Brain and Cranial Nerves

Gyrus

A ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface.

The pons houses which cranial nerves? CN IV, trochlear CN VII, facial CN VIII, vestibulocochlear CN VI, abducens CN V, trigeminal

CN VII, facial, CN VI, abducens, CN V, trigeminal and CN VIII, vestibulocochlear

Which are functional centers associated with the medulla oblongata? Interpretation of smell. Respiratory center. Visual reflexes. Cardiac center.

Cardiac center, respiratory center

The cerebellum is responsible for which functions? Coordination of skeletal muscle movement. Inititation of skeletal muscle movement. Distribution of sensory information to cerebral cortical areas. Regulation of visual reflexes.

Coordination of skeletal muscle movement.

Wernicke area is located in the right hemisphere.

False

Which structure is essential for storing memories and forming long-term memory?

Hippocampus

The structures of the ______ system form a ring or border around the diencephalon.

Limbic

The memory type that last the longest and involves storage of information is called what?

Long term memory

Which are parts of the limbic system? Mammillary body Anterior thalamic nuclei Fornix Arbor vitae

Mammillary body, anterior thalamic nuclei, and fornix

What are the functions of the insula? Memory Taste Reasoning Vision Speech

Memory and taste

Medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

The autonomic respiratory centers housed within the pons. Pneumotaxic center Olive nucleus Apneustic center Superior colliculi

Pneumotaxic center, apneustic center

Which is one of the important features of the frontal lobe? Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus

Precentral gyrus

_______ tracts link the cerebral cortex to the inferior brain and spinal cord.

Projection

Which system projects vertically through the midbrain, pons, and medulla in a loosely organized mass of gray matter?

Reticular formation

The medulla oblongata is continuous with the ____ ____ inferiorly.

Spinal cord

The olfactory bulbs, tracts, and cortex are all part of the limbic system.

True

The primary auditory cortex receives and processes auditory information.

True

The primary visual area interprets incoming visual information.

True

The somatosensory association area can tell the difference the feel of a marble and a coin because those texture and shape difference have been previously stored.

True

The tectum contains two pairs of sensory nuclei, the superior and inferior colliculli.

True

reticular formation

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

Encoding requires the proper functioning of two components of the limbic system, which are the _____ body and the hippocampus.

amygdaloid

The _____ can help store and code memories based on how we emotionally perceive them; for example, as related to fear, extreme happiness or sadness.

amygdaloid body

The areas of the cerebral cortex that are responsible for the integration of new information with stored information are the _____ areas.

association

The type of tract that connects the primary motor cortex to the premotor area is a(n) _____ tract.

association

The _____ is located within the temporal lobe and interprets the characteristics of sound and stores memories of sounds heard in the past.

auditory association area

The brainstem contains ________. thirst center. autonomic centers. nuclei of many cranial nerves. reflex centers for survival. relay centers for taste information.

autonomic centers, reflex centers for survival, and nuclei of many cranial nerves.

The ____ connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord.

brainstem

The ___ has an enlarged head and a slender, arching tail that parallels the swinging curve of the lateral ventricle.

caudte nuecli

The _____ ensures that skeletal muscles carry out smooth, coordinated movements.

cerebellum

The primary motor cortex initiates a movement and sends a "rough draft" of the movement to the ____, which then coordinates and fine-tunes the movement.

cerebellum

The _______ are paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central while matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres.

cerebral nuclei

Somatic motor axons descend from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord through the _______.

cerebral peduncles

The _____ tracts extend between the cerebral hemispheres through axon bridges.

commissural

The premotor cortex has many functions including _______. Moving the eyes while reading a book or playing the piano. discriminating different sounds. discriminating different faces. coordinating learned activities. coordinating skilled activities.

coordinating learned activities, coordinating skilled activities, and moving the eyes while reading a book or playing a piano.

Most of the motor neurons cross to the opposite side of the brain at the point called the _______ of the pyramids.

decussation

The somatosensory cortex has a lot of its area devoted to the ______. fingers. trunk. lips. thigh. genitals.

fingers, lips, and genitals.

The folds of the cerebellar cortex are called _________.

folia

The outer portion of the cerebellum is composed of ___ matter.

gray

The cerebellum is composed of left and right cerebellar _______.

hemispheres

The ____ _____ are at work when you hear a loud bang of a car back firing and you turn suddenly toward the noise.

inferior colliculi

The primary gustatory cortex is in the _______.

insula

The higher order brain functions include: __. learning. memory. reasoning. hunger.

learning, memory, and reasoning.

The right cerebral hemisphere controls the ____ side of the body.

left

The ______ system processes emotions and allows us to experience them.

limbic

The _____ oblongata contains the nucleus cuneatus and the nucleus gracilis which relay somatic sensory information to the thalamus.

medulla

The process by which short-term memories are converted into long-term memories is called ____ encoding.

memory

The mesencephalon is also called the ____ and forms the superior portion of the brainstem.

midbrain

The Wernicke area works together with the ______ in order for fluent communication to occur.

motor speech area.

Development of higher order brain functions correlates with maturation and growth of the brain, which includes _________.

myelination of CNS axons.

Sulcus

narrow groove

Maturation of the CNS to allow for the development of higher brain functions includes _________. neurons expanding the number of their connections. CNS axons becoming myelinated. number of neuronal cells continues to increase in the first year of life. neurons shrinking in size so brain mass decreases.

neurons expanding the number of their connections, CNS axons becoming myelinated, number of neuronal cells continues to increase in the first year of life.

The visual association area is located in the ________ lobe.

occipital

The ____ relays ascending sensory impulses, especially proploceptive information, to the cerebellum.

olive

The ____ lobe of the cerebrum is the location of the postcentral gyrus.

parietal

The cerebral aqueduct is surrounded by tissue called the ______.

periaqueductal gray matter

The _______ is a bulging region on the anterior side of the brainstem.

pons

The motor homunculus is located on the ____ gyrus.

precentral

The ____ is located within the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.

primary motor cortex

The ____ functions in controlling skeletal muscular movement at the subconscious level.

putamen

The _____ formation processes visual, auditory and touch stimuli and sends inputs to the cerebrum to maintain alertness of the organism.

reticular

The two functional brain systems which are composed of structures that are scattered throughout the brain are the ____ formation and the _________ systems.

reticular and limbic

Central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

The _____ association area is located in the parietal lobe immediately posterior to the postcentral gyrus.

somatosensory

The _____ contains the pigmented red nuclei and the reticular formation.

tegmentum

The primary olfactory cortex is located in the ____ lobe.

temporal

Which lobe of the cerebrum lies inferior to the lateral sulcus and underlies the temporal bone?

temporal

The substantia nigra houses clusters of neurons ________. that control emotional responses. that allow us to experience pleasure and pain. that control auditory reflexes. that control movement. that produce dopamine.

that produce dopamine, that allow us to experience pleasure and pain, and that control movement, and that control emotional responses.

Precentral gyrus

the strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is crucial for motor control

Postcentral gyrus

the strip of parietal cortex, just behind the central sulcus, that receives somatosensory information from the entire body

Fourth ventricle

the ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the metencephalon

Neurons in the somatosensory cortex receive somatic sensory information from _________. touch. temperature. smell. vision. pain.

touch, temperature, and pain

Most of the central white matter is grouped into bundles called ____.

tracts

The cavities within the brain are called _______.

ventricles

The occipital lobe is responsible for which actions? Visual memories Motor speech Hearing Vision Sensory speech

visual memories, vision

The superior colliculli are known as the _______.

visual reflex centers

The motor speech area is responsible for controlling movements necessary for _____.

vocalization