Boating

PWC Safety: Stay Aware of Traffic

Because a PWC is very maneuverable, it is possible to get into trouble fast. Here are some important things to do when operating a PWC. - Do not ride too closely behind another PWC. If it turns sharply or if it stalls, you could collide with it; if the other rider falls off, you could run over him or her. - Always look behind you over both shoulders before making turns; another boat may be too close behind you. - Be aware of all traffic in your boating area; don't focus just on the short distance ahead. - Always remember that operating a PWC has the same responsibilities as operating any other motorboat.

To minimize the risk of an accident, what should you do if your group plans to consume alcohol?

Have a non-drinker operate the vessel.

What is the best way to minimize the risk of drowning while boating?

Have everyone wear an appropriate PFD at all times.

Which of these is a factor that determines if a speed is safe for your boat?

Hazards in the water

PWC Safety Practices

Here are some of the safe PWC practices. Regulations concerning PWC can vary from state to state. - A PWC is very maneuverable and responsive to slight turns of the steering control. At high speeds, a quick turn can make the PWC unstable, causing the operator and passengers to fall off. This is why most states require that everyone on board a PWC wear a PFD. - Any passenger on a PWC should be able to hold on securely to the person in front of them or to the handholds, while keeping both feet firmly on the footrests. Children who are too small to be able to do this should not ride. - A passenger on a PWC should never be seated in front of the operator. - Keep hands, feet, loose clothing, and hair away from the pump intake area. Before cleaning debris from the pump intake, be sure to shut off the engine. - The jet of water exiting the steering nozzle at the rear of the PWC can cause severe internal injuries. Anyone riding on a PWC should wear a wetsuit or other clothing that provides similar protection. Also, keep everyone clear of the steering nozzle unless the PWC is shut off. - Never exceed the manufacturer's recommended capacity for your PWC. - Know your limits, and ride according to your abilities.

Sailing Safety Tips

Here are some tips for safe sailing. Stay off the water during storms or periods of high winds. Carry a flashlight in case you remain on the water after dark. Shine the light on a sail to warn approaching vessels of your presence if you have no navigation lights or if another vessel does not see your navigation lights. Remember that sailboats with an engine must have the red, green, and white navigation lights. Remember that the mast can be a conductor for lightning. Be aware of masthead clearance when passing under power lines and bridges.

VHF Marine Radio Channels

Here are the most commonly used channels on United States waters. Channel 6: Intership safety communications. Channel 9: Communications between vessels (commercial and recreational), and ship to coast (calling channel in designated USCG Districts). Channel 13: Strictly for navigational purposes by commercial, military, and recreational vessels at bridges, locks, and harbors. Channel 16: Distress and safety calls to Coast Guard and others, and to initiate calls to other vessels; often called the "hailing" channel. (Some regions use other channels as the hailing channel. For example, the Northeast uses Channel 9.) When hailing, contact the other vessel, quickly agree to another channel, and then switch to that channel to continue conversation. Channel 22: Communications between the Coast Guard and the maritime public, both recreational and commercial. Severe weather warnings, hazards to navigation, and other safety warnings are broadcast on this channel. Channels 24-28: Public telephone calls (to marine operator). Channels 68, 69, and 71: Recreational vessel radio channels and ship to coast. Channel 70: Digital selective calling "alert channel."

cowl

Hooded opening designed to scoop in air

houseboat

A ship, boat, raft, float, catamaran, or marine craft of any description that has sleeping and toilet facilities, regardless of whether such facilities are of a permanent or temporary nature

Lanyard

A short section of rope or strap, one end of which is attached to a worker's safety harness and the other to a strong anchor point above the work area.

When you are boating on a lake and the weather turns bad, what should you do first?

Be sure all on board are wearing USCG-approved PFDs.

Multi-Hull

Hull Type: Displacement Advantages: Has greater stability because of its wide beam. Disadvantages: Needs a large area when turning.

Round-Bottomed Hull

Hull Type: Displacement Advantages: Moves easily through the water even at slow speeds. Disadvantages: Has a tendency to roll unless it has a deep keel or stabilizers.

Deep-Vee Hull

Hull Type: Planing Advantages: Gives a smoother ride than a flat-bottomed hull in rough water. Disadvantages: Takes more power to move at the same speed as flat-bottomed hulls. May roll or bank in sharp turns.

Flat-bottomed hull

Hull Type: planing Advantages: Has a shallow draft, which is good for fishing in small lakes and rivers. Disadvantages: Rides roughly in choppy waters.

You are out on the water in foggy conditions. You hear one prolonged blast every two minutes. What does this sound signal mean?

I am a power-driven vessel underway.

give-way vessel

The vessel that is required to take early and substantial action to keep well away from other vessels by stopping, slowing down or changing course

stand-on vessel

The vessel that must maintain its course and speed unless it becomes apparent that the give-way boat is not taking appropriate action; if you must take action, do not turn toward the give-way boat or cross in front of it

How do most anchors hold a recreational boat in place?

by digging into the bottom when pulled horizontally

What is a leading cause of death for paddlers in small crafts, such as canoes, kayaks, and rafts?

capsizing

What colorless, odorless, poisonous gas is a by-product of gasoline engines?

carbon monoxide

Who may depart from the Navigation Rules?

anyone who needs to avoid a collision

Who may depart from the navigation rules?

anyone who needs to avoid a collision

Which of the following actions is legal on New Hampshire state waters?

changing course suddenly after making sure there is no danger of collision with another vessel

Sound signals

check word

How should a trailer's safety chains be attached to the towing vehicle?

crisscrossed under the trailer coupler

fender

cushioning device placed between vessels or between a vessel and a dock to prevent damage

You see a white marker with and orange diamond and black lettering. What does this buoy tell you.

danger or hazard

At what point should you open all windows and hatches when fueling?

either before or after fueling

What piece of equipment on a boat is most important in preventing propeller strike injuries?

engine cut-off switch lanyard

What causes a PFD to wear out over time?

exposure to ultraviolet rays from the sun

What should you leave with a friend or relative before a long outing on the water?

float plan

A fire extinguisher is labeled 5-B. What type of fire will be put out by this extinguisher?

gasoline

When taken with other evidence, what blood alcohol concentration can be used to determine if you are under the influence?

greater than 0.03% but less than 0.08%

Which of these is a factor that determines if a speed is safe for your boat?

hazards in the water

You are operating a powerboat at night. Your green sidelight must be visible to boats approaching from which direction(s)?

head-on and starboard (right)

upcurrent

in the direction that is against the current

downwind

in the direction that the wind is blowing

You see a white buoy with an orange square and black letters. What does this buoy tell you?

information or directions

What is the primary danger during the first 3-5 minutes if you are suddenly immersed in cold water?

involuntary gasping, leading to water inhalation and drowning

You are operating a PWC. You are heading straight toward a dock. You turn the engine off and then turn the steering control hard right. Which way will the PWC go?

it will continue straight toward the dock

What should you do to avoid colliding with another vessel

keep a proper lookout for other vessels at all times

Which practice reduces the risk of a dangerous boating emergency?

maintaining a safe speed based on the boat traffic

What is the important safety information found on a boat's capacity plate?

maximum weight and/or number of people the boat can carry safely

Steering control

means of controlling the steering nozzle

Which type of anchor should be used for small, lightweight boats?

mushroom-style

To meet the requirement for the number of VDSs on board, what must be true about pyrotechnic VDSs?

must be unexpired

What safety practice is required for children 12 years of age and younger whenever they are on board a vessel, unless the vessel is completely enclosed by childproof railings at least three feet high?

must wear a USCG-approved life jacket

What type of waste products may be discharged into U.S. waters?

none

What determines how many wearable PFDs are required on board a vessel?

number of people on board

You are towing a water-skier behind a vessel. What are you required to have on your vessel?

observer at least 13 years old

Which U.S. Coast Guard-approved equipment is required for all vessels?

personal flotation devices

Which side of a boat has a red light at night?

port (left)

What is needed for steering control on a PWC?

power to the jet drive

Alcohol can reduce your ability to distinguish between two colors. What are these colors?

red and green

Safety Lanyard

short cord for attaching the engine cut off switch to the operators wrist or personal flotation device (PFD, life jacket).

What should you do if the motor on your boat catches fire?

shut off fuel supply if possible

What is most likely to cause someone to fall overboard?

standing up in a boat

Parts of a PWC from front view?

starboard, throttle lever, steering control, safety lanyard, port, and fuel cap.

During what hours is it legal to tow a person on water skis behind a vessel?

sunrise to sunset

In New Hampshire, during what hours is it legal to operate a ski craft?

sunrise to sunset

A PWC is overtaking another vessel. Which vessel must give way?

the PWC

What does a green, can-shaped buoy mark?

the edge of a channel on your left when heading upstream

Who is responsible for avoiding a collision between two boats?

the operator of both boats

Starboard

the right side of a ship

Which of the following best describes "headway speed" under New Hampshire boating law?

the slowest speed at which it is still possible to maintain steering

Why should a vessel operator keep a proper lookout?

to avoid collisions

It is a good idea for all boaters to use a pre-departure checklist. Why?

to ensure safety

Swamp

to fill with water

capsize

to turn on the side or turn completely over

What should you do to reduce the risk of capsizing or swamping your boat in rough water?

turn at controlled speeds

gunwale

upper edge of vessel's side (generally pronounced gunnel)

On state waters, which vessels operating under engine power are required to carry a hand, mouth, or power whistle audible for ONE-HALF mile?

vessels 16 feet to less than 26 feet long

Operating a "Ski Craft"

"Ski craft" may be operated on any lake, pond, river, or coastal water during daylight hours (sunrise to sunset) only. It is illegal to operate a "ski craft" at greater than headway speed if within 150 feet of swimmers in the water, other vessels or "ski craft," rafts or floats, docks, swimming areas, or mooring fields. It is illegal to operate a "ski craft" within a cove (a bay or inlet that does not exceed 1,000 feet at its widest point) or within 300 feet of shore unless the "ski craft" is proceeding at headway speed directly to an area where "ski craft" operation is permitted. "Ski craft" must operate in a responsible manner. It is illegal to: Weave a "ski craft" through congested waterway traffic. Get dangerously close to another vessel, person, or object such that you are required to swerve at the last possible moment in order to avoid a collision. Operate a "ski craft" in any other careless or negligent way or in a way that endangers the life, limb, or property of others. "Ski craft" may not be operated on any lake, pond, or river where the operation of "ski craft" is prohibited by law. (Operation of a "ski craft" is prohibited on any pond or lake less than 75 acres in area.)

Ventilation System Requirements

* If your vessel is equipped with a power ventilation system, turn it on for at least four minutes in either of these situations: - After fueling - Before starting the engine * If your vessel is not equipped with a power ventilation system (for example, a PWC), open the engine compartment and sniff for gasoline fumes before starting the engine.

Failure to Follow the Navigational Rules

* New Hampshire law states that these dangerous operating practices are illegal. * Failure to Follow the Navigational Rules is not observing the navigational rules described in Unit 3. In addition, it is unlawful to: - Fail to stop or reverse when it appears that there is danger of collision. - Change course suddenly without first determining that it can be done without crossing immediately ahead of another vessel.

Buoy

* see word: Vessels operating on New Hampshire waters must observe these rules when encountering spar buoys.

Safe Boater Education Certificate

- A Safe Boater Education Certificate may be obtained by persons 16 years of age or older only and must be carried on board. - New Hampshire accepts the following boating education certificates: - A boating certificate issued by, or on behalf of, another state agency and NASBLA approved - A boating certificate issued by the U.S. Power Squadron - A boating certificate issued by the USCG Auxiliary - An unexpired commercial boating license issued by the USCG - An unexpired commercial boating license issued by New Hampshire - A certificate issued in Canada that has been approved by Transport Canada * If you wish to operate a motorboat on New Hampshire waters and you do not have any of the above certificates, please visit the New Hampshire Department of Safety Boating Education Program website or call them at 1-888-254-2125.

The Capacity Plate

- A boat operator should never take a boat on the water with too many people or too much gear on board. Boats loaded beyond their capacity will swamp or capsize more easily and will be more difficult to control. - Look for a capacity plate near the operator's position or on the transom of the boat. This plate indicates the maximum weight capacity and/or the maximum number of people that the boat can carry safely in good weather. * You should not exceed either the stated maximum weight capacity or the maximum number of people. * Maximum weight is the combined weight of passengers, gear, and motors. * In many states, it is a violation to exceed capacity. - Federal law requires single-hull boats less than 20 feet in length to have a capacity plate. (However, PWC and sailboat manufacturers are not required to attach a capacity plate.) Always follow the recommended capacity found in the owner's manual and on the manufacturer's warning decal. Never exceed these capacity recommendations. - Important * On outboard boats, the capacity plate also will display the recommended maximum horsepower rating of the boat. Your boat's motor should never exceed this rating. *

Mufflers and Noise Level Limits

- All vessel engines must be equipped with an effective muffling device or underwater exhaust. - The noise level of any motorized vessel must not exceed these limits. * Stationary test limit: - 90 decibels for engines manufactured prior to January 1, 1991 - 88 decibels for engines manufactured on or after January 1, 1991 - Moving test limit as measured on the A scale and from a distance of 50 feet: * 84 decibels for engines manufactured prior to January 1, 1991 * 82 decibels for engines manufactured on or after January 1, 1991 - A vessel may be equipped with a switchable device that will reduce the exhaust noise level in compliance with the decibel limits.

New Hampshire law requires the following with respect to life jackets (PFDs)

- All vessels must carry one wearable (Type I, II, III, or V) USCG-approved life jacket for each person on board. Type V life jackets must be worn to be acceptable. - In addition to the above requirements, vessels 16 feet in length or longer (except canoes and kayaks) must have one Type IV USCG-approved throwable device on board and immediately available. - Children 12 years of age and younger must wear a USCG-approved life jacket at all times while underway on a vessel, unless the vessel is completely enclosed by railings at least three feet high and constructed such that a small child cannot fall through them. It is strongly recommended that children of all ages wear their life jackets. - The operator of a "ski craft" must wear a USCG-approved life jacket. - Each person being towed behind a vessel must wear a USCG-approved life jacket. - A person using a stand-up paddleboard must have a Type I, II, or III life jacket on board. New Hampshire law requires any person under the age of 13 to wear a life jacket. - All life jackets must be in good and serviceable condition and must be readily accessible. The life jackets must be of the proper size for the intended wearer. Sizing for life jackets is based on body weight and chest size and can be determined by the manufacturer's label.

Inboard Engines

- An inboard is a four-stroke automotive engine adapted for marine use. Inboard engines are mounted inside the hull's midsection or in front of the transom. - The engine turns a drive shaft that runs through the bottom of the hull and is attached to a propeller at the other end. - Many PWC have two-stroke inboard engines that burn oil as a lubricant along with the fuel. New-technology two-stroke PWC engines are direct-injection engines and burn cleaner than conventional PWC engines. - Steering of most inboard vessels, except PWC and jet-drive boats, is controlled by a rudder behind the propeller.

Outboard engines

- An outboard is a portable, self-contained package of an engine, gear case, and propeller that is attached to the transom of a boat. - A growing number of outboard engines are of four-stroke design, but many are still conventional two-stroke engines that burn oil as a lubricant along with the fuel. New-technology two-stroke outboards are direct-injection engines and burn over 75% cleaner than conventional two-stroke outboards. - Outboards have more power per pound of weight than do inboard engines. - Steering of outboard boats is controlled by a tiller or steering wheel that swivels the entire engine to direct propeller thrust.

Planing Hulls - Boats with planing hulls are designed to rise up and glide on top of the water when enough power is supplied. These boats may operate like displacement hulls when at rest or at slow speeds but climb toward the surface of the water as they move faster.

- Boats with planing hulls can skim along at high speed, riding almost on top of the water rather than pushing it aside. - Flat-bottomed and vee-bottomed hull shapes act as planing hulls. Most small power-driven vessels, including personal watercraft (PWC), and some small sailboats have planing hulls, allowing them to travel more rapidly across the water.

How planing hulls operate

- Displacement Mode: A planing hull, when operated at very slow speeds, will cut through the water like a displacement hull. - Plowing Mode: As speed increases, a planing hull will have a raised bow, reducing the operator's vision and throwing a very large wake. Avoid maintaining a speed that puts your boat in plowing mode. - Planing Mode: Your boat is in planing mode when enough power is applied so that the hull glides on top of the water. Different boats reach planing mode at different speeds.

PWC Courtesy: Limit Your Noise

- Excessive noise from PWC often makes them unwelcome with other boat operators, as well as with people on shore. Here are some tips on how you can be a courteous PWC operator. * Vary your operating area, and do not keep repeating the same maneuver. * Avoid congregating with other PWC operators near shore, which increases annoying noise levels. * Avoid making excessive noise near residential and camping areas. Excessive use in one area can be an irritant to people who are there to enjoy a quiet and relaxing time. * Avoid maneuvers that cause the engine exhaust to lift out of the water because that increases noise levels. *Do not modify your engine exhaust system if it increases the noise. Improperly modified exhausts will not make your PWC faster and may raise the noise to an illegal level. - Share the waterways responsibly with other boaters, fishermen, swimmers, surfers, or skiers. Respect their right to use the waterways safely and enjoyably.

Traffic Signal Lights at Locks

- Flashing red light means stay well clear of the lock and do not enter. Allow plenty of room for boats to exit the lock. - Flashing amber light means approach the lock at a safe speed and under full control. - Flashing green light means enter the lock.

What Boaters Should Do When Using Locks

- Have fenders and at least 100 feet of rope to use in securing your boat inside the lock. - Follow the lock attendant's instructions and proceed slowly. - Avoid passing another boat when inside the lock, unless directed to do so by the lock attendant. - Wait for the lock attendant's signal to exit the lock.

Displacement hulls - boats with displacement hulls move through the water by pushing the water aside and are designed to cut through the water with very little propulsion

- If you lower a boat into the water, some of the water moves out of the way to adjust for the boat. If you could weigh that displaced water, you would find it equals the weight of the boat. That weight is the boat's displacement. - Boats with displacement hulls are limited to slower speeds. - A round-bottomed hull shape acts as a displacement hull. Most large cruisers and most sailboats have displacement hulls, allowing them to travel more smoothly through the water.

Common Non-Lateral Markers

- Information: Squares provide information such as places to find food, supplies, and repairs; and they give directions, distances, and other non-regulatory information. - Danger Area: Diamonds warn of dangers such as rocks, shoals, construction, dams, or stumps. Always proceed with caution and keep a safe distance. Never assume that every hazard will be marked by a buoy. - Controlled Area: Circles indicate a controlled area such as no wake, idle speed, speed limit, or ski zone. - Exclusion Area: Crossed diamonds indicate areas off limits to all boats, such as swimming areas, dams, and spillways.

Jet Drives

- Jet drives use an engine to power a strong water pump. The pump sucks up water and then forces a jet of water out the back of the vessel to thrust the vessel forward. Directing this jet of water steers the vessel. - PWC are the most common type of vessels that use a jet drive. - Jet drives also may power larger vessels (jet boats) and are used commonly for vessels designed for shallow water conditions. Jet boats can have inboard or outboard jet drives.

Before Casting off

- Keep your boat tied to the dock while you warm up the engine. - Make sure everyone on board is seated and wearing a personal flotation device (PFD). - Check that the engine is running properly and the departure area is clear of traffic. Then begin to cast off. - Important *These casting off and docking procedures are for small, single-engine boats. Procedures for large boats, sailboats, or boats with twin engines will vary.*

Lateral Markers: Other Kinds of Buoys and Markers

- Lighted Buoys: These buoys use the lateral marker shapes, colors, and numbers discussed previously. In addition, they have a matching colored light. - Daymarks: These markers are permanently placed signs attached to structures, such as posts, in the water. Common daymarks are red triangles (equivalent to nuns) and green squares (equivalent to cans). These may be lit.

Boater's Tip - Night Navigation

- Make sure your navigation lights are working correctly, and carry extra bulbs. - Use an all-round white light whenever the vessel is at anchor. - Reduce speed and proceed with caution. Never be in a hurry. - Be especially alert for everything in front of you. Avoid traveling alone at night; extra eyes can help you navigate. - Stop if visibility is severely restricted, and use your sound signals to alert others in the area.

Power-Driven Vessel Encountering Power-Driven Vessel

- Meeting Head-On: Neither vessel is the stand-on vessel. Both vessels should turn to starboard (the right). - Paths That Cross: The vessel on the operator's port (left) is the give-way vessel. The vessel on the operator's starboard (right) is the stand-on vessel. - Overtaking: The vessel that is overtaking another vessel is the give-way vessel. The vessel being overtaken is the stand-on vessel.

PWC Encountering PWC

- Meeting Head-On: Neither vessel is the stand-on vessel. Both vessels should turn to starboard (the right). - Paths That Cross: The vessel on the operator's port (left) side is the give-way vessel. The vessel on the operator's starboard (right) side is the stand-on vessel. - Overtaking: The vessel that is overtaking another vessel is the give-way vessel. The vessel being overtaken is the stand-on vessel.

Power-Driven Vessel Encountering Sailing Vessel

- Meeting Head-On: The power-driven vessel is the give-way vessel. The sailing vessel is the stand-on vessel. - Paths That Cross: The power-driven vessel is the give-way vessel. The sailing vessel is the stand-on vessel. - Overtaking: The vessel that is overtaking another vessel is the give-way vessel, regardless of whether it is a sailing vessel or a power-driven vessel. The vessel being overtaken is always the stand-on vessel.

Lateral Markers: Shapes

- Nun Buoys: These cone-shaped buoys are always marked with red markings and even numbers. They mark the edge of the channel on your starboard (right) side when entering from the open sea or heading upstream. - Can Buoys: These cylindrical-shaped buoys are always marked with green markings and odd numbers. They mark the edge of the channel on your port (left) side when entering from the open sea or heading upstream.

Types of anchors:

- Plow-Style Anchor: This anchor is good for most boats and gets its holding power by plowing into bottom sediment. - Fluke-Style Anchor: This anchor (commonly referred to as Danforth) is similar to the plow style but is more lightweight. It is also good for most boats and gets its holding power from its pointed flukes digging into bottom sediment. - Mushroom-Style Anchor: This anchor gets its holding power by sinking into bottom sediment. It should not be used to anchor boats larger than a small canoe, rowboat, small sailboat, or inflatable boat, as the holding power is weak. You should never depend on a mushroom anchor to hold your boat in rough water or weather.

Before Docking

- Reduce speed to the minimum required to maintain steerage. Use reverse gear to bring the boat to a stop well away from the dock. - Determine the wind and/or current direction while stopped by observing which way your boat drifts. If possible, make your approach into the wind or current, whichever is stronger. This will give you more control. - Have bow and stern lines ready, and put boat fenders in place. Never plan to stop a moving boat with your arms or legs. - When the area is clear of traffic, continue your approach.

Other Non-Lateral Markers

- Safe Water Markers: These are white with red vertical stripes and indicate unobstructed water on all sides. They mark mid-channels or fairways and may be passed on either side. - Mooring Buoys: These are white with a blue horizontal band. They usually are placed in marinas and other areas where boats are allowed to anchor. These are the only buoys you may tie up to legally. - Inland Waters Obstruction Markers: These are white with black vertical stripes and indicate an obstruction to navigation. You should not pass between these buoys and the nearest shore.

Stern Drives

- Stern drives are known also as inboard/outboards (I/Os) because they combine features found on both inboard and outboard engines. Stern-drive engines: * Are four-stroke automotive engines adapted for marine use and... * Are mounted inside the boat and.. * Are quieter and more fuel-efficient engines. - A stern-drive engine is attached through the transom to a drive unit (also called an "outdrive") that is essentially the lower unit of an outboard. The engine turns a drive shaft that is attached to a propeller at the other end. - Steering of stern-drive boats is controlled by the outdrive, which swivels like an outboard engine to direct propeller thrust.

Other Facts About Registering Your Vessel

- The Certificate of Registration expires on December 31 of each year. Owners of vessels that have been registered previously will be sent a renewal notice. - The owner of a numbered vessel must notify the Department of Safety, Division of Motor Vehicles, within 15 days if he or she changes address or if the vessel is lost, stolen and/or recovered, destroyed, abandoned, or sold. - Vessels registered in another state may operate on New Hampshire waters for 30 consecutive days before New Hampshire registration is required. - If you lose or destroy your Certificate of Registration or decals, you must apply for a duplicate and submit a processing fee. - Larger recreational vessels owned by U.S. citizens may (at the option of the owner) be documented by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). Call the USCG at 1-800-799-8362 for more information. Documented vessels also must obtain a New Hampshire registration and carry the Certificate of Registration on board. However, these vessels are not required to display their registration number, but they must display the validation decals within two feet of the extreme forward part of the bow. These vessels also must have the vessel name and hailing port clearly visible on both sides of the hull or on the transom

Parts of a sailboat

- Use of the wind is one of the oldest forms of powering a vessel. Sailboats range in size and complexity, but all have basically the same four components. * The hull carries the passengers and supports the rigging. * The rigging includes many parts of the sailboat, such as the lines (sheets and halyards), mainsail, headsail (jib), boom, and mast. * The keel or centerboard is attached to the bottom of the hull and keeps the boat from sliding sideways through the water. * The rudder is used to steer the sailboat, turned by a tiller or steering wheel.

Common Navigation Lights

- sidelights - sternlight - masthead light - all-round white light

Heading away from open water

-Red Right Returning: keep the red even-numbered on your right -he green odd-numbered buoys will be on your left

Docking with wind or current toward the dock

1. Approach slowly, parallel to the dock. 2. Let the wind or current carry your boat to the dock. Shift into gear briefly if you need to adjust position. 3. Secure the bow and stern lines.

Docking with no wind or current

1. Approach the dock slowly at a narrow angle (about 20 degrees). 2. When close enough, have a passenger step on shore and secure the bow line. 3. Swing the stern in with a line or boat hook, and secure it.

Docking with wind or current away from the dock

1. Approach the dock slowly at a sharp angle (about 40 degrees). 2. Use reverse to stop when close to the dock. Secure the bow line. 3. Put the boat in forward gear briefly, and slowly turn the steering wheel hard away from the dock—this will swing in the stern. Secure the stern line.

Casting Off With No Wind or Current

1. Cast off the bow and stern lines. 2. Shift to forward and slowly move forward, gradually turning your boat away from the dock.

Casting off with wind or current away from the dock

1. Cast off the bow and stern lines. 2. Use an oar or boat hook to keep the boat clear of the dock. Let the wind or current carry the boat away from the dock. 3. Once there is sufficient clearance, shift into forward gear and slowly leave the area.

Casting Off With Wind or Current Toward the Dock

1. Cast off the stern line. Move and secure the bow line to a mid-boat position on the dock. Make sure fenders are in place on the bow. 2. Put the boat into forward gear briefly, and turn the steering wheel hard toward the dock. Increase speed slowly until the stern is well clear of the dock. 3. Cast off the bow line. Back out slowly until you have room to shift into forward and turn away from the dock.

To minimize fumes after fueling:

1. open all opening on boat: windows, doors, hatches 2. run exhaust blower for four minutes 3. smell 4. ventilate

What minimum distance must be maintained from a U.S. Naval vessel?

100 yards

You are operating a ski craft at GREATER THAN "headway speed." How far must you stay from other vessels?

150 feet

You have a Safe Boater Education Certificate. According to New Hampshire law, how old must you be to operate a vessel powered by more than 25 horsepower without supervision?

16 years of age

Preventing a Collision

A collision occurs when your boat or PWC collides with another vessel or with a fixed or floating object, such as a rock, log, bridge, or dock. Collisions can cause very serious damage, injury, or even death. It is every vessel operator's responsibility to avoid a collision. To prevent a collision, boat and PWC operators should: Follow the rules of navigation. Pay attention to navigational aids. Keep a sharp watch and appoint one person to be the "lookout." Maintain a safe speed, especially in congested traffic and at night. Look in all directions before making any turn. Use caution if you are traveling directly into the sun's glare on the water. Never operate when fatigued, stressed, or consuming alcohol. Be aware that floating debris is more common after heavy rainfall.

personal flotation device (PFD)

A device designed to help you float when you are in the water; includes both wearable life jackets and throwable devices

Steering Compasses

A good compass and chart are always useful. Having a compass and knowing how to use it are invaluable when there is darkness, fog, or a storm. Therefore, it's a good idea to take a basic course in navigation, usually available from the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary, U.S. Power Squadrons, American Sailing Association, and others. A compass, which is used to assist in navigation, is an instrument that shows magnetic north. You must apply a correction to determine the direction of true north. The ability to steer a boat by a compass is useful if land is out of sight, visibility is reduced, or the boat operator is disoriented. Mount a boat compass away from iron, magnets, and electrical wiring and equipment. Practice with your compass and other navigation equipment in good weather. Make sure you know how to use them. This will give you confidence during bad weather.

Safety While Windsurfing

A growing water sport is windsurfing (or sailboarding). Windsurfers should: Dress appropriately.Wear a PFD.Wear a wetsuit to avoid hypothermia. Tell someone where you are going and when you expect to return. Give this person instructions on what to do or whom to call in case you are overdue. Avoid becoming overly fatigued. One danger of windsurfing is falling off the board and being too exhausted to swim back to it. If you feel weak, furl the sail, lie stomach-down on the board, and stroke to shore. Always be on the lookout for vessels, avoiding them and their wakes. Remember, your sail can block your view of approaching vessels. If operating in open water, be careful not to stray too far from shore.

Ski Craft

A motorized vessel that is less than 13 feet long, is capable of exceeding 20 miles per hour, and has the capacity to carry no more than an operator and one other person

River Hazards

A paddle trip downriver can include these river hazards. •Low-head dams: These structures are difficult to see and can trap boaters. Consult a map of the river before your trip, and know where dams are located. Always carry your craft around them. •Rapids: When approaching rapids, go ashore well upstream and check them out before continuing. If you see dangerous conditions, carry your craft around them. •Strainers: These river obstructions allow water to flow through but may block small boats. Strainers may include overhanging branches, logjams, or flooded islands.

A First-Aid Kit

A responsible vessel operator takes a certified course in first aid and CPR. Doing so enables you to respond quickly in emergency situations and to provide immediate care until the victim can be treated by a physician. When out boating, it can take a long time to get medical help. A responsible vessel operator also keeps a first-aid kit on board. It should be waterproof and include: An extra towel Antiseptic medications and lotions Aspirin or aspirin substitute Assorted gauze adhesive bandages and pads Cotton and cotton swabs Latex gloves Scissors

engine cut-off switch

A safety device that is designed to shut the engine down if the operator is thrown from the proper operating position

Increased Risk Due to Dehydration

A typical boating day in the summer causes your body to generate a large amount of heat. Sitting exposed in the sun increases your body heat. As you ride in a boat, your body automatically adjusts to the changing position of the boat. The exertion of this constant adjustment increases body heat. The way the body rids itself of increased heat is by sweating. Increased sweating will cause dehydration if fluids are not replaced. Dehydration will make you more fatigued and more at risk for a boating accident. The best way to minimize the risk of dehydration is to drink plenty of water—before, during, and after any water activities. A good rule of thumb while you are boating in warm weather is to drink some water every 15-20 minutes. Besides thirst, other signs of dehydration are a dry mouth, sleepiness, irritability, weakness, dizziness, and a headache. The first thing you should do if you experience any of these symptoms is to drink plenty of water. If possible, get out of the sun and rest. Serious dehydration may require medical attention.

Measuring Length Overall

A vessel's length overall dictates the equipment the vessel must have to comply with federal and state laws. Length overall is measured from the tip of the bow in a straight line to the stern of the vessel. Bowsprits; rudders; outboard motors and motor brackets; handles; and other fittings, attachments, and extensions are not included in the measurement.

After Fueling boat

After fueling: - Put the fill cap on tightly to prevent vapors from escaping. - Open all windows, ports, doors, and other openings. - If your boat is equipped with a power ventilation system (exhaust blower), turn it on for at least four minutes before starting your engine. This will help eliminate fuel vapors in the bilge. - Before starting the engine, sniff the bilge and engine compartment for fuel vapors. Continue ventilating until you cannot smell any fuel vapors. Consider installing a gas vapor detection and alarm device. - Start the engine and then reload your passengers. - Important * Evaporating gasoline creates vapors or fumes that are heavier than air. These fumes settle to the bottom of the boat where they could explode if enclosed areas, such as the bilge, are not ventilated properly to remove fumes.*

Understand Alcohol Impairment

Alcohol impairment increases the likelihood of accidents—for both passengers and vessel operators. Always designate non-drinking boaters to operate the vessel and to act as an observer if your group plans to consume alcohol. Do not allow your skipper to operate if he or she is drinking. Alcohol is a major contributor to boating accidents and fatalities.

Operating During Restricted Visibility

All operators should navigate with extreme caution if visibility is restricted. The following applies to vessels not in sight of one another. •Every vessel must proceed at a safe speed given the conditions of restricted visibility. A power-driven vessel must have its engines ready to maneuver immediately. •Unless a risk of collision does not exist, an operator who hears the fog signal of another vessel ahead, is in a close-quarters situation with another vessel ahead, or detects the presence of another vessel by radar must reduce speed to the minimum at which the vessel can be kept on course. If necessary, the operator should reduce speed to "idle speed."

Required Lights: All Vessels When Not Underway

All vessels are required to display a white light visible from all directions whenever they are moored or anchored outside a designated mooring area between sunset and sunrise.

Preventing CO Poisoning While Boating

Allow fresh air to circulate throughout the boat at all times, even during bad weather. Know where your engine and generator exhaust outlets are located and keep everyone away from these areas. Never sit on the back deck, "teak surf," or hang on the swim platform while the engines are running. Never enter areas under swim platforms where exhaust outlets are located—even for a second. One or two breaths in this area could be fatal. Ventilate immediately if exhaust fumes are detected on the boat. Install and maintain CO detectors inside your boat. Replace detectors as recommended by the manufacturer.

If an operator falls overboard, what can keep him or her from being the victim of a propeller strike?

An engine cut-off switch lanyard

What You Must Do if Involved in an Accident

An operator involved in a boating accident must: Stop his or her vessel immediately at the scene of the accident and... Assist anyone injured or in danger from the accident, unless doing so would seriously endanger his or her own vessel or passengers and... Give, in writing, his or her name, address, and vessel identification (registration number) to anyone injured and to the owner of any property damaged by the accident.

Pre-Departure Checklist

Another way you can ensure a good time while operating your vessel is to perform a pre-departure check. Check the weather forecast for the area and time frame during which you will be boating. Make sure the steering and throttle controls are operating properly. Check that all lights are working properly. Check for any fuel leaks from the tank, fuel lines, and carburetor. Check the engine compartment for oil leaks. Check hose connections for leaks or cracks, and make sure hose clamps are tight. Drain all water from the engine compartment, and be sure the bilge plug is replaced and secure. Make sure you have enough fuel or know where you can refuel. Check to be sure you have a fully charged engine battery and fire extinguishers. If so equipped, make sure the engine cut-off switch and wrist lanyard are in good order. Make sure that you have the required number of PFDs and that they are in good condition. Leave a float plan with a reliable friend or relative.

restricted visibility

Any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms, or any other similar causes

Reporting an Accident

Any person operating a vessel that is involved in an accident must submit a written accident report to the Division of Safety Services within 15 days after the accident. This is required when anyone is injured or killed or if damage to property exceeds $2,000. If the operator is physically or mentally incapable of making the accident report, it is the responsibility of the owner to prepare the report. You must follow the above requirements if you are involved in a boating accident. It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to file the accident report or to fail to comply with the requirements that apply when an accident results in property damage. It is a Class B felony to give false information about an accident or to fail to comply with the requirements that apply when an accident results in death or personal injury.

Risk of collision

Any situation when an approaching vessel continues on a collision course (the bearing of the approaching vessel does not change), or anytime you are approaching a very large vessel

engaged in commercial fishing

Any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls, or other fishing equipment that restricts maneuverability; however, does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing equipment that do not restrict maneuverability

How should you approach a dock when the wind or current is pushing you away from the dock?

Approach at a sharp angle (about 40 degrees). Secure the bow line first.

How should you approach a dock when the wind or current is pushing you toward the dock?

Approach parallel to the dock and allow the wind or current to push you in

How should you approach a dock when the wind or current is pushing you toward the dock?

Approach parallel to the dock and allow the wind or current to push you in.

Minimize Risk by Wearing PFDs

Approximately 70% of all boating fatalities are drownings, and most of those fatalities could have been avoided. Ninety percent of drowning victims are not wearing a PFD—drownings are rare when boaters are wearing an appropriate PFD. One of the most important things you can do to make boating safe and enjoyable is not only to carry enough PFDs for everyone on board but also to have everyone wear them!

Aquatic Invasive Species

Aquatic invasive species (AIS) are a serious threat to New Hampshire's waterways. Here are two examples. - Zebra Mussels: They are about the size of a human fingernail but cause major problems in power plants, in water treatment facilities, and in the cooling systems of vessel engines. A female zebra mussel can produce one million eggs per year. It's critical that boaters help prevent the spread of zebra mussels. - Eurasian Watermilfoil: This is a prolific aquatic plant found in many inland lakes in New Hampshire. It interferes with boating, fishing, and swimming; and it displaces native plants. It is easily spread when plant fragments are caught and moved on boat trailers, propellers, anchors, and other equipment, or in live wells. A single fragment of stem or leaves can take root and form a new colony. It's important that boaters inspect their boats and trailers for these plant fragments and remove them before leaving the waterway

Responsibility to Others Using the Waterways

As a vessel operator, you are just one of many who are enjoying the privilege of using the public waterways. It is your responsibility to stay aware of others in or on the water and to respect their use of the waterways. Remember that being a responsible operator includes controlling the noise of your boat or PWC.

Responsibility to Your Passengers

As the operator of a vessel, you are responsible for ensuring that your passengers understand basic safety practices and laws. Use a pre-departure checklist to make sure you've taken the necessary safety precautions. Before departing, have a safety discussion with everyone on board. Some of the things you should point out are:Locations of emergency equipment—personal flotation devices (PFDs), fire extinguisher(s), visual distress signals, first-aid kit, and bilge pumpThe need for all passengers to wear a PFD, especially during times of high vessel traffic, severe weather, or any other dangerous boating conditionsLaws about reckless operation, required equipment, and waste disposalSafety procedures for responding to a fire or someone falling overboardHow to signal for help or use the VHF radio to make a MAYDAY callHow to anchor the vessel and handle lines (ropes) Conduct emergency drills with your passengers so that everyone knows what to do in case of a boating emergency.

Where is the steering nozzle located on a PWC?

At the back of the unit

Responsibility to Environment: Avoid Toxic Products

Avoid using toxic substances on your vessel or around the water. Reduce the amount of detergent you use when cleaning your vessel. Use non-phosphate products, such as hydrogen peroxide, on your vessel. Don't use toxic cleaners. Don't use toxic paints or other toxic products on your vessel. If you must use chemical products on your vessel, minimize their use while on the water. Before the first use of your vessel in the spring, drain the antifreeze into a container and properly dispose of it on shore. Never use antifreeze containing ethylene glycol. When fueling, don't top off the tank. Promptly mop up any fuel spills.

Retrieving Your Boat Onto a Trailer

Back the trailer into the water so that approximately two-thirds of the rollers or bunks are submerged in the water. Set the parking brake of the towing vehicle, and put it in park (or first gear if you have a manual transmission). •Move the vessel onto the trailer far enough to attach the winch line to the bow eye of the vessel. Finish pulling the vessel onto the trailer by cranking the winch. Stay out of the way of the direct line of the winch cable in case it snaps or you lose control of the winch. Do not load a vessel using engine power because this can cause damage. •Shut off the engine, and raise the engine or outdrive. •Pull the vessel out of the water. Prepare for the drive home well away from the boat ramp so that you don't block ramp traffic. •While on land at the ramp area, remove and dispose of all weeds from the vessel and trailer, remove the drain plug to release bilge water, and drain any live wells. This will help prevent the spread of aquatic nuisance plants and animals. •Secure the vessel on the trailer and the gear within the vessel, following the same instructions listed in the earlier section, "Before Leaving Home With Your Boat and Trailer." - Important* if launching or retrieving a sailboat with a raised mast, watch out for overhead wires*

Backing the Trailer Into the Water During Launch

Back the trailered vessel into the water far enough so that the lower unit of the engine can be lowered and submerged while the vessel is still on the trailer. Practice towing and backing up in a parking lot •As an added precaution, always set the parking brake on the towing vehicle. •Lower the engine or outdrive, and start the engine. If your vessel is still on the trailer and you have engine trouble, you can retrieve the vessel easily. •Once the engine is warmed up, back the trailer further into the water until the vessel floats. Undo the winch line, put the vessel's engine in reverse, and back slowly off the trailer.

Backfire Flame Arrestors

Because boat engines may backfire, all powerboats (except outboards) that are fueled with gasoline must have an approved backfire flame arrestor on each carburetor. Backfire flame arrestors are designed to prevent the ignition of gasoline vapors in case the engine backfires. - Backfire flame arrestors must be: * In good and serviceable condition. * USCG-approved (must comply with SAE J-1928 or UL 1111 standards). - Periodically clean the flame arrestor(s) and check for any damage.

Practice Risk Management

Because most accidents are the result of a simple mistake, nearly all accidents are easily preventable. The best way to avoid having a serious accident is to take a few simple steps toward accident prevention. The water can be an unfriendly environment if you don't recognize risks and are not properly prepared for them. Risk management is the process of recognizing and acting upon accident warning signs or minimizing the effects of an accident if it does occur. By taking this safety course, you are practicing risk management. You've already reduced the chance that you will be involved in a dangerous boating emergency by learning safe boating practices.You now know the "rules of the road" and how important it is to pay close attention to other boats and potential hazards and to maintain a safe speed. By practicing these rules, you greatly reduce the chance that you'll be involved in an accident.Developing a habit of wearing your personal flotation device (PFD) also reduces the chance that you will drown should you find yourself in the water unexpectedly. The following pages give additional information to help you understand and minimize the risks associated with boating and make your time on the water safe and enjoyable.

Blood Alcohol Concentration

Because you can drink faster than your system can burn off the alcohol, there is an increasing level of alcohol in your blood. This level is referred to as Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC).

Responsibility to Others Operating Your PWC

Before allowing others to drive your PWC: Check that they meet the minimum age and boater education requirements for PWC operators. Tell them that they have the same responsibilities as other vessel operators. If they are new to operating a PWC, have them practice in an uncrowded area first. While near shore, show how to start and reboard the PWC properly. Be sure to explain how to steer and control the PWC. Remind them to keep plenty of distance from other vessels and that power is required for steering control! Point out that it is easy to have so much fun that you forget to watch where you are going. Tell them to make sure the area is clear before making a turn.

Preparing for Paddling

Before departing, a small boat operator prepares for safety by doing the following. Practice reboarding your craft in the water with the help of a companion. Dress properly for the weather and type of boating. Be prepared for unintended water entry. Check your craft for leaks. Map a general route and timetable when embarking on a long trip. Arrange for your vehicles to be shuttled to the takeout point. Know the weather conditions before you head out. While out, watch the weather and stay close to shore. Head for shore if the waves increase.

Preventing CO Poisoning Before You Go Boating

Before each boating trip, you should: Make sure you know where the exhaust outlets are located on your boat. Educate all passengers about the symptoms of CO poisoning and where CO may accumulate. Confirm that water flows from the exhaust outlet when the engines and generator are started. Listen for any change in exhaust sound, which could indicate an exhaust component failure. Test the operation of each CO detector by pressing the test button. At least monthly, you should: Make sure all exhaust clamps are in place and secure. Look for leaks from exhaust system components. Signs include rust and/or black streaking, water leaks, or corroded or cracked fittings. Inspect rubber exhaust hoses for burns, cracks, or deterioration. At least annually, have a qualified marine technician check the engine and exhaust system.

Low-Head Dams

Boat and PWC operators may encounter physical structures such as dams, locks, and bridges. You need to be extra cautious in these situations. - Dams pose dangers both above and below the dams. - The low-head dam is the most dangerous type of dam and has been named the "drowning machine." They may not be easily spotted because the top of a low-head dam can be several feet below the water's surface. Because of their small size and drop, low-head dams do not appear to be dangerous. However, water going over a low-head dam creates a strong recirculating current or backroller (sometimes referred to as the "boil") at the base of the dam. Even on small rivers, the force of the backroller can trap your boat against the face of the dam and pull you under the water—even while wearing your personal flotation device (PFD). Be aware that on large rivers or during high water, the backroller or boil may be located more than 100 feet downstream of the dam. Avoid low-head dams. - Low-head dams pose a serious danger to vessel operators. Surface currents below low-head dams can suck vessels toward the face of the dam. Currents above low-head dams can sweep vessels over the dam. The recirculating currents and turbulent waters below these dams can swamp vessels and drown boaters.

Courtesy on the Boat Ramp

Boat ramp traffic jams can be prevented if everyone practices common courtesy at the ramp. Be sure you observe these simple courtesies. - Prepare your vessel for launching or for the drive home well away from the ramp. - Use at least two experienced people to launch and retrieve the vessel—one to drive the towing vehicle and one to operate the vessel. - Never block a ramp with an unattended vessel or vehicle. Move the vessel away from the launch lane immediately after removing it from the trailer. Return briefly to pick up the vehicle driver once he or she has parked the vehicle and is back at the ramp. - When retrieving, do not pull your vessel into a launch lane until the towing vehicle is at the ramp. The line is formed by vehicles with trailers, not by vessels in the water. Drop off the vehicle driver, and wait offshore and clear of the ramp until he or she arrives with the trailer.

Hull

Body of a vessel

A boat is towing two skiers at the same time. How long should the tow lines be?

Both lines should be the same length.

Traffic Signals of the Waterways

Buoys and markers are the "traffic signals" that guide boat operators safely along some waterways. They also identify dangerous or controlled areas and give directions and information. As a recreational boat or a personal watercraft (PWC) operator, you will need to know the lateral navigation markers and non-lateral markers of the U.S. Aids to Navigation System.

Locks

By learning how to use locks, you will have a host of new opportunities for pleasure boating on the rivers of North America. Lock attendants are present at most locks to help you through safely. A series of dams on a river help maintain enough water depth to allow river traffic to operate year-round. As a result of a dam, there will be two levels of water at the dam site—one level above the dam and a different one below. Locks safely transport boats from one water level to another, like an elevator. When approaching the lock: - Be aware that commercial traffic always has priority over recreational boats. - Wait at least 400 feet away from the lock for the flashing light signal to enter the lock. - Alert the lock attendant that you wish to go through the lock. You can sound one prolonged blast followed by one short blast of your boat's sound-producing device. You also may contact the lock attendant using your VHF marine radio, but never interrupt commercial communication. - Enter the lock only after you've been signaled to enter by the lock's traffic lights or by the lock attendant. Otherwise, stay well clear of the lock.

What Is Carbon Monoxide Poisoning?

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an invisible, odorless, tasteless gas that is produced when a carbon-based fuel burns. CO can make you sick in seconds. In high enough concentrations, even a few breaths can be fatal. Sources of CO on your boat may include gasoline engines, gas generators, cooking ranges, and heaters. Early symptoms of CO poisoning include irritated eyes, headache, nausea, weakness, and dizziness. They often are confused with seasickness or intoxication. Move anyone with these symptoms to fresh air immediately. Seek medical attention—unless you're sure it's not CO.

What is true about changing water levels?

Changing water levels can cause special hazards for boaters

What information would be included on a nautical chart of a harbor?

Channel locations

Nautical Charts

Charts contain important information, such as water depths and the locations of channels, sand bars, rocks, and vegetation. This is especially helpful when boating in bays or in large lakes. They also can be used to determine the most direct course possible for fuel conservation.

Fire Extinguisher Charge Indicators

Check the charge level of your fire extinguishers regularly. Replace them immediately if they are not fully charged. To check this style of extinguisher, depress the green button. If it is fully charged, the green button should pop back out immediately. On this style of fire extinguisher, the needle indicator should be in the "full" range.

Length Classes:

Class A: Less than 16 feet Class 1: 16 feet to less than 26 feet Class 2: 26 feet to less than 40 feet Class 3: 40 feet to less than 65 feet

Your boat capsizes but remains floating upside down. What should you do?

Climb onto the bottom of the overturned boat.

Cold Water Immersion Kills

Cold water immersion kills in several ways. The colder the water, the greater the chance of death. However, the initial reaction to cold water immersion can occur in water as warm as 77° Fahrenheit. By understanding how your body reacts to cold water, you can prepare for and be better able to respond appropriately, thus increasing your chance of survival.

Three Major responsibilities of every boater

Collisions can be prevented easily if every vessel operator fulfills three major responsibilities. 1. Practice good seamanship. - It is the responsibility of every boat or personal watercraft (PWC) operator to take all necessary action to avoid a collision, taking into account the weather, vessel traffic, and limits of other vessels. Such action should be taken in ample time to avoid a collision and at a safe distance from other vessels. 2. Keep a proper lookout. - Failing to keep a sharp lookout is the most common cause of collisions. Every operator must keep a proper lookout, using both sight and hearing, at all times. Watch and listen for other vessels, radio communications, navigational hazards, and others involved in water activities. 3. Maintain a safe speed. - Safe speed is the speed that ensures you will have ample time to avoid a collision and can stop within an appropriate distance. Safe speed will vary depending on conditions such as wind, water conditions, navigational hazards, visibility, surrounding vessel traffic density, and the maneuverability of your boat or PWC. Always reduce speed and navigate with extreme caution at night and when visibility is restricted.

To determine the distance you are from an approaching thunderstorm:

Count the number of seconds between the flash of lightning and the clap of thunder. Divide the number of seconds by five. The result is roughly the distance in miles you are from the storm.

You notice a buildup of dark clouds and shifting winds. What is likely?

Dangerous weather is approaching.

Draft

Depth of water needed to float a vessel

Steering Nozzle

Device used for directing the stream of water to the left or right at the stern of the PWC, which steers the PWC

Impeller

Device used to pump and force water under pressure through a steering nozzle at the rear of the vessel

windward

Direction from which the wind is blowing, or upwind. Windward vessel refers to the vessel that is upwind of the other

leeward

Direction toward which the wind is blowing, or downwind. Leeward vessel refers to the vessel that is downwind of the other

Two basic types of boat hulls

Displacement and planing

Freeboard

Distance from water to lowest point of the boat where water could come on board

freeboard

Distance from water to lowest point of the boat where water could come on board

Requirements to Carry Fire Extinguishers

Every vessel that has an engine other than an electric motor must have a fire extinguisher on board. Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, and halon extinguishers may be used to fight Type B fires. Approved types of fire extinguishers are identified by the following marking on the label—"Marine Type USCG Approved"—followed by the type and size symbols and the approval number.

Boaters and Divers Need To Be Cautious

Diving is a popular sport, and divers can be found in areas shared with recreational boaters. As diving's popularity increases, it becomes more important for both boaters and divers to take special precautions. As a vessel operator, you should:Be able to recognize a diver-down flag, a red flag with a white diagonal stripe, floating in the area of the divers.Stay the legal distance away from a diver-down flag. Do not drive your vessel between a diver-down flag and a nearby shore.Watch out for divers surfacing when you see a diver-down flag. Bubbles may indicate that a diver is below. For their own safety, divers should:Always display the diver-down flag and stay close to the flag.Use a stable boat that is suited for diving and anchor the boat securely.Avoid overloading the vessel with people, equipment, or supplies.Never dive or snorkel alone.

What is the best way to avoid overloading your boat?

Don't exceed the limits listed on the capacity plate.

On the road with a trailer

Drive cautiously. - Drive at moderate speeds and avoid sudden maneuvers. - On long trips, pull over every hour or so to check the towing vehicle, trailer, tires, trailer coupling, and gear in the vessel. Allow for the added length and weight of the trailer. - Make wider turns at corners and curves. - Allow extra time and distance for stopping and for passing other vehicles. Steer wider on corners to clear curbs.

Use of Engine Cut-Off Switches Helps Prevent Injuries

Each year, many boating accidents involve an operator and/or passengers who fall overboard for a variety of reasons. Wearing an engine cut-off switch lanyard not only ensures that your boat or PWC stays close if you fall overboard, but it also prevents you from being run over by your own boat. When the operator isn't wearing a lanyard, the unmanned boat tends to run in hard, fast circles, often resulting in severe injury or death from a propeller strike. Wearing the lanyard reduces the risk of a propeller injury and makes it easier to reboard the boat.

Who Enforces Boating Laws?

Enforcement of boating laws and regulations is the responsibility of the New Hampshire Marine Patrol officers. The USCG has enforcement authority on federally controlled waters. These officers have full police powers and have the lawful right to stop and board your vessel at any time to check for compliance with federal and state laws. Boaters must stop when signaled to do so by a law enforcement officer.

Engine Maintenance

Engine maintenance is important. Follow a regular maintenance program. - Keep your engine clean and tuned properly. Refer to your owner's manual for a maintenance schedule. - Check the oil and fluid levels before every outing. Change the oil according to the owner's manual. As the engine ages, increase the frequency of oil changes. Clean oil extends engine life. - Tighten battery connections. Clean battery terminals by disconnecting the terminals and removing corrosion with a wire brush. If the battery is weak when you start the engine, recharge it. - Inspect the engine for anything that shows signs of wear or requires tightening, such as hoses, belts, and bolts. Make sure everything is fitted properly, including the engine cover. - Never use automotive electrical parts. Use marine parts only. Use of automotive parts rather than sealed marine parts (such as alternators, starters, fuel pumps, and other electrical parts) could cause a spark that could ignite a fire.

Choosing the Right Anchor

Even though anchors are used most often by recreational boaters to "park" their boat while swimming or fishing, anchors are also critical equipment in times of emergency. Anchoring may be a safety measure if your boat becomes disabled. Choose an anchor that fits your boat and the boating conditions.

The "Circle of Death"

Every year, serious injuries and deaths occur when boat operators let go of the steering wheel or outboard steering handle while the boat is moving. A phenomenon called steering torque forces the motor to slam to the left, causing the boat to swerve sharply to the right and throwing the victim into the water. The boat continues to travel in a circle and returns to strike the victim in the water, inflicting massive propeller wounds—thus the term "circle of death." The way to avoid this type of accident is to never let go of the steering wheel or handle until the boat has stopped moving. You should also use the automatic shut-off lanyard if your motor is equipped with one. Be sure that clamp-on swivel seats are tightly secured and seat backs are sturdy enough to withstand the shock of a victim being thrown against them. And finally, if you notice that it takes extra pressure to hold your boat's steering, have it professionally serviced immediately.

What should you do before letting someone else operate your PWC?

Explain how to steer and control the PWC.

Types of Fire Extinguishers

Extinguishers are classified by a letter and number symbol. The number indicates the relative size of the extinguisher, and the letter indicates the type of fire it will extinguish. - Type A fires are of combustible solids such as wood. On Type A extinguishers, the number relates to how many gallons of water the extinguisher is equal to for a Type A fire. - Type B fires are of flammable liquids such as gasoline or oil. On Type B extinguishers, the number tells you the square footage of the fire the extinguisher can put out. - Type C fires are electrical fires. Type C extinguishers do not use numbers.

Which Waters Are Federally Controlled?

Federally controlled waters are waters on which vessels must observe federal requirements, including visual distress signal requirements. These waters include: - Coastal waters - The Great Lakes - Territorial seas - Bodies of water connected directly to one of the above, up to a point where the body of water is less than two miles wide

Types of Nautical Knots

Fight Eight Bend: The figure-eight knot has several uses, including connecting two ropes to make a longer line or making a "stopper" knot in a single line in order to prevent the line from slipping through a hole or a gap in a block or a cleat. Bowline Knot:The bowline is a multi-purpose knot that is essential for boat operators to know. Forming the knot creates a fixed loop on the end of the rope or line—a loop that can be used for hitching, mooring, or lifting. Anchor Bend Knot: A type of hitching knot, the anchor bend is used to secure a rope to an anchor or a ring. If additional security is needed, a half hitch can be tied at the end. Cleating Hitch: The clove hitch is handy for temporary fastening, such as when tying up to a piling. It's particularly useful because—with experience—it can be tied with only one hand. For extra fastening power or for longer periods of time, add two half hitches after tying the clove hitch. Round Turn and Two Half Inches: Handy for tying down a bulky load or tying a boat to a mooring post, the round turn and two half hitches is versatile. It is a secure knot that does not jam and is easy to undo.

Anglers Who Use Boats To Fish

Fishing is the most popular activity among boaters. Anglers using vessels can be at risk. Unfortunately, anglers capsizing or falling overboard are common fatal boating accidents. Anglers who use vessels to fish need to think of themselves first as vessel operators. If you fish and boat, you should:Know and follow all safe boating laws and requirements.Pay attention to the capacity plate and not overload your vessel.Wear a PFD especially when the water is cold or when fishing alone or in remote areas. (A wearable PFD is required in most competitive fishing tournaments.)Recycle or toss used fishing line into receptacles on shore and not into the water or onto shorelines. Fishing line is not biodegradable and is dangerous to wildlife and propellers.Take care of your fishing boat just like you do your fishing equipment.

hull shapes

Flat- bottomed hull Deep-vee hull round-bottomed hull multi-hull

Dangers of Fluctuating Water Levels

Fluctuating water levels can cause special hazards for boaters. Water levels can change rapidly due to tides, flooding rivers, or water released through dams. Any of these conditions can cause boats to run aground in areas where navigation may have been safe earlier. Any change in water level also can affect docking to a fixed pier.

Anchoring Your Boat

Follow these steps to anchor your boat. 1. Select an area to anchor with plenty of room. Ideally, it should be a well-protected area with adequate water depth and a sandy or muddy bottom. 2. Head slowly into the wind or current to a position upwind or upcurrent of where you actually want to end up. 3. When you are at that position, stop the boat and slowly lower the anchor over the bow to the bottom. Never anchor from the stern as this can cause the boat to swamp. The square stern may be hit by waves, and water will splash into the boat. The motor's weight will add to this problem. 4. Slowly back the boat away downwind or downcurrent. Let out about seven to ten times as much anchor line as the depth of the water, depending on the wind strength and wave size. Tie off the line around a bow cleat, and pull on the anchor line to make sure the anchor is set. 5. After anchoring, take visual sightings of onshore objects or buoys in the water to help you know where your boat is positioned. While at anchor, recheck these sightings frequently to make sure the anchor is not dragging. 6. Periodically check connecting knots on your anchor line. When possible, use splices instead of knots. Knots weaken a line more than splices.

Retrieving an Anchor

Follow these steps to retrieve your anchor. 1. Move the boat directly over the anchor while pulling in the line. Pulling the anchor straight up should break it free. 2. If the anchor is stuck, turn your boat in a large circle while keeping the anchor line pulled tight. 3. When the anchor breaks loose, stop the boat and retrieve the anchor. Never drag the anchor behind the boat.

Float plan for extended outings

For extended outings on the water, leave a float plan with a relative or friend, or at least a local marina. You should leave a float plan that: - Describes the vessel, including its registration number, length, make, horsepower, and engine type. - Includes the description and license plate of the tow vehicle and trailer. - Gives the number of passengers, their names and addresses, and a contact in case of emergency. - States where you are going, the detailed route, your planned departure time, and your expected return time. Include the location of all stopping points, dates, and times. - Gives the phone number for local authorities in case you fail to return when expected. If boating on waters under U.S. Coast Guard jurisdiction, give the phone number of the U.S. Coast Guard.

File a Float Plan

For shorter daytime outings on the water, at a minimum you should: - Contact a responsible person before you go out and tell him or her where you will be boating and when you plan to return. - Give your contact the phone number for local authorities in case you fail to return when expected. - Contact this person again when you return or if you decide to extend your time out on the water.

Navigation rules: definitions

For the purpose of the U. S. Coast Guard's navigation rules, the following definitions apply. - Vessel: Every kind of watercraft capable of being used as a means of transportation on water, including seaplanes - Power-driven vessel: Any vessel propelled by machinery, including a sailboat using an engine - Sailing vessel: Any vessel under sail and with no engine in use - Vessel engaged in fishing: Any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls, or other fishing equipment that restricts maneuverability; however, this does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing equipment that does not restrict maneuverability - Underway: Not anchored, tied to shore, or aground - Risk of collision: Any situation when an approaching vessel continues on a collision course (the bearing of the approaching vessel does not change), or anytime you are approaching a very large vessel

Inspecting Your PWC

Frequently inspect your PWC's electrical systems (e.g., starter and engine gauge connections) to ensure there is no potential for electrical spark. This is important because gas fumes could collect in the engine compartment and an explosion could occur if a spark from the electrical system ignited the fumes. After fueling, sniff the engine compartment for any evidence of gas fumes.

Bow

Front of Vessel

If you fall into cold water, what is the first thing you should do until the cold shock response lessens?

Get control of your breathing, and stay as still as possible until your breathing settles down.

You enter a harbor. You see a buoy with red and white vertical stripes. What should you do?

Go around the buoy on either side.

Parts of a Sailboat

Halyards, mainsail, mast, headsail (jib), sheets, boom, keel, hull, rudder

Sailing Vessel Encountering Sailing Vessel

If a sailing vessel with the wind on its port (left) side cannot determine whether a windward sailing vessel has the wind on the left or the right, it should give way to the windward vessel. - Wind on Same Side: When two sailing vessels are approaching one another with the wind on the same side, the leeward sailing vessel is the stand-on vessel. - Wind on Different Sides: When two sailing vessels are approaching one another with the wind on different sides, the sailing vessel with the wind on its starboard (right) side is the stand-on vessel.

Discharge of Oil Placard

If boating on federally controlled waters and your vessel is 26 feet or longer, you must display a 5 × 8-inch placard made of durable material, fixed in a conspicuous place in the machinery spaces or at the bilge pump control station, stating the following: Discharge of Oil Prohibited The Federal Water Pollution Control Act prohibits the discharge of oil or oily waste upon or into any navigable waters of the U.S. The prohibition includes any discharge which causes a film or discoloration of the surface of the water or causes a sludge or emulsion beneath the surface of the water. Violators are subject to substantial civil and/or criminal sanctions including fines and imprisonment.

If a Fire Erupts on Your Boat

If fire erupts on your boat: Stop the boat if you are underway. Have everyone who is not wearing a PFD put one on in case you must abandon the boat. Position the boat so that the fire is downwind.If the fire is at the back of the boat, head into the wind. If the engine must be shut off, use a paddle to keep the bow into the wind.If the fire is at the front of the boat, put the stern into the wind. If the fire is in an engine space, shut off the fuel supply. Aim the fire extinguisher at the base of the flames, and sweep back and forth. Never use water on a gasoline, oil, grease, or electrical fire. Summon help with your VHF marine radio.

Required Lights: Unpowered Vessels Less Than 23 Feet When Underway

If less than 23.0 feet (7 meters) long, these vessels should: - If practical, exhibit the same lights as required for unpowered vessels less than 65.6 feet in length. - If not practical, have on hand at least one lantern or flashlight shining a white light as shown in Figure 3. **If a vessel uses a lantern or flashlight, it must be visible in all directions and for a distance of two miles.

Required Lights: Power-Driven Vessels Less Than 65.6 Feet When Underway

If less than 65.6 feet (20 meters) long, these vessels must exhibit the lights as shown in Figure 1. Remember, power-driven vessels include sailboats operating under engine power. The required lights are: - Red and green sidelights visible from a distance of at least two miles away—or if less than 39.4 feet (12 meters) long, at least one mile away—on a dark, clear night. - An all-round white light (if less than 39.4 feet long) or both a masthead light and a sternlight. These lights must be visible from a distance of at least two miles away on a dark, clear night. The all-round white light (or the masthead light) must be at least 3.3 feet (one meter) higher than the sidelights.

responsibilities between vessels

If operating a power-driven vessel, you must give way to: - Any vessel not under command, such as an anchored or disabled vessel - Any vessel restricted in its ability to maneuver, such as a vessel towing, laying cable, or picking up navigation markers, or a vessel constrained by its draft, such as a large ship in a channel - A vessel engaged in commercial fishing - A sailing vessel, unless it is overtaking If operating a sailing vessel, you must give way to: - Any vessel not under command - Any vessel restricted in its ability to maneuver - A vessel engaged in commercial fishing

If a Passenger Falls Overboard

If someone on your boat falls overboard, you need to immediately: Reduce speed and toss the victim a PFD—preferably a throwable type—unless you know he or she is already wearing a PFD. Turn your boat around and slowly pull alongside the victim, approaching the victim from downwind or into the current, whichever is stronger. Stop the engine. Pull the victim on board over the stern, keeping the weight in the boat balanced, especially in small boats.

Severe Weather: Go to Shore or Ride it Out?

If you are caught in severe weather, decide whether to go to shore or ride out the storm. If possible, head for the nearest shore that is safe to approach. If already caught in a storm, it may be best to ride it out in open water rather than try to approach the shore in heavy wind and waves. Head the bow into the waves at a 45-degree angle. PWC should head directly into the waves. Keep a sharp lookout for other vessels, debris, shoals, or stumps. If the engine stops, drop a "sea anchor" on a line off the bow to keep the bow headed into the wind and reduce drifting while you ride out the storm. In an emergency, a bucket will work as a sea anchor. Without power, a powerboat usually will turn its stern to the waves and could be swamped more easily. If the sea anchor is not sufficient, anchor using your conventional anchor to prevent your boat from drifting into dangerous areas.

Severe Weather: Prepare Your Boat and Passengers

If you are caught in severe weather, prepare your boat and your passengers. To prepare the boat to handle severe weather:Slow down, but keep enough power to maintain headway and steering.Close all hatches, windows, and doors to reduce the chance of swamping.Stow any unnecessary gear.Turn on your boat's navigation lights. If there is fog, sound your fog horn as instructed in Unit 2.Keep bilges free of water. Be prepared to remove water by bailing.If there is lightning, disconnect all electrical equipment. Stay as clear of metal objects as possible. To prepare your passengers for severe weather:Have everyone put on a USCG-approved PFD. If a PFD is already on, make sure it is secured properly.Have your passengers sit on the vessel floor close to the centerline. This is for their safety and to make the boat more stable.

Protecting Against Rapid Heat Loss

If you cannot get out of the water quickly, act to protect against rapid heat loss. In as little as 10 minutes, you may be unable to self-rescue. Your focus now should be to slow heat loss. Stay as motionless as possible, protecting the high heat loss areas of your body, and keep your head and neck out of the water. Safety typically looks closer than it actually is, so staying with the boat is usually a better choice than swimming. Adopt a position to reduce heat loss. If alone, use the Heat Escape Lessening Posture (HELP) position; or if there are others in the water with you, huddle together. If you must swim, conserve energy and minimize movement. Swim on your back with your upper arms against the sides of your chest, your thighs together, and your knees bent. Flutter-kick with your lower legs.

If You Capsize While Paddling

If you capsize in swift water, follow these guidelines. Float on the upstream side of your craft. You can be crushed on the downstream side if you run into an obstruction. Do not attempt to stand or walk in swift-moving water. The current could pull you under if your foot becomes trapped between submerged rocks. Float on your back with your feet and arms extended. Float with your feet pointed downstream to act as a buffer against rocks. Don't fight the current. Use the current to backstroke your way to shore. If the water is cold, take all necessary precautions to avoid hypothermia

Preventing Running Aground

If you run aground while traveling at a high speed, the impact not only can cause damage to your boat but also can cause injury to you and your passengers. Knowing your environment is the best way to prevent running aground. Become familiar with the locations of shallow water and submerged objects before you go out. Be aware that the location of shallow hazards will change as the water level rises and falls. Learn to read a chart to determine your position and the water depth.

If Your Boat Runs Aground

If you run aground, make sure no one is injured and then check for leaks. If the impact did not cause a leak, follow these steps to try to get loose.Don't put the boat in reverse. Instead, lift the outdrive and then stop the engine.Shift the weight to the area farthest away from the point of impact.Try to shove off from the rock, bottom, or reef with a paddle or boathook.Check to make sure your boat is not taking on water. If you can't get loose, summon help using your visual distress signals. Call for assistance using your VHF marine radio.

If You Capsize, Swamp, or Fall Overboard

If you should capsize or swamp your boat, or if you have fallen overboard and can't get back in, stay with the boat if possible. Your swamped boat is easier to see and will signal that you are in trouble. Also signal for help using other devices available (visual distress signals, whistle, mirror). If you made the mistake of not wearing a PFD, find one and put it on. If you can't put it on, hold onto it. Have your passengers do the same. Take a head count. Reach, throw, row, or go, if needed. If your boat remains afloat, try to reboard or climb onto it in order to get as much of your body out of the cold water as possible. Treading water will cause you to lose body heat faster, so try to use the boat for support.

The Most Gruesome of Boating Accidents

If you've ever seen a propeller strike accident, you want to do everything in your power to prevent another one. They can be the most gruesome of boating accidents. Anyone in the water around a boat—a swimmer, scuba diver, fallen water-skier, or someone who's fallen overboard—is a potential victim. Many propeller accidents are caused by operator inexperience, incompetence, negligence, and intoxication.

If Your Boat Sinks or Floats Away

If your boat sinks or floats away, don't panic. If you are wearing a PFD, make sure that it is securely fastened, remain calm, and wait for help. If you aren't wearing a PFD, look for one floating in the water or other floating items (coolers, oars or paddles, decoys, etc.) to help you stay afloat. Do your best to help your passengers find something to help them float and stay together. If you have nothing to support you, you may have to tread water or simply float. In cold water, float rather than tread to reduce hypothermia.

Requirements Specific to "Ski Craft"

In addition to adhering to all boating laws, "ski craft" operators have requirements specific to their vessel. While the laws covered here are for "ski craft," it is recommended that all PWC operators follow these laws. - The operator of a "ski craft" must wear a USCG-approved Type I, II, or III life jacket at all times. - Although not legally required, it is strongly recommended that an operator of a PWC equipped with a lanyard-type engine cut-off switch attach the lanyard to his or her person, clothing, or life jacket.

Lateral Markers: "Red Right Returning"

In most circumstances, you can use this phrase as a reminder of the correct course when returning from open waters or heading upstream: "Red Right Returning."

upstream

In the direction that is against the current

upwind

In the direction that is against the wind

downcurrent

In the direction the current is flowing

Bilge

Interior of the hull below the floorboards; lowest part of a vessel's interior where the sides of the vessel curve in to form the bottom

Overnight Anchoring

It is against the law to anchor your boat overnight on any inland surface waters of the state of New Hampshire. Here are the requirements for houseboats. - Occupied or unoccupied houseboat may be beached, grounded, or tied to the shore of any of the inland surface waters of the state for an overnight period, or any part of an overnight period, only when on or at a location owned, leased, or permitted by the owner. - The owner, lessee, or person with the permission of the owner must give written notice of this fact promptly to the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (DES).

Safety While Sailing

It is always wise to give sailboats a lot of space. Sailboats are usually the stand-on vessel. Sailing has its own risks that require special care to avoid. Small sailboats are prone to capsizing and swamping. Know how to right the sailboat if it capsizes, and carry a bailer on board. Falling overboard is common. For that reason, sailors always should wear a PFD. Sailors should stay aware of the water temperature. Capsizing in the early spring, the fall, or the winter involves the risk of hypothermia.

PWC Encountering PWC

It is extremely important that a PWC encountering another PWC follow the same navigation rules that apply to motorboats or any other power-driven vessel. Most fatalities involving a PWC result from injuries caused by collisions and not from drowning. - The operator and passengers ride on top of the PWC instead of down inside it. There are no hulls or other enclosures to provide protection from the impact of a collision. - Due to the lack of protection, PWC collisions are more likely to be deadly for the operator and any passengers.

Overview of Pollutant Disposal Laws

It is illegal to discharge waste, oil, or trash into any state or federally controlled waters. This is for very good reasons. Sewage carries disease and is harmful to people, aquatic plants, and animals. Trash thrown into the water can injure swimmers and wildlife alike. It also can plug engine-cooling water intakes. Pollution is unsightly and takes away from your enjoyment of the water. Vessel operators need to be aware of the regulations for waste, oil, and trash disposal that apply to both federally controlled and state waters. The Refuse Act prohibits throwing, discharging, or depositing any refuse matter of any kind (including trash, garbage, oil, and other liquid pollutants) into the waters of the United States.

Safety Tips for Anglers and Hunters

It is very important that you get in the habit of wearing a PFD while fishing or hunting, especially in smaller boats and those with low gunwales. One simple mistake without a PFD on could ruin a good day of fishing, not to mention ruin your life. Try out an inflatable PFD to maximize comfort. And don't forget to wear your engine cut-off switch lanyard whenever the motor is running!

PWC

Jet-propelled watercraft come in many sizes, but the most common for recreational boaters is the PWC. A PWC is a small vessel that uses an inboard jet drive as its primary source of propulsion and is designed to be operated by a person or persons sitting, standing, or kneeling on the vessel rather than inside the vessel. The U.S. Coast Guard includes PWC in the group of inboard vessels less than 16 feet in length. *A PWC is subject to all of the same laws and requirements of any other vessel plus a few laws specific to a PWC.

What should those in small boats do to protect against capsizing their craft?

Keep a low center of gravity and three points of contact.

What is the best way to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning while boating?

Keep fresh air flowing through the boat.

You see a white buoy with an orange crossed diamond and black lettering. What does this marker tell you?

Keep out

You are traveling upstream on a river at dusk. You see a buoy with the number 5 and a flashing green light. What should you do?

Keep the buoy on your port (left) side.

You return from the open sea. You see a red nun buoy. What should you do?

Keep the buoy on your starboard (right) side.

Boat Maintenance

Keeping your boat well-maintained will extend its life and give you and your family many more years of enjoyment. - Examine the interior and exterior of the hull when it is out of the water. * Check for oxidation, a common problem on aluminum hulls, that appears as white powder spots. Use fine sandpaper on oxidized areas until spots are replaced by bright shiny metal. * To protect the environment, use only environmentally safe, non-phosphate detergents to remove oil and algae from fiberglass hulls. Avoid abrasive materials, which can remove the shiny top layer (gel coat). Patch holes immediately with a fiberglass patching compound. * Check through-hull fittings to make sure they are not cracked or leaking. * Remove all puddles from the interior before and after every outing. - Store boats in a dry area out of the sun. If you must store the boat for a long period of time, place the trailer on blocks to preserve the tires. Keep the boat covered, leaving an opening to circulate air. Hang canoes upside down. - Clean all lines (ropes). Dirt and sand cause deterioration. Keep lines out of the sun when not in use, and replace weakened or fraying lines. -Clean sails with a soft brush. Examine them for small tears or open seams that can be repaired by taping or sewing. - Refer to the owner's manual for a maintenance schedule.

Large-Structure Dams

Large-structure dams are more easily spotted because of their powerhouses and spillways. They can be dangerous to boaters and swimmers both below and above the dam. These areas are usually off-limits. Obey all warning signs and signals.

Port

Left side of a vessel

length overall

Length of the hull excluding any attachments

Tiller

Lever used to turn a rudder to steer a boat

Sheets

Lines (ropes) used to control the angle of the sails to the wind

Halyards

Lines (ropes) used to raise and lower the sails

Keel

Main centerline (backbone) of a vessel or the extension of hull that increases stability in the water

What should you do FIRST if your boat runs aground?

Make sure no one is injured, and then check for leaks.

Boater's Tip

Make sure you have enough fuel before casting off. Operating at two-thirds throttle instead of full throttle will conserve fuel. The following rule will help prevent running out of fuel: One-third to get out One-third to get back One-third in reserve for emergencies

Prevent running out of fuel

Make sure you have enough fuel before casting off. Operating at two-thirds throttle instead of full throttle will conserve fuel. The following rule will help prevent running out of fuel: - One-third to get out - One-third to get back - One-third in reserve for emergencies

Preventing a Fire

Many boats and PWC have burned to the waterline needlessly. To help prevent a fire: Don't mix the three ingredients required to ignite a fire—fuel, oxygen, and heat. Make sure ventilation systems have been installed and are used properly. Maintain the fuel system to avoid leaks, and keep the bilges clean. Follow the safe fueling procedures outlined in Unit 1.

Hunters Who Use Boats to Hunt

Many hunters use small boats for duck hunting or to get to their favorite hunting grounds. If you are using your vessel to hunt, you should: Understand that you are still responsible for obeying all boating laws and should follow all safe boating rules. Take extra precautions to avoid capsizing or swamping your vessel.Be aware that small, flat-bottom vessels are prone to capsizing or swamping.Keep weight low and distribute gear evenly in the vessel.Do not exceed the vessel's capacity. Never crowd too many people or too much gear into one small hunting boat.Take only well-trained dogs on board a small vessel. An excited dog could capsize a vessel easily. Keep the dog lying on the bottom, positioned in the center of the vessel.Take precautions to avoid hypothermia in case you do capsize. Always check the weather and stay as close to the shore as possible. Never fire shots or release arrows until the vessel is stopped, the motor is turned off, and the vessel is secured or properly anchored. Always remain seated when shooting. Of course, you must possess a valid hunting license, tags, and permits for whatever you are hunting. Be aware of laws regarding transport of firearms in a vessel. Ensure that all firearms are always unloaded with the safety on and are secured in a gun case when they are being transported in a vessel.

chart

Map used for navigation

beam

Maximum width of a vessel

Cleat

Metal fitting on which a rope can be fastened

Ending Up in the Water Unexpectedly

Most boating fatalities don't have anything to do with bad weather or hazardous sea conditions. They typically occur in smaller, open boats on inland waters during daylight hours when weather and visibility are good, the winds are light, and the water is calm. Despite these ideal conditions, passengers fall overboard and many boats capsize, causing over half of all boating fatalities. Capsizing, Swamping, or Falling Overboard Capsizing is when a boat turns on its side or turns completely over. Swamping occurs when a boat stays upright and fills with water. Sometimes a person falling overboard from a boat causes the boat to capsize or swamp. Regardless, the outcome is the same—people are in the water unexpectedly.

How an Engine Cut-Off Switch Works

Most powerboats and PWC come equipped by the manufacturer with an emergency engine cut-off switch. This safety device can shut off the engine if the operator falls off the PWC or out of the powerboat, or is otherwise thrown from the proper operating position. - The engine cut-off switch works by attaching a lanyard between the operator and the switch. If the lanyard is removed from the switch, the engine will shut off. - If a PWC has an engine cut-off switch, most states require the operator to attach the lanyard. However, even if attaching the lanyard is not required by law, many lives could be saved by doing so. - If your powerboat or PWC does not come equipped with an engine cut-off switch, you should have one installed. - Your PWC may have a self-circling feature. If the operator is thrown from the PWC, the engine idles while the PWC slowly circles so that the operator can reboard. Be sure the idle speed is set correctly.

Visibility is restricted due to fog. What should the vessel operator do to avoid the risk of a collision?

Reduce speed to maintain the minimum needed to stay on course

Passing Under Bridges

Most states have laws requiring that you pass under bridges at a slow speed. You should always reduce your speed and proceed with caution near any bridge or man-made structure that decreases visibility and passage. •Many bridges are high enough to allow normal boat passage. However, some bridges provide only low clearance during normal conditions or periods of high water. •Many drawbridges open and close when a boat arrives. To request passage, contact the bridge operator using sound signals or a VHF marine radio. •Be aware that debris can collect around pilings of bridges and create dangerous obstructions.

To meet the requirement for the number of VDSs on board, what must be true about pyrotechnic VDSs?

Must be unexpired

Common Navigation Lights

Navigation lights help you and other boaters determine which is the give-way vessel when encountering each other at night. These lights must be displayed from sunset to sunrise and during periods of restricted visibility, such as fog. There are four common navigation lights. - Sidelights: These red and green lights are called sidelights (also called combination lights) because they are visible to another vessel approaching from the side or head-on. The red light indicates a vessel's port (left) side; the green indicates a vessel's starboard (right) side. - Sternlight: This white light is seen only from behind or nearly behind the vessel. - Masthead Light: This white light shines forward and to both sides and is required on all power-driven vessels. (On power-driven vessels less than 39.4 feet in length, the masthead light and sternlight may be combined into an all-round white light; power-driven vessels 39.4 feet in length or longer must have a separate masthead light.) A masthead light must be displayed by all vessels when under engine power. The absence of this light indicates a sailing vessel because sailboats under sail display only sidelights and a sternlight. - All-Round White Light: On power-driven vessels less than 39.4 feet in length, this light may be used to combine a masthead light and sternlight into a single white light that can be seen by other vessels from any direction. This light serves as an anchor light when sidelights are extinguished.

Boating While Intoxicated

New Hampshire law prohibits anyone from boating while intoxicated (BWI)—that is, operating any vessel (including vessels propelled by a motor or sail, canoes, kayaks, and stand-up paddleboards) while under the influence of alcohol, controlled drugs, or any combination of alcohol and controlled drugs. Alcohol and drugs cause impaired balance, blurred vision, poor coordination, impaired judgment, and slower reaction times. Alcohol is a major contributor to boating accidents and fatalities. - The following conditions determine if you are boating under the influence. * If your blood alcohol concentration is 0.08% or greater by weight of alcohol as determined by a breath, blood, or urine test, you are considered to be under the influence of alcohol. * If your blood alcohol concentration is greater than 0.03% but less than 0.08% by weight of alcohol as determined by a breath, blood, or urine test, that fact along with other evidence can be used to determine if you are under the influence.

Speed and Distance Restrictions

New Hampshire law states that these dangerous operating practices are illegal. *Unsafe Passage is not maintaining a proper speed or distance while operating a vessel or while towing a person on water skis or any similar device. Specifically, the following operations are illegal: Operating a vessel at greater than headway speed if within 150 feet of: - Swimmers in the water - Other vessels - Rafts or floats - Permitted swimming areas - Docks or mooring fields - The shoreline *Operating a vessel at greater than headway speed while passing under a bridge *Overtaking another vessel at a distance and speed such that your wake causes danger or damage * Unsafe Wake Crossing is not maintaining contact between a vessel's hull and the water when crossing a wake. It is illegal for a vessel to become airborne when crossing the wake of another vessel or its own wake. *Speeding is exceeding speed limits or operating at a speed greater than is reasonable and prudent, taking into consideration weather and other operating conditions. - On Lake Winnipesaukee (located in Belknap and Carroll counties), the speed limits are: - 30 miles per hour maximum between one-half hour after sunset and one-half hour before sunrise - 45 miles per hour maximum at all other times * On Squam Lakes (located in Belknap, Carroll, and Grafton counties), the speed limits are: - 20 miles per hour maximum between one-half hour after sunset and one-half hour before sunrise - 40 miles per hour maximum at all other times For more details on other speed limit restrictions, call the Marine Patrol at 1-877-642-9700.

Unsafe Conditions

New Hampshire law states that these dangerous operating practices are illegal. -Riding on the Bow, Gunwales, or Transom is allowing passengers to ride on a power-driven vessel in places where there may be a chance of falling overboard while underway. This includes passengers straddling the bow or riding on the gunwales or transom. - Overloading is loading the vessel with gear or passengers beyond its safe carrying capacity, taking into consideration weather and other operating conditions.

Challenges of Navigating at Night

Night navigation presents additional challenges. You should always operate at a slower speed at night and be on sharp lookout for the lights of other vessels. The lights displayed by other vessels will help you determine whether they are operating under power or sail, and their direction of travel. Once you've determined this, you apply the same navigation rules used in the daytime. However, never assume that the lights of other vessels are working properly. Allow plenty of time and distance to give way if needed, even if the lights indicate you are the stand-on vessel.

Non-Lateral Markers

Non-lateral markers are navigation aids that give information other than the edges of safe water areas. - The most common are regulatory markers that are white and use orange markings and black lettering. They are found on lakes and rivers. - Other markers use vertical or horizontal stripes.

calculating boat capacity

Number of people = (boat length (ft.) × boat width (ft.))÷15

Waste Management Plan

Oceangoing vessels that are 40 feet or more in length with cooking and sleeping facilities must have a written Waste Management Plan. The captain of the vessel is responsible for implementing the plan. The Waste Management Plan, identifying the vessel's name and home port, should be posted and should include directives to all persons on board about: -Discharging sewage and hazardous substances -Discharging garbage and other food waste -Disposing of plastics, bottles, and cans -Reading applicable placards for additional information -Advising the captain in case of oily discharges or diesel spills

Surviving Cold Water Immersion

Of course, the best prevention is to take all measures necessary to avoid capsizing your boat or falling into cold water in the first place. If you do fall into or must enter cold water: Don't panic. Try to get control of your breathing. Hold onto something or stay as still as possible until your breathing settles down. Focus on floating with your head above water until the cold shock response abates. When your breathing is under control, perform the most important functions first before you lose dexterity (10-15 minutes after immersion). If you were not wearing a PFD when you entered the water, look to see if one is floating around you and put it on immediately. Don't take your clothes off unless absolutely necessary. A layer of water trapped inside your clothing will help insulate you. Focus on locating and getting everyone out of the water quickly before you lose full use of your hands, arms, and legs. Try to reboard your boat, even if it is swamped or capsized, or anything else that is floating. Get as much of your body out of the water as possible. Even though you may feel colder out of the water, the rate of heat loss will be slower than if immersed in water. Be prepared at all times to signal rescuers.

Intake

Opening in the hull that draws water toward the impeller

Who is required to keep proper lookout while boating?

Operator

Overboard

Over the side or out of the vessel

overboard

Over the side or out of the vessel

PFDs on a boat must be readily accessible. Which storage method best meets this requirement?

PFDs are kept where they can be grabbed quickly by anyone on board.

Maintain PFDs in Good Condition

PFDs must be in good and serviceable condition. Regularly test a PFD's buoyancy in shallow water or a swimming pool. Over time, the ultraviolet radiation from the sun will break down the synthetic materials of your PFD. Frequently inspect PFDs for rips or tears, discolored or weakened material, insecure straps or zippers, or labels that are no longer readable. Discard and replace any PFD that has a problem. If using an inflatable PFD, before each outing check the status of the inflator and that the CO2 cylinder has not been used, has no leaks, and is screwed in tightly. Also check that the PFD itself has no leaks by removing the CO2 cylinder and orally inflating the PFD. The PFD should still be firm after several hours. After an inflatable PFD has been inflated using a cylinder, replace the spent cylinder and re-arm it. Because an inflatable PFD is a mechanical device, it requires regular maintenance. Maintain the inflatable portion of the PFD as instructed in the owner's manual.

Have PFDs of the Proper Size

PFDs must be of the proper size for the intended wearer. Always read the label of a wearable PFD to make sure it is the right size based on the person's weight and chest size. It's especially important to check that a child's wearable PFD fits snugly. Test the fit by picking the child up by the shoulders of the PFD and checking that his or her chin and ears do not slip through the PFD.

Keep PFDs Readily Accessible

PFDs must be readily accessible. Better yet, each person should wear a PFD because PFDs are difficult to put on once you are in the water. In most fatal accidents, PFDs were on board but were not in use or were not within easy reach. If you are in the water without a PFD, retrieve a floating PFD and hold it to your chest by wrapping your arms around it.

A passenger on your boat falls overboard. What should you do FIRST?

Reduce speed, and throw the victim a PFD.

Reboarding a Capsized PWC

PWC are designed to turn over and that's part of what makes them fun, but it's also why it is very important that the engine cut-off switch is attached to the operator. After a fall, the PWC could be overturned completely. You should know how to right the PWC and how to reboard from the rear of the craft. - Most manufacturers have placed a decal at the rear or bottom of the craft that indicates the direction to roll your PWC to return it to an upright position. If no decal exists, check your owner's manual or ask the dealer. With this information, you should be able to roll the PWC over and reboard with little trouble. If you roll it over the wrong way, you could damage your PWC. - It is a good idea to practice reboarding with someone else around to make sure you can handle it alone. Don't ride your PWC if you are very tired because reboarding would be difficult. Also, avoid riding where there are strong currents or winds, which could hamper your reboarding efforts.

Before You Go Out on Your PWC

PWC operators are subject to rules and requirements that apply to both inboard vessels and PWC. Operating a PWC carries the same responsibilities as operating any other vessel. Before taking your PWC out on the water, you should: - Read and understand the owner's manual. - Take time to review the video most PWC manufacturers provide. - Inspect your PWC periodically, and perform necessary maintenance to keep it in good operating condition. - Be aware of all local, state, and federal laws that apply to a PWC. - Not forget that in addition to obeying all boating laws, the PWC operator must adhere to laws specific to PWC.

PWC Safety: Be Aware of Blind Spots

PWC operators need to beware of passing too closely behind another vessel. The vessel will block your view of oncoming vessels, as well as the oncoming vessel's view of the PWC.

Increase Your Safety and Fun With Paddling Instruction

Paddling a small craft is a skill best learned through hands-on training. Formal paddling instruction teaches you how to: Balance and stabilize your craft. Paddle efficiently. Exit and enter your craft on the water. Perform rescue and recovery.

Marine Permits

Permits from the New Hampshire Marine Patrol (NHMP) are required for tournaments, regattas, races, or any other water event. A permit also is required to place a water-skiing jump or water-skiing course, tow a kite glider or parasail, or tow more than two persons behind your vessel. Penalties exist for participating in or refusing an officer's instruction to leave a water event that has not been issued a permit.

Sharing the Fun of Your Boat

Powerboats, sailboats, and personal watercraft (PWC) offer many opportunities for their operators to enjoy the waters. Along with the enjoyment comes responsibilities—both to the passengers and to others who share the public waterways. Sharing the fun of your vessel with your friends and family is all part of the boating experience. When you are operating a vessel, you have a responsibility to your passengers. You also are responsible when you let someone else drive your vessel. As the owner, you could be held liable for any damage caused by it, no matter who is driving at the time.

Responsibility to Environment: Practice the Three Rs

Practice the three Rs—Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. Many marinas provide facilities for recycling oil, aluminum, glass, and antifreeze. Use these services whenever possible. Carry reusable items, such as plates, silverware, cups, and glasses, on board to reduce waste. Recycle old fire extinguishers and marine batteries.

Responsibility to Environment: Practice the Three Rs

Practice the three Rs—Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. Many marinas provide facilities for recycling oil, aluminum, glass, and antifreeze. Use these services whenever possible. Carry reusable items, such as plates, silverware, cups, and glasses, on board to reduce waste. Recycle old fire extinguishers and marine batteries. Unit 6 of 6 Topic 1 of 7 Page 8 of 12

Launching Your Boat from a Trailer

Prepare to launch well away from the boat ramp so that you don't block ramp traffic. - Transfer all equipment and supplies to the vessel. - Disconnect trailer lights from the towing vehicle. - Remove all tie-down straps before backing down the ramp, but leave the trailer winch line securely attached to the vessel. - Make sure the vessel's drain plug is in place. - Tie a rope to the vessel's bow to use to control the vessel if necessary during launching.

Preparing Your Anchor

Prepare your anchor before setting out. •Attach 7-8 feet of galvanized chain to the anchor. The chain helps set the anchor by lowering the angle of the pull as the chain sinks and settles to the bottom. It also will help prevent abrasion of the anchor line from sand or rock on the bottom. Most anchors grip by digging into the bottom when the line is pulled horizontally. Any upward pull may break the anchor loose. •Be sure the anchor line is strong and long enough to anchor your boat. A good rule of thumb is that the length of the line should be at least seven to ten times the depth of the water where you are setting anchor. •Since an anchor can be a safety device in an emergency situation, store the anchor and its lines in an accessible area. If the engine breaks down, you may need to anchor quickly to avoid drifting aground.

Do Not Power Load Your Boat

Propeller wash can erode the sediment just beyond the ramp surface, creating a large hole. The eroded sediment is deposited behind the propeller, creating a mound. Trailer tires can get stuck in these holes, and boats can run aground on the mound.

How to Respond to Injuries

Proper response to accidents results from good training and common sense. If an injury is minor, treat it immediately. If an injury is major, make the victim as comfortable and safe as possible until medical personnel arrive, assuming you have a way to call for help. Here are some proper responses to accidents that can occur while boating. Shock: The seriously injured should be treated for shock by keeping the victim warm, still, and in a lying-down position until medical attention arrives. Elevate the feet several inches except in cases of head, neck, or back injury or hypothermia. Bleeding: Bleeding usually can be controlled by applying direct pressure to the wound. If the bleeding is minor, apply first aid. If it is serious, apply a dressing, maintain direct pressure, and seek medical attention. Burns: In cases of burns, the immediate goals are to relieve pain, prevent infection, and treat for shock. Immediately place minor burns in cold water and apply a dry bandage after the pain subsides. Seek medical attention for more severe burns. Broken Bones: Seek medical assistance immediately for broken and dislocated bones. Apply temporary splints with care. An improper splint can result in lifelong disfigurement; lack of a splint can lead to hemorrhage, shock, or death. Head, Neck, or Spinal Injury: In cases of head, neck, or spinal injuries, never move a victim more than is absolutely necessary. The water can provide excellent support until medical personnel arrive. If a victim must be moved, place him or her gently on a firm, full-length support.

Responsibility to Environment: Protect and Preserve

Protect the shoreline from erosion, and preserve aquatic vegetation. Reduce throttle to "no wake" speed when close to a shoreline or in small rivers to help prevent erosion. Don't operate in shallow water where your prop or pump intake can stir up bottom sediments and destroy aquatic plants. Drain the bilge and clean the prop before leaving a waterway. Failure to do so may transport plants or animals from one waterway to another and disrupt the natural balance of the environment.

What is the best way to retrieve an anchor?

Pull the anchor straight up.

Which part of a PWC is dangerous to your hands, feet, and hair?

Pump intake area

Pyrotechnic VDSs

Pyrotechnics are excellent distress signals. However, there is potential for injury and property damage if not handled properly. These devices produce a very hot flame, and the residue can cause burns and ignite flammable materials. - Pistol-launched and handheld parachute flares and meteors have many characteristics of a firearm and must be handled with caution. In some states, they are considered a firearm and are prohibited from use. - Pyrotechnic devices should be stored in a cool, dry, and prominently marked location. - If pyrotechnic VDSs are used, they must be dated. Expired VDSs may be carried on board, but a minimum of three unexpired VDSs must be carried in the vessel.

Reach, Throw, Row, or Go

Reach Extend a fishing rod, branch, oar, towel, or other object to **REACH out to the victim and pull him or her to safety. If nothing is available, lie flat on the dock, grab the victim's hand or wrist, and pull him or her to safety. **Throw If the victim is too far away to reach and a boat isn't handy, THROW the victim a PFD or anything else that will float. **Row If a rowboat is available, ROW to the victim and then use an oar or paddle to pull the victim to the stern. Let the victim hold onto the stern as you paddle to shore. If the victim is too weak, hold onto him or her until help arrives. If using a powerboat, stop the engine and glide to the victim from the downwind side. **Go Swimmers without lifesaving training should not swim to a victim. Instead, GO for help. If you must swim, take along anything that floats to keep between you and the victim.

Stern

Rear of a vessel

Discharge of Oil and Other Hazardous Substances

Regulations issued under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act require all vessels with propulsion machinery to be able to retain oil mixtures on board. You are not allowed to discharge oil or hazardous substances. The penalty for illegal discharge may be a fine of up to $10,000. You are not allowed to dump oil into the bilge of the vessel without means for proper disposal. Fuel spills can be removed using absorbent bilge pads. You must dispose of oil waste at an approved reception facility. On recreational vessels, a bucket or bailer is adequate for temporary storage prior to disposing of the oil waste at an approved facility. You must notify the National Response Center immediately if your vessel discharges oil or hazardous substances in the water. Call toll-free 1-800-424-8802. Report the discharge's location, color, source, substances, size, and time observed.

A PWC capsizes. What is the best way to roll the PWC to turn it upright?

Roll the PWC according to the decal on the craft.

Propeller

Rotates and powers a boat forward or backward

Propeller

Rotating device that turns and powers a boat forward or backward

A person at least 16 years old wants to operate a ski craft. In New Hampshire, what must the person have on board to operate the ski craft legally?

Safe Boater Education Certificate

Intake Grate

Screening cover over the intake, which prevents large debris from entering

You are caught in a severe storm in your boat. What should you do?

Seat passengers on the floor close to the centerline.

Before leaving with boat and trailer

Secure the vessel on the trailer and the gear within the vessel. - Secure all gear in the vessel firmly to keep it from shifting. Arrange the gear so that its weight is balanced side-to-side and front-to-back. - Secure the vessel to the trailer with several tie-down straps and/or safety lines to prevent the vessel from shifting. Use extra tie-down straps in case one fails. Never trust the bow winch alone to hold your vessel onto the trailer. - Put the engine or drive unit in the raised position and secure it. - Attach the safety chains between the trailer and the towing vehicle, crisscrossing them under the trailer tongue. Inspect and maintain trailering equipment. - Check the pressure of all tires on the towing vehicle and the trailer. Make sure you have a spare tire in good condition for both the vehicle and the trailer. - Tighten the lug nuts/bolts on the wheels of both the towing vehicle and the trailer, and grease wheel bearings. - Make sure that all lights and brakes on the towing vehicle and the trailer work properly. - Examine tie-down straps, lines, winch, safety chains, and hitch for signs of wear. Replace or adjust as necessary.

The HELP and Huddle Positions & treating a cold victim

See word

Fueling a PWC

Serious accidents also can occur when fueling a PWC. Spilled or leaked fuel can ignite and explode, especially in an enclosed space. PWC operators should pay particular attention to these fueling guidelines. - Check the entire fuel system for leaks and inspect fuel system connections frequently. Engine vibrations and the pounding from operating on rough water can loosen connections. - Avoid fuel spills when fueling in or near the water. - Do not tip the PWC in order to fill it all the way up. The tank is designed to leave space for the fuel to expand. If the tank is overfilled, the fuel may expand and spill into the water. - After fueling, open the door of the engine compartment and sniff to check for any evidence of gas fumes. Do this before starting the engine. If you do smell gas fumes, determine the source and make repairs immediately.

Before Fueling boat

Serious accidents can occur when fueling. Never fuel at night unless it is an emergency. If you must refuel after dark, use only electric lights. To protect the water environment, try to refuel away from the water or on a commercial fueling ramp. Follow these procedures in order to fuel safely and responsibly. Before beginning to fuel: - Tie the boat securely to the fuel dock. - Ask all passengers to leave the boat and go onto the dock. - Do not allow anyone in your group or others at the fuel dock to smoke or strike a match. - Check to see that fuel lines, connections, and fuel vents are in good condition. - Turn off anything that might cause a spark—engines, fans, or electrical equipment. - Shut off all fuel valves and extinguish all open flames, such as galley stoves and pilot lights. - Close all windows, ports, doors, and other openings to prevent fumes from entering the boat. - Remove portable fuel tanks from the boat and fill them on the dock. - Make sure that your fire extinguisher is within reach.

Devices That Reduce Propeller Strikes

Several new technologies are available to reduce propeller strikes. The devices fall into the following categories. - Guards: Devices that provide some type of physical barrier around the propeller. These include deflection devices, full cages, ring guards, ringed props, and "Kort Nozzles." - Propulsion: Devices other than a propeller such as jet drives and pump jets. - Interlocks: Devices that automatically turn off the engine or sound an alarm. For example, a ladder interlock stops the engine or triggers an alarm when passengers use the ladder to enter or leave the water. - Sensors: Wireless sensors or other devices worn by boaters that shut off the boat's engine or trigger an alarm if the wearer falls overboard.

What should you do before fueling your boat?

Shut off the engine. Close all windows, ports, doors, and other openings

Discharge of Sewage and Waste

Signs like this one are posted at pump-out stations. All waters in New Hampshire are "No Discharge Areas." It is illegal to discharge sewage—treated or untreated—into the water. If you have a recreational vessel with installed toilet facilities, it must have an operable marine sanitation device (MSD) on board. An MSD is a separate mechanism attached to the marine toilet. The macerator inside the toilet and the reservoir beside the toilet are not MSDs. If on inland waters, a vessel must have a holding tank with no through-hull discharge option. There are three types of MSDs. Types I and II MSDs are usually found on large vessels. Waste is treated with special chemicals to kill bacteria before the waste is discharged. Types I and II MSDs with Y valves that would direct the waste overboard must be secured so that the valve cannot be opened. This can be done by placing a lock or non-reusable seal on the Y valve or by taking the handle off the Y valve. Type III MSDs provide no treatment and are either holding tanks or portable toilets. Collected waste should be taken ashore and disposed of in a pump-out station or onshore toilet. Vessels 65 feet or less in length may use a Type I, II, or III MSD. Vessels more than 65 feet in length must install a Type II or III MSD. All installed devices must be USCG-certified.

You are caught in severe weather while boating. What should you do?

Slow down but maintain headway and steering.

How does the effect of alcohol while boating compare to its effect while on land?

The effect is increased while boating.

Preventing Falls Overboard From Small Boats

Small craft boaters need to be especially careful to avoid falling overboard. Falling overboard and drowning is the major cause of fatalities for small boats. To prevent falling overboard: Keep centered in the boat with your center of gravity low in the boat. Always keep your shoulders between the gunwales. If possible, don't move about the boat. If you must move, maintain three points of contact. That is, keep both hands and one foot or both feet and one hand in contact with the boat at all times. Evenly distribute and balance the weight of persons and gear within the boat, keeping most of the weight low. It is extremely important not to overload a small boat.

Mooring Permits

Some New Hampshire waters require a shorefront property owner to obtain a mooring permit before placing a mooring in the waters. Mooring permits are required on the following lakes: Bow, Newfound, Ossipee, Pleasant, Squam, Sunapee, Winnipesaukee, and Winnisquam. For more information, or to request a permit application, call the Mooring Program at 603-267-6453.

Consider Inflatable PFDs

Some people say they don't wear their PFDs because they're too hot or too bulky. But that's not an excuse anymore. Inflatable PFDs offer a U.S. Coast Guard (USCG)-approved wearable PFD that is small and lightweight. Inflatable PFDs come in two styles: a PFD that looks like a pair of suspenders or a belt pack that looks like a small fanny pack. Some of these PFDs are designed to inflate if the wearer falls into the water; others require the wearer to pull a cord. Inflatable PFDs are approved only for people 16 and older, and they are not to be worn on personal watercraft (PWC) or while water-skiing. Read the operating instructions and the approval label before you choose an inflatable PFD. Then be sure to wear it!

Intracoastal Waterway (ICW)

Some waters of the United States have slight variations on the lateral navigation markers. You should be aware of these if you boat on these waters. The Intracoastal Waterway (ICW) is a chain of local channels linked together to provide an inland passage along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts. - Channels that are part of the ICW are identified by yellow symbols on channel buoys and markers. Buoys and markers that bear these yellow symbols are serving a dual purpose—they are navigational aids for both the U.S. Aids to Navigation System and the ICW. - When following the ICW in a clockwise direction starting from New Jersey and heading to Brownsville, Texas, these rules apply. * Any marker displaying a yellow triangle should be passed by keeping it on the starboard (right) side of the boat. * Any marker displaying a yellow square should be passed by keeping it on the port (left) side of the boat. - These rules are true regardless of the shape or color of the channel marker or buoy on which the ICW symbols are displayed. When you are following the ICW, the yellow triangles and squares should be used as guides, rather than the colors and shapes of the lateral navigation markers on which they appear.

Sound Signals Used to Alert or Warn

Sound signals let other boaters know where you are located during periods of restricted visibility, such as extreme fog. If you hear the fog signal of a vessel you cannot see, slow to a minimum speed until you are sure there is not a risk of collision. - One prolonged blast at intervals of not more than two minutes is the signal used by power-driven vessels when underway. - One prolonged blast plus two short blasts at intervals of not more than two minutes is the signal used by sailing vessels. Sound signals are used to warn other boaters or alert them to danger. - One prolonged blast is a warning signal (for example, used when coming around a blind bend or leaving the dock). - Five (or more) short, rapid blasts are used to signal danger or to signal that you do not understand or you disagree with the other boater's intentions.

Sound Signals Used for Encountering Situations

Sound signals used on the waterways are like the turn light indicators used to signal intentions on the highways. Sound signals are also like an automobile's horn used to let other drivers know you are near or to alert them of danger. All boaters should know proper sound signals, especially those boaters operating near commercial vessel traffic. Sound signals are composed of short and prolonged blasts and must be audible for at least one-half mile: - Short blast—about one second in duration - Prolonged blast—4-6 seconds in duration Sound signals can communicate a change in direction to other boaters. - One short blast tells other boaters, "I intend to pass you on my port (left) side." - Two short blasts tell other boaters, "I intend to pass you on my starboard (right) side." - Three short blasts tell other boaters, "I am operating astern propulsion." For some vessels, this tells other boaters, "I am backing up."

Diver-Down Flags

State law requires that scuba divers or snorkelers display a diver-down flag to mark the diving area. Divers and snorkelers must stay within 75 feet of a diver-down flag at all times. Vessel operators must stay at least 150 feet away from a displayed diver-down flag. If there are circumstances that prevent the vessel from staying 150 feet way from the diver-down flag, the operator must throttle down to headway speed. Scuba divers and snorkelers should not place a flag in an area already occupied by other boaters or where their diving operation will impede the normal flow of waterway traffic. Divers also should follow all of the water safety rules themselves.

Your boat gets swamped far from shore. What should you do?

Stay with the boat, and signal for help.

rudder

Steering device, usually a vertical blade attached to a post at, or near, the stern of the boat

If you are involved in a boating accident, what is the first thing you must do?

Stop and render aid to other persons affected by the accident.

If your boat runs aground, what action should you take in addition to shifting the weight away from the point of impact?

Stop the engine, and lift the outdrive.

Your boat capsizes but remains afloat. What should you do?

Swim up under the boat to stay out of the wind.

A motorboat is approaching a sailboat head-on. What should the motorboat do?

Take early action to keep well away from the sailboat.

You encounter another boat. You assess the situation and determine that you are the give-way vessel. What must you do?

Take early and substantial action to keep well away

You encounter another boat. You assess the situation and determine that you are the give-way vessel. What must you do?

Take early and substantial action to keep well away.

CO Poisoning: Teak Surfing

Teak Surfing or dragging or water-skiing within 20 feet of a moving vessel can be fatal. If persons are using a swim platform or are close to the stern, all gasoline-powered generators with transom exhaust ports must be off.

Discharge of Trash

The Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships places limitations on the discharge of garbage from vessels. It is illegal to dump refuse, garbage, or plastics into any state or federally controlled waters. Many forms of litter can kill birds, fish, and marine mammals. You must store trash in a container while on board and place it in a proper receptacle after returning to shore. If boating on federally controlled waters and your vessel is 26 feet or longer, you must display a Garbage Disposal Placard in a prominent location. The Garbage Disposal Placard is a durable sign that is at least 4 × 9 inches and notifies passengers and crew about discharge restrictions.

Certificate of Registration: The Certificate of Registration and validation decals are obtained by submitting the proper application and fee to the Department of Safety, Division of Motor Vehicles, or one of its authorized agents.

The Certificate of Registration must be on board and available for inspection by an enforcement officer whenever the vessel is operated.

Hull Identification Numbers

The Hull Identification Number (HIN) is a unique 12-digit number assigned by the manufacturer to vessels built after 1972. Hull Identification Numbers: - Distinguish one vessel from another—the same as serial numbers distinguish one car from another. - Are engraved in the fiberglass or on a metal plate permanently attached to the transom. You should write down your HIN and put it in a place separate from your vessel in case warranty problems arise or your vessel is stolen.

Courtesy Equipment Inspection

The USCG Auxiliary and U.S. Power Squadrons will perform a Vessel Safety Check (VSC) of your vessel and equipment free of charge. This inspection covers federal and state requirements. If your vessel meets all VSC requirements, you will receive a VSC decal. If your vessel fails to meet all requirements, no report is made to any law enforcement agency.

Minimize Risk by Avoiding Alcohol

The effect of alcohol is increased by the natural stressors placed on your body while boating. Also, alcohol causes dehydration of your body. It takes less alcohol, combined with stressors, to impair an operator's ability to operate safely. Research has proven that one-third of the amount of alcohol that it takes to make a person legally intoxicated on land can make a boater equally intoxicated on the water. Alcohol depresses the central nervous system, affects judgment, and slows physical reaction time. Most people become impaired after only one drink. Alcohol makes it difficult for you to pay attention and perform multiple tasks. For example, it will be more difficult for you to keep track of two or more vessels operating in your area. This could become critical if you are placed in an emergency situation and must make a sudden decision. Alcohol can reduce your ability to distinguish colors, especially red and green.

Non-Pyrotechnic VDSs

The following are examples of non-pyrotechnic VDSs. Electric Light: Night Signal - The electric distress light is accepted for night use only and must flash the international SOS distress signal automatically. Orange Flag: Day Signal - The distress flag is a day signal only. It must be at least 3 × 3 feet with a black square and ball on an orange background. - Arm Signal Although the arm signal does not meet VDS equipment requirements, wave your arms to summon help if you do not have other distress signals on board.

Operator Age and Education Requirements

The following are requirements for vessel operators on New Hampshire waters. - A vessel powered by 25 horsepower or less does not require the operator to have a Safe Boater Education Certificate. - A "ski craft" may be operated only by persons who are 16 years old or older and who have a valid Safe Boater Education Certificate. - A vessel powered by more than 25 horsepower (other than a "ski craft") may be operated by * :A person under 16 years of age only if he or she is accompanied by a person 18 years old or older who has a valid Safe Boater Education Certificate. The accompanying person is responsible for any injury or damage caused during operation of the vessel. *A person 16 years of age or older only if he or she has obtained a Safe Boater Education Certificate.

Increased Risk Due to Boating Stressors

The glare and heat of the sun, along with the motion of the vessel caused by the wind and the waves and the noise and vibration of the engine, have a large impact on your body that you may not even realize. These natural stressors make you tire more rapidly when on the water—regardless of your age or level of fitness. Many boaters greatly underestimate the effect these stressors have on fatigue. While perhaps not fatal themselves, stressors may weaken your body and mind enough to make the risk of an accident much greater.

Avoid Jet Stream Injuries

The jet of water that comes out the steering nozzle at the back of the PWC is extremely dangerous. The jet stream is powerful enough to force water into a person's body cavities, causing serious internal injuries, permanent disability, or death. To avoid jet stream injuries: - Connect the engine cut-off switch lanyard to the operator's wrist or PFD. If the operator ends up in the water, shutting off the engine stops the jet stream. -Wear a wetsuit or other protective clothing that will keep the jet stream from entering your body cavities. * This is recommended for both the operator and any passengers. * Passengers could fall off the PWC into the path of the jet stream before the operator can stop the engine.

Drive Shaft

The long stem connection between the motor and the impeller

Additional Information About Navigation Rules

The navigation rules contained in this course summarize the basic navigation responsibilities for a boat operator on inland waterways. Additional and more in-depth rules apply to various types of waterways, such as International Waters and Western Rivers, and to operation regarding commercial vessels and other watercraft. It is the responsibility of an operator to know and follow all the navigation rules. For a complete listing of the navigation rules, refer to the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) publication Navigation Rules and Regulations Handbook. For state-specific navigation requirements, refer to the rules and laws of the state where you intend to boat.

What Happens When You Release the Throttle

The operator is holding down the throttle lever and steering the PWC straight ahead. The operator releases the throttle lever. With the throttle released, the PWC continues to go straight ahead even though the operator is trying to turn to the right.

What is the risk when a PWC passes too closely behind another boat?

The other boat may create a blind spot for the PWC operator.

Coupler

The part of the trailer that attaches to the ball hitch on a towing vehicle

overnight

The period of time between the termination of daylight in the evening to the earliest dawn of the next morning

Typical Boating Fatalities

The profile of a typical U.S. boating fatality is: Someone not wearing a PFD falls overboard and drowns or... A vessel capsizes and someone drowns or... A vessel strikes another vessel or fixed object, and the occupants are fatally injured or drown due to injuries. Collisions often occur because boat operators are not staying alert and keeping a lookout for other boats or objects, or are going a little faster than they should. Although some collisions happen at night when it is difficult to see, many occur in daylight hours on calm, clear days. About one-third of the time, alcohol is involved. You also might be surprised to learn that: Typically, victims drown even though there are enough PFDs on the boat. (Remember, you probably won't have time to put on your PFD during an emergency. Get in the habit of wearing it.) The vessel is most often a small boat of open design, such as a jon boat, canoe, or other type of boat with low sides. The victims are usually men 26 to 50 years old, who have been boating for years and likely know how to swim.

Displaying the Registration Number and Validation Decals: If your vessel requires registration, it is illegal to operate it or allow others to operate your vessel unless it is registered and numbered as described above.

The registration number and validation decals must be displayed as follows. Number must be painted, applied as a decal, or otherwise affixed to both sides of the forward half of the vessel such that it is clearly readable. Number must read from left to right on both sides of the vessel. Number must be in at least three-inch-high BLOCK letters. Number's color must contrast with the hull background. Letters must be separated from the numbers by a hyphen or a space: NH-3717-ZW or NH 3717 ZW. Decals must be placed on both sides of the bow within six inches of and to the right of the number. Sailboats that are at least 12 feet long but less than 20 feet in length need to display the validation decals only (not the number) within two feet of the extreme forward part of the bow.

Exceptions to the navigation rules

The rules that follow cover most of the situations you will encounter as a recreational boater. However, be aware that there are exceptions to the rules. For example, if you approach a vessel that has less maneuverability than your vessel, the other vessel will usually be the stand-on vessel. - Important *Every operator is responsible for avoiding a collision. In complying with the navigation rules, operators must consider all dangers of navigation; risk of collisions; and any special conditions, including the limitations of the boats involved. These considerations may make a departure from the navigation rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.*

headway speed (safe passage law)

The slowest speed at which it is still possible to maintain steering or 6 miles per hour

The Towing Hitch

The towing hitch must be appropriate for the loaded trailer. - The coupler on a trailer connects to a ball hitch on the towing vehicle. A frame-mounted hitch on the towing vehicle is better than a bumper-mounted hitch. If you are using a bumper-mounted hitch, do not exceed the weight rating of the bumper. - Make sure the size stamped on the ball hitch on the towing vehicle is the same size that is stamped on the trailer's coupler. If the ball hitch is too small, a bump in the road could cause the coupler to lift off the hitch. - "Tongue weight" is the amount of the loaded trailer's weight that presses down on the towing hitch. The tongue weight should be about 10% of the combined weight of the vessel and trailer ("gross trailer weight" or GTW). If the tongue weight is too light, the trailer will tend to swing from side-to-side (or "fishtail"). If the tongue weight is too heavy, the rear wheels of the towing vehicle will be weighted down, making it difficult to steer.

Choosing the Right Trailer and Towing Vehicle

The trailer and towing vehicle should be designed to fit your boat. - Use the size of your vessel to determine the dimensions of the trailer needed. Today, most trailerable boats are sold as a package with a trailer of the appropriate size. - Look at the load capacity of the trailer stated by the trailer's manufacturer. If the combined weight of your vessel and its engine is more than 90% of the recommended load capacity, buy the next larger trailer. This is because your gear (fuel, personal flotation devices or PFDs, anchors, lines, etc.) will increase the overall weight by at least 10%. - Check the owner's manual of your towing vehicle to ensure that your vehicle is rated to tow the combined weight of your vessel, engine, and trailer. - important *It is very important to have proper lighting on trailers, including turn signals and tail and brake lights. Also, make sure you have a jack that fits properly under the trailer—most car jacks are too large to fit under a trailer.*

Stages 1 and 2 of Cold Water Immersion

There are four stages of cold water immersion. This is what happens in the first two stages. Stage 1: Initial "cold shock" occurs in the first 3-5 minutes of immersion in cold water. Sudden immersion into cold water can cause immediate, involuntary gasping; hyperventilation; panic; and vertigo—all of which can result in water inhalation and drowning. Immersion in cold water also can cause sudden changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rhythm, which also can result in death. Stage 2: Short-term "swim failure" occurs 3-30 minutes following immersion in cold water. The muscles and nerves in the arms and legs cool quickly. Manual dexterity, hand grip strength, and speed of movement all can drop by 60%-80%. Even normally strong persons can lose the strength necessary to pull themselves out of the water or even to keep their head above water. Death occurs by drowning.

Stages 3 and 4 of Cold Water Immersion

There are four stages of cold water immersion. This is what happens in the last two stages. Stage 3: Long-term immersion hypothermia sets in after 30 minutes, at a rate depending on water temperature, clothing, body type, and your behavior in the water. The human body cools much faster in cold water than it does in cold air. Hypothermia occurs when your body loses heat faster than it produces it, cooling the organs in the core of your body. Hypothermia eventually leads to loss of consciousness and death, with or without drowning. Stage 4: Post-immersion collapse occurs during or after rescue. Once rescued, after you have been immersed in cold water, you are still in danger from collapse of arterial blood pressure leading to cardiac arrest. Also, inhaled water can damage your lungs, and heart problems can develop as cold blood from your arms and legs is released into the core of your body.

Rules of encountering other vessels

There are rules that every operator must follow when encountering other vessels. Two terms help explain these rules. - Give-way vessel: The vessel that is required to take early and substantial action to keep well away from other vessels by stopping, slowing down, or changing course. Avoid crossing in front of other vessels. Any change of course and/or speed should be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel. (A series of small changes should be avoided.) - Stand-on vessel: The vessel that must maintain its course and speed unless it becomes apparent that the give-way vessel is not taking appropriate action. If you must take action, do not turn toward the give-way vessel or cross in front of it. * The action a vessel operator should take when encountering another vessel depends on the answers to two questions. - How are the two vessels propelled?*Two power-driven vessels *Two sailing vessels *A power-driven vessel and a sailing vessel - How are the two vessels approaching one another? *Meeting head-on: A vessel operator sees another vessel ahead or nearly ahead *Paths that cross: Two vessels are on crossing paths so as to involve risk of collision *Overtaking: A vessel is coming upon another vessel from behind or nearly behind the other vessel

Throwable Devices (Not Wearable)

These cushions and ring buoys are designed to be thrown to someone in trouble. Because a throwable device is not designed to be worn, it is neither for rough waters nor for persons who are unable to hold onto it.

Lateral Markers: Colors and Numbers

These navigation aids mark the edges of safe water areas; for example, directing travel within a channel. The markers use a combination of colors and numbers, which may appear on either buoys or permanently placed markers. The colors and numbers have the same meaning regardless of the kind of buoy or marker on which they appear. - Red Colors, Red Lights, and Even Numbers: These mark the edge of the channel on your starboard (right) side as you enter from the open sea or head upstream. Numbers usually will increase consecutively as you return from the open sea or head upstream. - Green Colors, Green Lights, and Odd Numbers: These mark the edge of the channel on your port (left) side as you enter from the open sea or head upstream. Numbers usually will increase consecutively as you return from the open sea or head upstream. - Red and Green Colors and/or Lights: These are placed at the junction of two channels to indicate the preferred (primary) channel when a channel splits. If green is on top, the preferred channel is to the right. If red is on top, the preferred channel is to the left. These also are sometimes referred to as "junction buoys."

Wearable Offshore Life Jackets

These vests are geared for rough or remote waters where rescue may take a while. They provide the most buoyancy, are excellent for flotation, and will turn most unconscious persons face up in the water.

Wearable Near-Shore Vests

These vests are good for calm waters when quick assistance or rescue is likely. Type II vests will turn some unconscious wearers face up in the water, but the turning is not as pronounced as with a Type I.

Wearable Flotation Aids

These vests or full-sleeved jackets are good for calm waters when quick assistance or rescue is likely. They are not recommended for rough waters because they will not turn most unconscious persons face up. Type III PFDs are used for water sports, such as water-skiing. Some Type III PFDs are designed to inflate when you enter the water.

Special-Use Devices

These vests, deck suits, hybrid PFDs, and others are designed for specific activities, such as windsurfing, kayaking, or water-skiing. Some Type V PFDs are designed to inflate when you enter the water. To be acceptable, Type V PFDs must be worn and used in accordance with their label.

Western Rivers System

This system of markers is used on the Mississippi River and its tributaries above Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and on some other rivers that flow toward the Gulf of Mexico. The major difference from the U.S. Aids to Navigation System lateral markers shown previously is that navigation markers on the Western Rivers System are not numbered. Numbers displayed below daymarks along this system are not associated with the right or left side of the channel; these numbers indicate the distance from the river's mouth. However, on the Ohio River, the numbers below the marker indicate the distance from the headwaters. And on the upper Mississippi River, the mileage is measured from Cairo, Illinois, at the junction of the Ohio River. On the Western Rivers System, this daymark indicates the right side of the channel as a boater heads upstream. The number below the marker indicates that the boater is 73.5 miles from the river's mouth.

Preventing Capsizing, Swamping, or Falling Overboard

To help prevent and prepare for capsizing, swamping, or someone falling overboard, follow these guidelines. Make sure that you and your passengers are wearing PFDs while the boat is underway. Attach the engine cut-off switch lanyard to your wrist, clothes, or PFD. Don't allow anyone to sit on the gunwale, bow, seat backs, motor cover, or any other area not designed for seating. Also, don't let anyone sit on pedestal seats when operating at a speed greater than idle speed. Don't overload your boat. Balance the load of all passengers and gear. Keep your center of gravity low by not allowing people to stand up or move around while underway, especially in smaller, less-stable boats. In a small boat, don't allow anyone to lean a shoulder beyond the gunwale. Slow your boat appropriately when turning. Don't risk boating in rough water conditions or in bad weather. When anchoring, secure the anchor line to the bow, never to the stern.

Issuing a MAYDAY Call

To issue a MAYDAY call on Channel 16 of your VHF radio: Transmit "MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY." Say "This is (name of boat three times, call letters once)." Repeat once more "MAYDAY" and your vessel's name. Report your location. Report the nature of your emergency. Report the kind of assistance needed. Report the number of people on board and condition of any injured. Describe the vessel and its seaworthiness. Wait for a response. If there is none, repeat the message.

Stop the Spread of Invasive Species

To prevent spreading aquatic invasive species. - Inspect your boat and trailer. Remove any invasive species (zebra mussels and any aquatic plants) you see before leaving the area. - Drain your motor, live well, and bilge on land before leaving the area. - Empty your bait buckets on land before leaving the area. - Never release live bait into a body of water or release aquatic animals from one body of water into another. - Rinse your boat, trailer, live well, and equipment. It is best to use high-pressure, hot water. A garden hose will work if no other option is available. - Air-dry your boat and equipment for as long as possible. Five days is optimal. - Flush the engine's cooling system with hot water. - Apply antifouling materials, such as paint and films, to boat hulls, trim tabs, transducers, and swimming platforms to discourage zebra mussel attachment.

bailing

To remove water by scooping it out with a bucket

furl

To roll up tightly and make secure

backfire

To undergo an explosion of prematurely ignited fuel or of unburned exhaust gases in an internal combustion engine

How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

To use a fire extinguisher correctly, remember PASS. P: Pull the pin. A: Aim at the base of the fire. S: Squeeze the handle. S: Sweep side to side.

aground

Touching or stuck on the bottom

Paddlers Are at Risk

Traveling down a river or across a lake in a small boat can be an enjoyable and safe activity. But, according to statistics, people in small boats, such as canoes, kayaks, and rafts, are more than twice as likely to drown as individuals operating larger vessels. This higher rate of fatalities can be attributed to two factors. Paddlers and others in small boats don't consider themselves "boaters" and fail to follow the same safe practices as other vessel operators. Many who use small boats don't have the skills or knowledge they need to operate their small, unstable craft safely. They may be unaware of hazards unique to small boats or don't follow proper safety procedures when encountering them.

How to Prevent Propeller Strikes

Turn off the engine when passengers are boarding or disembarking. Propellers should not be spinning when a passenger is in a vulnerable situation. Prevent passengers from being thrown overboard accidentally. •Never start a boat with the engine in gear. •Never ride on a seat back, gunwale, transom, or bow. •Make sure all passengers are seated properly before getting underway. Some operators cause injuries by putting the engine in gear while people are still swimming or diving from the boat. •Assign a responsible adult to watch any children in the boat and sound the alarm if a child falls overboard. Maintain a proper lookout for people in the water. The primary cause of propeller strike accidents is operator inattention or carelessness. •Slow down when approaching congested areas and anchorages. In congested areas, always be alert for swimmers and divers. •Learn to recognize warning buoys that mark swimming and other hazardous areas. •Keep the boat away from marked swimming and diving areas. Become familiar with the red flag with a white diagonal stripe and the blue-and-white "Alfa" flag—both signal that divers are down.

Trailer Safety Chains

Two strong safety chains should be crisscrossed to support the trailer's coupler if it becomes disconnected from the towing vehicle. The chains should be strong enough to hold the combined weight of the vessel, engine, and trailer.

Fire extinguisher

Type B

Required Lights: Unpowered Vessels Less Than 65.6 Feet When Underway

Unpowered vessels are sailing vessels or vessels that are paddled, poled, or rowed. If less than 65.6 feet long, these vessels must exhibit the lights as shown in Figure 2. The required lights are: - Red and green sidelights visible from a distance of at least two miles away—or if less than 39.4 feet long, at least one mile away—on a dark, clear night. - A sternlight visible from a distance of at least two miles away.

Gunwale

Upper edge of vessel's side (generally pronounced "gunnel)

What is the best way to clean the hull of your vessel to protect the environment?

Use plain water or non-phosphate detergent

Before Towing a Skier

Water-skiing, along with being towed on a tube, kneeboard, or similar device, is very popular with boaters. These activities are both fun and challenging; however, towing people on skis or other devices requires additional knowledge and skills. Before towing a skier, the operator should: Have a second person on board to act as an observer. Review hand signals with the skier to ensure proper communication. Make sure the skier is wearing a PFD that is approved by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and designed for water-skiing. Keep in mind that ski belts are not USCG-approved. A PFD with a high-impact rating is recommended. Be familiar with the area and aware of any hazards such as shallow water, rocks, or bridge pilings in the water. Make sure the tow lines are of the same length if towing multiple skiers. Never tow a skier at night. It is both hazardous and illegal.

wake

Waves that a vessel leaves behind as it moves through the water

What should anglers and hunters do when they are fishing or hunting from a boat?

Wear a PFD at all times.

Using a VHF Marine Radio

VHF marine radios are increasingly popular with boaters for good reasons. They save lives and are easy to use. They are more effective for marine communications than CB radios or mobile phones. VHF radios have more consistent reception than mobile phones. No license is needed when used in recreational boats. They withstand rough weather. Boat-mounted radios are wired to the boat's battery. The source of a VHF signal can be located so that you can be found even in fog. Operating a VHF radio takes some basic knowledge. When operating your boat, you must monitor Channel 16 (the distress channel). If you hear a MAYDAY call, remain silent, listen, and write down information about the boat in distress. If the USCG or other rescue authority does not respond, try to reach the USCG while traveling toward the boat. If you cannot reach the USCG, assist the other boat to the best of your ability while not placing yourself or your passengers in danger. If you have a life-threatening emergency, have everyone put on PFDs and issue a MAYDAY call on Channel 16. Be aware that the distance for sending and receiving messages is limited by the height of the antenna and the power of the radio. Always use the one-watt setting except in an emergency or if your signal is too weak to be received clearly. Channel 16 is a calling and distress channel only and should not be used for conversation or radio checks. It can be used to make contact with another station (boat), but the communication then should move to a non-emergency channel such as 68 or 69. Penalties exist for misuse of a radio, including improper use of VHF Channel 16.

How Ventilation Systems Work

Ventilation systems are crucial. Their purpose is to avoid explosions by removing flammable gases. Properly installed ventilation systems greatly reduce the chance of a life-threatening explosion. Powerboats are built to ventilate the engine when underway. As the boat moves along, an air intake scoops up fresh air and forces it down the air duct into the engine compartment. The exhaust sucks out the explosive fumes from the lowest part of the engine and fuel compartments.

Transom

Vertical surface at the back of the hull

Overview of Navigation Lights Law

Vessel operators must make sure that their vessels are equipped with the proper navigation lights and use the lights during these conditions: - When away from the dock between sunset and sunrise - During periods of restricted visibility such as fog or heavy rain No other lights that may be mistaken for required navigation lights may be exhibited. Note: Blue or red flashing lights are restricted to use by law enforcement vessels only. The required navigation lights differ depending on the type and size of your vessel. The common lighting configurations for recreational vessels are discussed in this course. For other configurations and requirements for larger vessels, see the USCG's Navigation Rules.

Requirements to Tow a Person With a Vessel

Vessel operators towing a person(s) on water skis, tubes, kneeboards, aquaplanes, or any other devices have specific equipment and observer requirements. All persons being towed behind a vessel on water skis or any other device must wear a USCG-approved Type I, II, or III life jacket. Ski belts are not approved life jackets and are illegal. In addition to the operator, an observer must be on board to observe the progress of the person being towed. The observer must be at least 13 years old, able to determine when a skier is in trouble, and able to assist the skier. No more than six persons may be towed on one or more inflatable tubes and no more than two persons may be towed on water skis, aquaplanes, or other devices from the same motorboat at the same time. When three or more persons are being towed, two observers, in addition to the operator, shall be in the towing vessel. Such observers shall be 13 years of age or older. If towing a skier with a PWC, the PWC should be rated for at least three people—the operator, the observer, and the retrieved skier.

Towing a Person With a Vessel

Vessel operators towing a person(s) on water skis, tubes, kneeboards, aquaplanes, or any other devices must do so safely and responsibly. Persons may be towed behind a vessel on water skis or any other device during daylight hours (sunrise to sunset) only. When returning to the shore with a skier, the towing vessel and the skier must remain at least 150 feet from shore.

Boating in the Vicinity of Anglers

Vessel operators who are boating in the vicinity of fishing boats should: Slow down when approaching fishing boats or give them a wide berth. Never run over anglers' lines. Be aware anglers may have lines out to the sides of their boats or trolling behind them. Never disturb fishing boats by making a large wake. An angler at anchor could be swamped by another vessel's cruising wake.

Requirements to Carry Visual Distress Signals (VDSs)

Visual distress signals (VDSs) allow vessel operators to signal for help in the event of an emergency. VDSs are classified as day signals (visible in bright sunlight), night signals (visible at night), or both day and night signals. VDSs are either pyrotechnic (smoke and flames) or non-pyrotechnic (non-combustible). - Vessels on federally controlled waters (such as New Hampshire's coastal waters) must be equipped with USCG-approved VDSs. All vessels, regardless of length or type, are required to carry night signals when operating between sunset and sunrise. Most vessels must carry day signals also. Exceptions to the requirement for day signals are: *Recreational vessels that are less than 16 feet in length *Non-motorized open sailboats that are less than 26 feet in length *Manually propelled vessels - VDSs must be USCG-approved, in serviceable condition, and readily accessible.

Changes in the Weather

Weather can change very rapidly and create unexpected emergencies for boat and PWC operators. Even meteorologists have trouble predicting rapid changes in the weather. You should always watch for changes in the weather and monitor the weather forecast. As an operator, it is your responsibility to take appropriate action based on the weather.

Towing Lights on Commercial Vessels

When commercial vessels are towing or pushing a barge, they display one or more yellow lights in place of a sternlight. There may be an unlit space of several hundred yards between the lights displayed on the bow and stern of the composite formed by the commercial vessel and its barge(s). Learn to recognize commercial vessel lights if boating on rivers, harbors, or coastal waters.

What a Skier Should Do

When in the water, the skier should: Wear a PFD. You never know when a fall will knock you unconscious. Learn to use hand signals. Never ski under the influence of drugs or alcohol. This is illegal and extremely dangerous because of the damage to your judgment and reflexes. Never spray swimmers, vessels, or other skiers. Such activity is illegal, dangerous, and discourteous. Never wrap any part of the tow rope around your body. Always hold a ski up out of the water after falling or after dropping the rope so that the boat operator and other vessels can see you. Never approach the back of the boat unless the engine has been shut off. Otherwise, you could be seriously injured by the boat's propeller.

Environmental Considerations for a PWC

When operating your PWC or other jet-propelled watercraft, always consider the effect you may have on the environment. - Make sure that the water you operate in is at least 30 inches deep. Riding in shallow water can cause bottom sediments or aquatic vegetation to be sucked into the pump, damaging your PWC and the environment. - Avoid causing erosion by operating at slow speeds and by not creating a wake when operating near shore or in narrow streams or rivers. - Do not dock or beach your PWC in reeds and grasses. This could damage fragile environments. - Take extra care when fueling your PWC in or near the water. Oil and gasoline spills are very detrimental to the aquatic environment. Fuel on land if possible. - Never use your PWC to disturb, chase, or harass wildlife.

Which statement regarding vessel maintenance is true?

When replacing electrical parts on a vessel, never use automotive parts.

When Starting to Tow a Skier

When starting to tow a skier, the operator should: Start the engine after making sure that no one in the water is near the propeller. Start the boat slowly until the ski rope is tight. When the skier is ready and there is no traffic ahead, take off in a straight line with enough power to raise the skier out of the water. Once the skier is up, adjust the speed according to the signals given by the skier.

When You See a Green and a White Light

When you are in a power-driven vessel and you see a green and a white light, you are the stand-on vessel. You should remain alert, however, in case the other vessel operator does not see you or does not know navigational rules.

When You See a Red and a White Light

When you are in a power-driven vessel and you see a red and a white light, you must give way to the other vessel! Slow down and allow the vessel to pass, or you may turn to the right and pass behind the other vessel.

When You See a Red, a Green, and a White Light

When you are in a power-driven vessel and you see a red, a green, and a white light, you are approaching another power-driven vessel head-on and both vessels must give way.

When You See Only a White Light

When you are in a power-driven vessel and you see only a white light, you are overtaking another vessel or it is anchored. It is the stand-on vessel, whether underway or anchored. You may go around it on either side.

When You See a Red and a Green Light But No White Light

When you are in any type of vessel and you see a red and a green light but no white light, you are approaching a sailing vessel head-on and you must give way.

When You See Only a Green Light or Only a Red Light

When you are in any type of vessel and you see only a green light or only a red light, you may be approaching a sailing vessel and you must give way. A sailing vessel is always the stand-on vessel except when it is overtaking.

Prepare for and Prevent Accidents

When you go boating, you will encounter hazards and risks. The outcome of these encounters will be determined by your knowledge, skill, and attitude toward safety. It's important to make a boating emergency less likely to happen by taking the proper precautions; it's equally important to be prepared and know what to do if an emergency occurs.

While Fueling boat

While filling the fuel tank: - Keep the nozzle of the fuel-pump hose in solid contact with the tank opening to prevent producing a static spark. - Use caution and fill the tank slowly to avoid spilling fuel into the boat's bilge or into the water. Use an oil-absorbent pad to catch drips or spills. - Never fill a tank to the brim—leave room for fuel to expand. - Wipe up any spilled fuel, and properly dispose of the used paper towels or rags on shore.

Weather Warning Display Signals & What You Need on Board to Summon Help

see word

Safety While Paddling

While on the water, a small boat operator prepares for safety by doing the following. Always put on a PFD before entering the watercraft, and keep it on throughout the outing. Never go out alone. Bring along at least one other boater. When canoeing, two canoes with two canoeists each are recommended. Three crafts with two persons each are even better. If unfamiliar with the waterway, go out with someone who is knowledgeable about it. Never overload the craft. Tie down gear, and distribute weight evenly. Make sure the craft is stable before you enter it. Maintain a low center of gravity and three points of contact. Keep your weight balanced over the center of the craft.Standing up or moving around in a small craft can cause it to capsize—a leading cause of fatalities among paddlers.Leaning a shoulder over the edge of the craft also can destabilize it enough to capsize it. Stay alert at all times and be aware of your surroundings, including nearby powerboats. Be prepared to react when dangerous situations arise

Responsibility to Environment: Keep Waterways Clean

While the effect of a single vessel on our rivers, lakes, and coastal waters may seem insignificant, multiply that impact by the millions of vessels on the waterways today. To preserve and protect the waters, wildlife, and aquatic vegetation enjoyed while boating, each person must be responsible. Keep waterways clean and disease-free by disposing of waste properly. If your vessel is equipped with an installed toilet (marine sanitation device), make sure no sewage is discharged into the water. Empty the holding tanks only into pump-out stations. Don't throw any litter overboard. Bring all trash back on shore to dispose of properly. Be sure to retrieve anything that blows overboard. Fishing lines and plastics are deadly for fish and fowl and should never be discarded in the water or near shore. Plastic six-pack holders can trap or strangle birds, fish, and other wildlife. Always properly dispose of these on land by snipping each circle of the holders with scissors. Remember, if you have room to take it, you have room to bring it back!

PWC Courtesy: Keep Your Distance

While these rules of courteous operation are especially important for PWC operators, they apply to all other vessel operators as well. - Jumping the wake of a passing boat, or riding too close to another PWC or boat, creates risks and is restricted or even prohibited in some states. Here's why. * The boat making the wake may block the PWC operator's view of oncoming traffic and also conceal the PWC operator from approaching vessels. * It can be very stressful for boat operators to have a PWC continually in close proximity to their boats. *Wake jumping and riding too close to other vessels are common complaints others have against PWC operators. - Do not attempt to spray others with the wake of your PWC. Not only is this discourteous, but it is also dangerous and reckless operation.

While Towing a Skier

While towing a skier, the operator should: Keep the skier at a safe distance—at least twice the length of the tow rope—from the shoreline, docks, hazards, and people in the water. Avoid congested areas, beaches, docks, and swimming areas. Water-skiing takes a lot of room. Some areas may have designated traffic patterns. Maintain a sharp lookout for other vessels and obstructions in the water. Let the observer watch the skier. Always respond to the skier's signals. If you need to turn the boat, signal the skier of your intentions. Once the skier has dropped or fallen, circle the skier slowly either to return the tow line to the skier or to pick up the skier. Always keep the skier in view and on the operator's side of the boat. Some states require the display of a red or orange skier-down flag under certain conditions. To avoid propeller injuries, always shut off the engine before allowing the skier to board the boat. After the skier is on board, retrieve the tow line unless you are pulling another skier.

Bunks

Wooden supports on which the vessel rests while on the trailer

Keep Fire Extinguishers Accessible and Usable

You also should inspect extinguishers regularly to ensure the following. - Seals and tamper indicators are not broken or missing. - Pressure gauges or indicators read in the operable range. - There is no physical damage, corrosion, leakage, or clogged nozzles. *Keep bilges clean and free of trash in order to reduce the risk of fire.

Responsibility to Others Operating Your Boat

You always should make sure that anyone operating your vessel understands his or her responsibilities as a driver and knows how to operate safely and responsibly. Before allowing others to operate your vessel: Check that they meet the minimum age and boater education requirements for operation in your state. Make sure they know basic boating safety and navigation rules. Show them how to use the lanyard with the engine cut-off switch and require them to use it. Explain the importance of obeying "idle speed," "headway speed," and "slow, no wake" restrictions. Stress the need to keep a proper lookout for other boaters and hazards.

How does having a pre-departure checklist help you?

You have what you need for a safe trip

Anchoring * important

You should never anchor in, or otherwise obstruct passage through, channels or areas such as launching ramps or any other high-traffic areas.

You are operating a PWC. What will happen if you shut off the engine?

You will keep going in the same direction with no steering control.

Preparing for Possible Cold Water Immersion

Your chance of surviving cold water immersion depends on having sufficient flotation to keep your head above water, controlling your breathing, having timely rescue by yourself or others, and retaining body heat. Prepare for boating in cold water conditions by always wearing a secured PFD. Also wear layered clothing for insulation. Equip your boat with a means for re-entry (ladder, sling, etc.) to use if you should fall into the water.

personal watercraft

a small vessel that uses inboard jet drives as its primary source of propulsion and is designed to be operated by a person or persons sitting, standing, or kneeling on the vessel rather than inside the vessel

At what point should you open all windows and hatches when fueling?

after fueling

Which of these would be considered a safe speed?

being able to stop within an appropriate distance

A skier is being towed behind a boat. Who has responsibility for avoiding other boats and hazards?

boat operator

Who is responsible for explaining fire safety procedures to passengers on a boat?

boat operator

Who is responsible for explaining proper waste disposal procedures to passengers on a boat?

boat operator

Who is required to keep a proper lookout while boating?

operator

A passenger on a small boat falls overboard. How should this person be pulled back onto the boat?

over the stern with the engine turned off

Who is responsible for any injury or damage caused by others you allow to operate your vessel?

owner

What three ingredients are required to ignite a fire?

oxygen, fuel, and heat

What does a diver-down flag look like?

red flag with white diagonal stripe

On New Hampshire state waters, what color flag is used to mark an area where people are snorkeling or scuba diving?

red with a white diagonal stripe

What is the main reason for assuming the HELP position when you are stranded in the water?

reduces heat loss

What must be affixed to both sides of the forward half of a registered vessel?

registration number

You are operating your powerboat near a shoreline. What should you do to help prevent erosion?

run at no wake speed

Number and Type of Required Fire Extinguishers

see chart on word. For carriage requirements, one 5-B is equivalent to one B-I, and one 20-B is equivalent to one B-II.

CO Poisoning: Boat Exhaust & other situations

see word

How to Avoid Severe Weather

see word

What should anglers and hunters do when they are fishing or hunting from a boat?

wear a pfd at all times

When should you discard a PFD?

when it has a torn strap

One type of marker is used to warn boaters not to pass between the marker and the shore. What color is this marker?

white with black vertical stripes

How should you pass a fishing boat?

with minimum wake and well away from fishing lines

How quickly must you file a written report if you're in a boating accident involving injury or death?

within 15 days

you are operating a powerboat at night. you see only a green light on another boat. What does this tell you?

you may be approaching a sailboat. you must give way

Steering and Stopping a PWC

•PWCs are propelled by a jet drive where water is drawn into a pump and then forced out under pressure through a steering nozzle at the back of the unit. This "jet" of pressurized water is directed by the steering control—when the steering control is turned, the steering nozzle turns in the same direction. For example, if the steering control is turned right, the nozzle turns right and the jet of water pushes the back of the vessel to the left, which causes the PWC to turn right. •The most important thing to remember about steering most PWCs (and other jet-drive vessels) is that you always must have power in order to maintain control. If you allow the engine on a PWC or other jet-propelled vessel to return to idle or shut off during operation, you may lose all steering control. Many PWCs will continue in the direction they were headed before the throttle was released or the engine was shut off, no matter which way the steering control is turned. •Always allow plenty of room for stopping. Just because you release the throttle or shut off the engine does not mean you will stop immediately.Never use reverse (if equipped) to stop a PWC because you or your passengers could be thrown from it.

Tides on Coastal Waters

•Tides are created by the sun and moon exerting a pull on the earth. High tides and low tides are predictable, and each one normally occurs twice daily at approximately six-hour intervals. •Boat operators in coastal waters need to be mindful of the effect of tides. The rise and fall of tides can cause water levels to fluctuate by several feet and also can generate strong currents. Some tidal currents are strong enough that some boats cannot make headway against the current. •As a boat operator, you need knowledge of the tides in your boating area. It is a good idea to learn how to read the tide tables found in many newspapers in coastal areas. Tide schedules also can be found on weather radio channels.