BMED 3102 - Midterm (IRATs)

The cell bodies of the primary afferent pain neuron from the body,face, and head are located in the dorsal root ganglia and in the trigeminal ganglia respectively

False; Spino and trigeminal

The scotopic, light-adapted system operates at high levels of illumination

False; scotopic is dark (dark is scary)

An individual is struggling with understanding spoken and written language. The area that is most likely affected in this person is

Frontal and parietal

The central sulcus separates the

Frontal and parietal lobes

Which neurotransmitter is released by inhibitory neurons?

Glycine and GABA

Which one of the following factors does not activate nocireceptors?

Glycine does not active nocireceptors

Which of the following are characteristics of the primary visual cortex "blob" neurons?

Have color opponent receptive fields.

The level of the following receptor is only linked to G protein?

Histamine

There is a phase of the action potential during which time the membrane potential can be more negative than the resting potential. This phase of the action potential is called:

Hyperpolarization / undershoot

Classical conditioning is an example of

Implicit memory

How does black widow spider venom effect neuromuscular junctions?

Increasing releasing of neurotransmitters

Which of the following is effective in increasing the level of acetylcholine in the synapse or neuromuscular junction?

Inhibiting AChE

What does IPSP stand for?

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Which two lobes of cerebral are not true lobes?

Insular and limbic

TEA blocks

K

An endplate potential in a skeletal muscle cell could in principle be produced by a decreased permeability to which of the following ions?

K+

Which one of the following nucleus is thalamic nucleus of the visual system?

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Which one of the following pathways does not transmit pain information to the CNS?

Medial lemniscal does not transmit to CNS

Neural tube expands in the front of the embryo to form the fine subs. Which one of the following differentiates to form substantia nigra?

Mesencephalon

The midbrain can also be referred to as the

Mesencephalon

Following damage to nervous tissue, ______ proliferate and migrate to the site of injury where they clear cellular debris by phagocytosis.

Microglia

TTX, which comes from the: Japanese puffer fish, blocks:

Na

Bipolar cells can generate action potentials

No, they cannot

An individual is struggling to identify basic colors. Which area of the brain is most likely affected?

Occipital

the primary visual cortex receiving area is in the

Occipital lobe

The role of _______ in the cns is the formation and maintenance of myelin

Oligodendrocytees

Which one of the following cell types are macroglia?

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal,schwann cells

Wernicke's area is located in

Parietal/temporal lobe

How the endplate potential propagate?

Passively and with decrement

The axons in the optic tract terminate in four nuclei within the brain. which one is responsible for reflex control of pupil to light

Pretectum of the midbrain

The word NURSE is recognized more quickly following the word DOCTOR than following the word BREAD. This is an example of___that involves the neocortex.

Priming

Which of the following terms refers to loss of old memories?

Retrograde amnesia

Another term for hindbrain is

Rhombocephalon

The role of ______ in the pns is the formation and maintenance of myelin.

Schwann cells

What does hippocampus mean in greek

Seahorse

Skin nocireceptor may be divided into different categories based on function. Which one of the following belongs to skin nocireceptor? category

Skin Muscles, all of the above

Wernicke's area is particular important in the

Speech (cant remember exactly but it was the only answer with speech in it)

What is another name for the primary visual cortex?

Striate

The axons in the optic tract terminate in four nuclei within the brain. which one is responsible for regulation of circadian rhythm

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Nociceptors are sensory receptors that detect signals from damaged tissue or the threat of damage and indirectly also reopened in chemicals released from the damaged tissue. Nocioreceptors are free ()nerve endings found in the skin,muscle,joints,bone and viscera. Recently, it was found that nerve endings contain ____ channel that sense and detect damage

TRP

Where is the blind spot located in the visual field?

Temporal hemifield

The mild hearing loss and its effect on speech

Temporal lobe

Exposing the skin to controlled heat (produced by a heating element or laser) makes it possible to measure the threshold for pain. When the temperature of the skin reaches ___+- 1C, subjects report pain. This temperature denatures tissue protein and elicits damage in all subjects.

45 degrees

Like the retina, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is a laminated structure, in this case, with ___ principal layers of cells

6

Curare blocks the endplate potential because it is a competitive inhibitor -------, the transmitter released at the presynaptic terminal.

ACh

At synaptic junctions released ACh is rapidly hydrolyzed by the enzyme:

AChE

A period of time after the initiation of one action potential when it is impossible to initiate a second action potential no matter how much the cell is depolarized is called:

Absolute refractory period

Outputs or efferents from hippocampus pass to

All of the above

The muscarinic receptors can:

All of the above

What is an advantage of using Aplysia in neuroscience studies?

All of the above

Which part of the brain is involved with emotional memories?

Amygdala

Whereas H.M. had a great difficulty forming new memories for facts and events, he still had all of his old memories for facts and events. This type of memory deficit is called:

Anterograde amnesia

Which cell type projects to the surface of neurons, blood vessels, ependyma and the meninges?

Astrocytes

What is retinitis pigmentosa?

Autosomal recessive disorder in which the genetic defects cause cell death predominantly in the rod photoreceptors; all of the above

The cone-shaped region of the cell body where the action potential is initiated is called:

Axon hillock

Limbic is a latin term

Border

Which one of the following is not of the limbic system

Broca

All of the following is characteristic of the cornea of the eye except:

Cataracts are formed when damaged

What are the fundamental differences between the process of synaptic transmission in the CNS vs the neuromuscular junction?

CNS uses different neurotransmitters and neuromuscular junctions have a larger potential

Hindbrain develops into which one of following

Cerebellum, pons and medulla

What anatomical structure is part of the telencephalon?

Cerebral cortex

Which brain structure derives from the forebrain?

Cerebral cortex

The presence of Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) is the marker that a neuron is:

Cholinergic

The process by which an initially labile memory is transformed into a more enduring form is called:

Consolidation

What is optic disk

Corresponds to the location of the blind spot.

What factors control the duration of EPSP at the neuromuscular junction?

Diffusion and Ach-ase

The first step in the synthesis of catecholamines is the hydroxylation of tyrosine to form

Dopa

Gap junctions are associated with:

Electrical

Which one of the following major input of hippocampus

Entorhinal cortex

C- Fibers comprise about 10% of all the fibers carrying sensation? Input

False

Learning is due to a reorganization of neurons or the growth of new neurons.

False

Two sequential pain sensations in short time intervals is the result of sudden painful stimulation. The first one is immediately after damage. It is followed several seconds later with additional pain sensations. These two separate sensations are several seconds apart because a fast transmitting information sensation is carried via C fibers and is followed several seconds later with slow transmitting pain information carried via A delta fibers. This phenomenon is known as "Double pain sensation"

False, because it is carried by A fibers

GABA and glycine ionotropic receptors are selectively permeable to K+ (reversal potential near -70mv). When they open, they cause the neuron to hyperpolarize and therefore drive the membrane potential away from the threshold for firing an action potential.

False; GABA

Which of the following account for the ability of rod bipolar cells to detect and signal light at lower illumination levels than cone bipolar cells?

The rod-biplar cells projections are denser than the cone-bipolar cells projections

What is the main function of the corpus callosum?

To transmit information between the two cerebral hemispheres.

Allodynia in pain resulting from a stimulus that does not normally produce pain

True

Consider a motor neuron that receives two inputs. An action potential produced in sensory neuron 1 produces a 1 mV EPSP and a single action potential in sensory neuron 2 also produces a 1 mV EPSP. If action potentials are produced simultaneously in sensory neuron 1 and in sensory neuron 2, the EPSPs summate to produce a summated EPSP which is twice that of the individual EPSPs. This is called spatial summation.

True

Nearly half of US pregnancies are unplanned

True

Neuronal responses in visual cortex exhibit plasticity at different time scales, short term and long term, - this plasticity allows visual cortex to construct an accurate picture of the world that can rapidly adapt to match the changes in the environment

True

No nocieceptors are found inside the CNS

True

The retina is mapped onto the LGN and striate cortex in an organized (topographic) fashion. consequently, neighboring parts of retina project to neighboring part of LGN and neighboring parts of LGN project tp neighboring parts of striate cortex. this retinographic organization in the visual pathway results in a spatial representation pf visual field in the LGN and visual cortex.

True

The striatum is involved with memories for skills and habits

True

Visual field defects are areas of loss of vision in the visual field. Visual field defects are detected by perimetry testing, during which the patient fixates his eyes on a target and his ability to detect a small object in specific positions in space is determined

True

The retina is a laminated structure consisting of alternating layers of cell bodies and cell processes

True ; cell

Cone receptors are concentrated in the fovea of the eye, whereas rod receptors are concentrated in more peripheral retina

True ; cone

Sensitization is defined as the enhancement of the response to a test stimulus as a result of delivering a strong generally noxious stimulus to the animal.

True ; definition

GABA mediates the majority of inhibitory synaptic actions in the CNS. GABA is synthesized from glutamine in a reaction catalyzed by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)

True; GABA

Which type of ganglion cells are color insensitive

Type M

Which of the following neurotoxin behave similarly to curare?

𝛂- bungarotoxin