, the concentration of dissolved ions would increase.
In the figure below, people perceive six horizontal rows of dots, rather than a grid of 36 dots, or vertical columns, or some other grouping. (A) Similarity (B) Symmetry (C) Proximity (D) Closure
O: (C) - Proximity says that people view things closer to each other as being clumped together. However, clumping is not the same as similarity. Similarity is the concept that things with similar characteristics are in the same groupings. Clustering and groupings are separate things. C: (A) - Similarity is not the same as proximity, with similarity being more important when there is a thought about grouping. Grouping is what is driving perception here, so similarity is the most important.
During the initial reduction reaction shown in Figure 2, FAD receives how many protons and how many electrons from cholesterol? (A) 1 proton and 1 electron (B) 1 proton and 2 electrons (C) 2 protons and 1 electron (D) 2 protons and 2 electrons
O: (C) - The change of FAD to FADH+H+ made me think that there was a transfer of two protons being that there were two new hydrogens as opposed to a single one. FAD was reduced based on the addition of the H, so I figured there was an electron added. C: (A) - The H+ ion in the graphic is not associated with the FADH. Thus, FAD is reduced to FADH, which means that along with the new hydrogen there was a new electron.
When Bs1A is assembled as an octamer, what is most likely to be true regarding L76, L77, and L79? (A) They are oriented toward the solvent-exposed exterior of the protein assembly (B) The assembly would incur an entropic penalty if they occupied a solvent-exposed site (C) Unlike in a monomer, they are not situated within the hydrophobic cap (D) Their physiological properties are not substantially dependent on their hydrophobicity
O: (C) - The passage does not indicate that the residues are removed from the hydrophobic cap, they are just shielded (which does not induce translocation of any kind) C: (B) - This makes sense because, in a situation with hydrophobic residues being exposed to solvent, there will be a formation of some sort of salvation order and there will consequently be an unwanted decrease in entropy (entropy tends to increase). Thus. there would be an entropic penalty should they have remained exposed.
If researchers failed to take into account the effect of air resistance on the pitch, how would it impact their measurements of the efficiency of energy transfer from the arm to the baseball? (A) It would be lower than the actual efficiency, as there was higher initial velocity at release (B) It would be higher than the actual efficiency, as there was a higher initial velocity at release. (C) It would be lower than the actual efficiency, as there was a lower initial velocity at release (D) It would be higher than the actual efficiency, as there would be a lower initial velocity at release
O: (C) - The pitch would be slowed down by air resistance, which is why I picked this answer (this is a two-part answer and I got the first part right). However, the reasoning behind why the first part was incorrect, and I was thinking that the initial velocity was impacted by air resistance, which is wrong (air resistance does not have a strong effect right when the ball exits the hands) C: (A) - This is correct because the initial velocity is going to be much higher than the velocity that the ball has once it reaches the plate (it slows down because of air resistance, but it starts out much faster)
Presbyopia is diagnosed when the lens of the eye focuses incoming light rays to a position between the retina and the choroid. Which type of lens should be placed in front of the eye to focus light on the retina and correct this condition? (A) Flat (B) Spherical (C) Diverging (D) Converging
O: (C) - did not know what a diverging lens did, this was a guess C: (D) - converging lenses focus the light more precisely, which is necessary for people with presbyopia
The rates of diffusion of four drugs were tested: acetazolamide (pKa = 7.2), sulfadiazine (pKa = 6.5), warfarin (pKa = 5.0), and cephalexin (pKa = 3.6). Which drug will have the strongest conjugate base? (A) Acetazolamide (B) Sulfadiazine (C) Warfarin (D) Cephalexin
O: (D) - Chose this because it had the lowest pKa, which to me made me think that it was the weakest acid and would consequently have the strongest conjugate base C: (A) - As pKa values decrease, the strength of the acid increases (which is contrary to my previous understanding), so the weakest acid is Acetazolamide and this will correlate to it being the strongest base.
Some people believe that school success should be based on hard work, but in actuality there are a number of extraneous factors that contribute to student success. These are examples of: (A) inductive meritocracy and deductive meritocracy, respectively (B) deductive meritocracy and inductive meritocracy, respectively (C) prescriptive meritocracy and descriptive meritocracy, respectively (D) descriptive meritocracy and prescriptive meritocracy, respectively
O: (D) - Descriptive, inductive, and prescriptive were not adjectives that I was comfortable with, so I got this question incorrect because I was unsure of how to apply them. C: (C) - The word "prescriptive" means that the reality in question is what the individual believes should be in place (the individual prescribes the condition on something) whereas "descriptive" is a measure of the reality. Thus, in this question, the first set of people believe that school systems should be meritocracies, so they are prescribing that description. However, the reality is that it is not a complete meritocracy, which is descriptive since it is reflective of what it actually happening.
Which of the following behavioral change strategies was not used in the smoking cessation program? (A) Self-monitoring (B) Dissonance induction (C) Psychoeducation (D) Relapse prevention
O: (D) - I did not see mention anywhere of relapse preventative measures outside of the encouragement of people that completed the program in question to use coping strategies. I did not think that that equated with relapse prevention. C: (A) - The study and the actual program are distinct, and this answer is correct because there is no indication that there was self-monitoring that happened outside of the scope of the study. The follow-up idea was unique to the study, so there was no actual self-monitoring in the program itself (since self-monitoring is a very long-term practice).
Which of the following is the most significant problem with the design of this study? (A) The sample size was too small to ensure that the findings were statistically significant (B) The western blots in Figure 4 were performed at week 52, when the body weight of the Nbea+/+ mice and the Nbea+/- mice had become equivalent (C) The dwarf phenotype of the Nbea+/- mice failed to manifest consistently over time (D) The scientists did not study Nbea-/- mice
O: (D) - I figured that including this group in the study would work as a necessary negative control group of sorts. C: (B) - Since mRNA from one point in time is not super likely to be in a cell later, it is important that if one is interested in how something works, the experiment be done at the point at which these changes become more manifest. In this case, the experiment should have been done at week 16 when there was a significant phenotypic difference
According to the results of the study, we would predict that females from low-income families would be most likely to: (A) major in biology and view their grades as being based on effort (B) major in biology and view their grades as being based on external factors (C) major in literature and view their grades as being based on effort (D) major in literature and view their grades as being based on external factors
O: (D) - I selected this answer because, first, it had women majoring in literature, which supports information from the passage. However, I used the information in Figure 2 without thinking about it, which is what led me to the false conclusion in the second half of the answer. There was not a statistically significant relationship between the two groups, which means that the conclusion I made was too hasty. C: (C) - Make sure to check p-values are find a sign of statistical significance before taking information as true/disproving the null hypothesis in the statistical experiment.
Which of the following compounds may be effectively removed from waste water by a sand filter with IPB? I. 1,4-dichlorobenzene II. Methanol III. 1,2-ethanediol (A) I only (B) II only (C) II and III only (D) I, II, and III
O: (D) - I was under the impression that 1,4-dichlorobenzene was polar and hydrophilic, which was wrong. C: (C) - with the exclusion of 1,4-dichlorobenzene, the other two are hydrophilic and are therefore able to be filtered using the IPB filter
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the theory that multimodal communication is more efficient than verbal communication? (A) Verbal communication activates only portions of the brain that mediate processing of auditory information (B) Multimodal communication is often used in motivational speaking (C) Emotional information may be conveyed indirectly in verbal communication (D) Deaf or hard of hearing individuals often use sign language to communicate with each other
O: (D) - Sign language would be unimodal from my view since it is only non-verbal (the only way you interact with what a deaf person is communicating is by watching). However, verbal and vocalization are not the same thing, so sign language is a form of verbal communication. Since this is the case, it does not weaken the statement. C: (C) - The passage states that conceptual information can be conveyed by verbal information, but the addition of emotional information as something that could be communicated through verbal communication as opposed to being an addition to communication ensured by multimodal communication weakens the presented theory.
In addition to the regions mentioned in the passage, which part of the brain is most closely tied to the "limbic system?" (A) Occipital Lobe (B) Cerebellum (C) Hypothalamus (D) Frontal Lobe
O: (D) - The frontal lobe is involved in reward behavior, inhibition, planning, motivation, and attention. These functions seem to mesh well with the role of the limbic system, which is directly related to the limbic system's functions. C: (C) - There are core regions of the brain that are incorporated into the limbic system - amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, septal area, and the hypothalamus.
Ten moles of the monoprotic, weakly acidic medication aspirin were added to water to make one liter of solution. If the pH of the resulting solution was 5.9, what is the approximate Kb for the non-diffusible form of aspirin? (A) 0.1 (B) 0.01 (C) 0.001 (D) 1
O: (D) - The question stem mentions that the acid is a weak monoprotic acid, so I was thinking first of the Ka of said acid. I thought the Ka would be lower, so I then assumed that the Kb would be higher. This assumed relationship was incorrect and is why I selected this answer. C: (A) - The first step should have been determining the Ka, which is not so simple given that the pH is given. Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA]. Given this relationship, one first can determine that [HA] is approximately 10M given that the acid is weak and is therefore unable to dissociate much. [H+] is given by the pH, and [A-] is the same as [H+] because the acid is monoprotic. Once Ka is found, Kb can be determined by remembering that Ka * Kb = 10^-14.
Steve is instructed by his boss to forge a document. Steve knows that it is against company policy and possibly against the law, but he is afraid he may lose his job if he doesn't comply. Under Kohlberg's stages of moral development, what stage is Steve in if he decides to forge the document? (A) Preoperational (B) Preconventional (C) Postconventional (D) Concrete operational
O: (D) - This resulted from incorrectly looking for one of Piaget's stages of cognitive development as opposed to Kohlberg's stages of moral development. This drives home an essential point: READ THE QUESTIONS BEFORE YOU ANSWER THEM! C: (B) - The preconventional stage in Kohlberg's stages of moral development is characterized by more concern for rewards and punishments than social rules and laws., making this the correct answer since he is more concerned about his job than the moral implications of his actions.
When the outer hair cells vibrate, they generate a standing wave in the closed organ of Corti, which amplifies the frequency of interest at particular locations along the basilar membrane. How will the length of the enclosed space within the organ of Corti vary along the length of the basilar membrane to explain this? (A) The length of the enclosed space in the organ of Cortisones will increase linearly from the base to the apex of the cochlea (B) The length of the enclosed space in the organ of Corti will decrease linearly from the base to the apex of the cochlea (C) The length of the enclosed space in the organ of Corti will decrease exponentially from the base to the apex of the cochlea. (D) There should be no change in the length of the enclosed space of the organ of Corti, as length has no impact on the frequency of standing waves.
O: (D) - When answering the question, I was under the impression that the wave would exist in some capacity regardless of the length of the organ. However, wavelength does impact the wavelength and, thus, the frequency. C: (A) - Constructive interference is required for the formation of a standing wave, and since the frequency changes along the basilar membrane, the wavelength needs to change as well. To compensate for this change, there needs to be an increase in length to accommodate the lower frequency (which is imperative since the frequency decreases as you move through the cochlea).
Describe Ozonolysis:
Ozonolysis is the cleavage of an alkene or alkyne with ozone (O3) that results in the multiple carbon-carbon bond being replaced by a double bond to oxygen (carbonyl formation)
Describe George Mead's social theory.
People are divided into the "I" and the "me," with the "I" being the autonomous sense of self that reacts to the collection of attitudes taken from society that constitute the "me."
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
Physiological arousal
What is Kd?
The dissociation constant
How does the magnitude of an enthalpy barrier correspond with reactivity?
The lower the enthalpic barrier, the more active the reaction (because it is easier to surmount the barrier)