BME Midterm-- Biomedical Engineering

Second type of biomedical engineer: the "technological entrepreneur"

(most likely a biomedical design engineer in industry). This individual assumes that the gap between the technological education of the life scientist or physician and the present technological capability has become so great that the life scientist cannot pose a problem that will incorporate the application of existing technology.

Third type of biomedical engineer: the "engineer-scientist"

(most likely found in academic institutions and industrial research labs)—is primarily interested in applying engineering concepts and techniques to the investigation and exploration of biological processes.

First type of biomedical engineer: "problem solver."

(most likely the clinical engineer or biomedical design engineer) maintains the traditional service relationship with the life scientists who originate a problem that can be solved by applying the specific expertise of the engineer.

sports biomechanics

- Mechanical analyses of sports performance

Biomedical engineering

--integrates medicine and engineering --Provide tools for research, diagnosis, and treatment Sensors, materials, image processing etc.

Biomedical engineering involves training essentially three types of individuals:

1. clinical engineer in health care 2. biomedical design engineer for industry 3. research scientist

Examples of biomaterials

1. heart valve 2. hip replacement 3. knee replacement 4. introcular lens 5. intravascular stent

balanced system

: "balance is a harmonious or satisfying arrangement or proportion of parts or elements, as in a design or a composition."

a system

A product, sum is more than the parts, result in operational capability

Biomedical Engineering

All-encompassing field that includes such areas as: Biomaterials Biomechanics Bioinstrumentation Biosensors Bio-signal processing Biotechnology Computational biology, genomics Medical imaging Optics and lasers Radiation imaging Tissue engineering Moral and ethical issues

rehabilitation biomechanics

Analyses of gait, mechanics of prosthetics and orthotics.

Biomechanics

Complex modeling with numerical methods, computer simulations

what do system engineers worry about?

Deal with complexity Create effective solutions and manage process Requirements from user to production Track from user level to test cases to allow traceability

tissue engineering

Manufacture of biological tissue either ex vivo or in vitro (outside the body), or the incorporation of new advancements to aid in the repair and growth of existing tissues in vivo (inside the body).

challenges in systems engineering

Many considerations and interrelations Many different and perhaps controversial value judgments Knowledge from several disciplines Knowledge at the levels of principles, practices and perspectives Considerations involving product definition, development and deployment Risks and uncertainties involving future events which are difficult to predict A fragmented decision making structure

orthopedic biomechanics

Mechanics of fracture and fracture fixation, mechanics of implants and implant fixation, mechanics of bones and joints, wear of natural and artificial joints.

biosignal processing

Noise reduction and signal enhancement feature extraction pattern recognition diagnosis

stem cell research

Regenerate Differentiate Produce any type of tissue Technological advances Regenerative medicine - stem cells Blood forming system Multiple Sclerosis Macular Degeneration Heart Disease Diabetes

systems engineering

The function of systems engineering is to guide the engineering of complex systems. "Guide" is defined as "to lead, manage, or direct, usually based on the superior experience in pursuing a given course" and "to show the way." So system engineers select the path to follow (out of many) System: "a set of interrelated components working together toward some common objective." Engineering: "the application of scientific principles to practical ends; as the design, construction and operation of efficient and economical structures, equipment, and systems."

biotechnology

Use living systems and organisms to make products Bioengineering Biomanufacturing insulin (Genentech) vaccines biologics - monoclonal antibodies Genomics - computational biology recombinant gene techniques - genetic engineering pharmaceuticals Diagnostics

the power of systems engineering

Vast Influence over system design Success vs. Failure Multidisciplinary Accumulate a working knowledge to work effectively in a given field Common principles i.e. signal gain, transfer functions, detector sensitivity Blood Cell Analyzer Example: contains Optics, Fluidics, Electronics, Computer Algorithm, Software, Firmware, LIMS, Automation Process: Therac-25 case study Radiation therapy machine 6 accidents between 1985 and 1987 giving patients massive overdoses of radiation Thousands of times greater than intended, death and serious injury resulted Bad design and development practices

microscopy

Wide-field and confocal intensity distributions

Orthopedic prosthetics

a "replacement" limb . must be comfortable, aesthetically pleasing, convenient, and simple in attachment.

Biomaterial

a substance that has been engineered to take a form which, alone or as part of a complex system, is used to direct, by control of interactions with components of living systems, the course of any therapeutic or diagnostic procedure. --polymer synthesis and characterization --drug and gene vector design --biology of the host response --immunology and toxicology --self assembly at the nanoscale Clinical applications include the therapies of medical technology and regenerative medicine in all clinical disciplines, and diagnostic systems that reply on contrast and sensing agents. Fields such as cancer diagnosis and therapy, implantable devices, drug delivery systems, gene vectors, bionanotechnology and tissue engineering.

x-ray

an X-ray beam is passed through the body where a portion of the X-rays are either absorbed or scattered by the internal structures, and the remaining X-ray pattern is transmitted to a detector

genomics

data analysis, modeling, statistics

biosensors

detects analyte combined with a biological component of a detector (bioreceptor) Antibody/antigen interactions Artificial binding proteins Enzymatic interactions Affinity binding receptors Nucleic acid interactions Organelles Cells Tissue

ergonomics

human factors engineering, an applied science that coordinates the design of devices, systems, and physical working conditions with the capacities and requirements of the worker.

medical imaging--- Computed Tomography (CT)

many X-ray images are recorded as the detector moves around the patient's body. A computer reconstructs all the individual images into cross-sectional images or "slices" of internal organs and tissues

neural prosthetics

may be powered by the human body— may operate from electrical signals sent via electrodes from an external source to the peripheral muscle neuron—or they may be powered externally. "Brain Machine Interface" Cochlear implant or used to guide assistive technologies, such as prosthetic arms

medical imaging-- MRI

strong magnetic fields and radio waves (radiofrequency energy) to make images. The signal comes mainly from the protons in fat and water molecules in the body.

Bioinstrumentation

transduction and measurement of physiological quantities

medical imaging-- ultrasound

uses high-frequency sound waves to view inside the body. Because ultrasound images are captured in real-time, they can also show movement of the body's internal organs as well as blood flowing through the blood vessels.