Brinkley Chapter 2
The Massachusetts Bay Company
A company established to settle what is now known as the Massachusetts and New Hampshire area. The company was comprised mainly of Puritans seeking refuge. They sailed for new England in 1630 with 17 ships and 1,000 people. It was the largest single migration in the 1600s.
The Pequot War
A conflict that began when hostilities broke out between English settlers in the Connecticut Valley and the Pequot Indians. The natives were almost completely wiped out.
Quakers
English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania
John Smith
English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia
Primogeniture
right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son
Plymouth Plantation
site of the first Thanksgiving in 1621. the first permanent European settlement in southern New England. Separatists were here.
Theocracy
the belief in government by divine guidance
John Smith
A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter. He also initiated attacks on Natives. He was the council president of Jamestown beginning in 1608
Identify four things that shaped the character of the early English settlements.
1. Colonies were business enterprises wanting to produce a profit, 2. Colonies had no direct connection to the crown so they began to develop their own political and social institutions, 3. English tried to isolate themselves from the Indians and carry on their English society in the New World, and 4. nothing worked out as they planned, mainly because they could not isolate themselves as they hoped.
Virginia House of Burgesses
1619. First elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia. Served as an early model of elected government in the New World.
Metacomet
1639-1676 Wamponoag sachem known to the English as King Philip. He led one of the last Native Americans battles against the colonist in New England in 1676.
Dominion of New England
1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros
John Rolfe
A Jamestown planter that began cultivating Tobacco in in Virginia and started the trend of growing tobacco by the colonists. He documented the first known slaves of the colonies and he also married Pocahontas.
Roger Williams
A Puritan dissenter in Rhode Island. He wanted Massachusetts to abandon all connections to the Church of England and completely separate church and state. He was banished, and he established the town of Providence.
William Penn
A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.
Lords of Trade
A body of people created by the King of England in 1675 to make recommendations for imperial reform of the colonies. The Lords led the King to increase his control over Massachusetts, stripped it of its authority over New Hampshire, and in 1684 revoked Massachusetts charter. Later a single Dominion of New England was created which combined the governments of Massachusetts, with the rest of the New England colonies and later New York and New Jersey.
The Scrooby Separatists
A congregation of Puritan Separatists who tried illegally emigrating from Scrooby, England to Leyden, Holland where they could freely worship but decided against it because their children were adapting to Dutch society. The group, now known as the Scrooby Separatists decided to go to the New World. They sailed from Plymouth, England on the Mayflower and called themselves Pilgrims. Their first winter was difficult and many perished yet they begin to establish a relationship with the local Indians who were helping them. The Indians and Pilgrims had a good relationship and held the first Thanksgiving, however a smallpox epidemic eventually wiped out much of the Indians.
Act of Toleration
A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.
Flintlock Musket
A new weapon that was much easier to use than its predecessor, the matchlock rifle. The flintlock was lighter and more accurate than the matchlock and it didn't require a match to light. Indians managed to buy and effectively use the Flintlocks despite rules forbidding the colonists from sharing them. The Flintlock is credited with causing very high casualties on both sides of King Philip's War.
Indentured Servants
A person who works for a certain amount of time (typically 7 years) under contract in exchange for payment for their passage over the Atlantic Ocean
New York Colony
A proprietary colony that was formed during England's restoration period. An English territory that originally included modern day New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Vermont, along with portions of Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, and Pennsylvania. Charles II granted the territory to his brother James, the duke of York in 1624.
Bacon's Rebellion 1676
A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land
Pennsylvania Colony
A restoration colony founded by William Penn and the Quakers on March 4, 1861. Created because of a charter granted by King Charles II.
Carolina Colony
A restoration colony. Charles I gave charters to 8 of his court favorites. They reserved estates for themselves and divided the rest up into heardrights. The earl of Shaftesbury and John Locke drew up a constitution for Carolina. 1729, it was divided into north and south.
The "Headright" System
A system which encouraged English people to travel to the New World for land. A headright was a 50 acre piece of land and those colonists who lived in the New World received two headrights each. Newcomers could receive one headright per person that migrated, which encouraged large families to migrates. Also those that paid for the passage of immigrants to Virginia would also receive an extra headright per person.
The Navigation Acts
Acts imposed on the colonies, the first of which closed trade to the colonies that did not include English ships and it requires that tobacco and other items be only exported to England or England's possessions. The second act required that all goods sent to Europe pass through England and be subject to the English tax. The third act provided the appointment of customs officials to enforce these acts.
King Phillip's War
After the Pequot war, the Wampanoags, led by a chief that the settlers called "King Philip," began to rise up against the settlers. The struggle began in 1675 and lasted 3 years. They destroyed 20 Massachusetts towns. The settlers managed to fight back and eventually prevailed, with the aid of the Mohawks, the Wampanoags's enemies. Greatest "war" in 17th century New England.
Middle Ground
Along western borders of English settlement, in particular, Europeans and Indians lived together in regions in which neither side was able to establish clear dominance. The two populations-despite conflicts-carved out ways of living together, with each side making concessions of the other.
William Penn
An English real estate entrepreneur. Founder of Pennsylvania. He got a little land on his own and got the rest from his father after his father died. Tried to attract settlers of all types, but founded it around the beliefs of the Quakers, not the Puritans.
Pequot War
An armed conflict spanning the years 1634-1438 between the Pequot tribe against and alliance of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies who were aided by their Native American allies. This led to King Phillip's War because the Wampanoags believed that only armed resistance could protect them from English incursions into their lands and from the efforts by the colonial governments to impose English law on the natives.
Antinomianism
An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.
Anthony Ashley Cooper
An original proprietor of the Carolina who persisted with others gave up. Originally the proprietors wished to attract settlers from other colonies to save money on financing expeditions from England. Anthony convinced the other proprietors to finance expeditions from England to the Carolinas. The first voyage of 300 people sailed and only 100 survived the trip. They established a settlement at Port Royal and ten years later founded a city at the junction of Ashley and Cooper Rivers which came to be known as Charleston. Cooper also helped write the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina with John Locke.
John Winthrop
As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.
Sir William Berkeley and Bacon's Rebellion
Berkeley was the royal governor of Virginia for more than thirty years. He helped expand Virginia and crushed an Indian uprising. He signed a treaty with the indians that established a boundary of which the colonists could not cross. However in twenty years the Virginian populace expanded times five, from 8 thousand to 40 thousand and the colonists established counties on the Indian side of the boundary. Berkeley began getting power hungry and restricted the vote for delegates to the House of Burgesses to just land owners. Elections did not happen often and established planters in the tidewater region remained in office. Bacon held land in the backcountry and held a seat on the governor's council. He was unhappy with the governor's power, the governor's attempt to hold the boundary, and the governor's control over the fur trade. Fights broke out in the backcountry with Indians versus Whites and Berkeley refused to help so Bacon established his own militia to fend off the Indians. The militias efforts were unsuccessful and Berkeley deemed them as rebels. Bacon turned on the governor and led his troops into Jamestown. There they burned much of the city and drove Sir Berkeley into exile. Bacon died of dysentery and then Berkeley regained control. The Indians then signed a new treaty that allowed the colonists more land.
Lord De La Warr
De La Warr was sent to be the first governor of Jamestown. He arrived after the starving winter, a time when many colonists had to live on whatever food they could find and all but 60 died. As De La Warr entered the Bay, the colonists were preparing to leave, he managed to convince them to stay. Under Lord De La Warr's leadership Virginia expanded and increased military assaults on the local Indians. They also began growing tobacco
George and Cecilius Calvert
English Catholics who carried out the project of colonization in Maryland.
Roger Williams
English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism
Mayflower Compact
Established a civil government which was based on majority for the pilgrims in Plymouth. It is named after their boat, the Mayflower. Written by the Puritan Separatists
Anglo-Powhatan Wars
First war fought in 1614, ended with peace settlement by the mairrage of Pochahantas to John Rolfe. In 1622 the Indians attack leaving 347 settlers dead including John Rolfe. Raids drove the Indians farther west. The second war was fought in 1644, was a last ditch effort to dislodge the Virginians, the Indians were agian defeated.
Charter Colony
Formed when the crown gives a charter to a deserving citizen. Rhode Island, Connecticut and Massachusetts Bay were charter colonies
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Founded by the Massachusetts Bay Company; an English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century.
Georgia Colony
Founded to create a barrier between the Spanish owned southern land and the Northern British owned land. It was the last of the original 13 colonies, founded by James Oglethorpe on April 21, 1732.
James Oglethorpe
Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.
William Bradford
The governor of the Plymouth Plantation as chosen by the people. He is known for governing successfully for many years despite the fact that the Pilgrims were poor. The Pilgrims did not mind as they just wanted to live in their godly ways.
George Calvert a.k.a. Lord Baltimore
George Calvert was an English Catholics attempting to create a colony as a refuge for English Catholics. He died while trying to get the charter and his son, the second Lord Baltimore secured a charter. The Calverts wished to turn a profit of their ventures so they allowed not only Catholics to join them but Protestants as well. The entered the Potomac River and established St. Mary's.
Jacob Leisler
German immigrant, merchant, leader of New York dissidents, his militia captured the fort and he became the new head of the goverment in New York, William and Mary appointed a new governor and forced him out, later hanged for treason
Theocracy
Government of a state by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided. Massachusetts basically became a theocracy partially because ministers held so much sway on their congregation.
William Bradford
Governor of Plymouth over and over again. He convinced the Council for New England to give the people of Plymouth legal permission to live there
Headright System
Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.
Anne Hutchinson/ The Antinomian heresy
Hutchinson challenged that clergy were not among the "elect" and had no spiritual authority. Her teachings known as Antinomian Heresy was a threat to the spiritual authority of the clergy. She began delivering attacks on the clergy before she was banished for heresy and sedition. She was eventually killed in New York during an Indian uprising.
The Restoration
In 1629 Charles I of England dissolved Parliament and began ruling as an absolute monarch. In 1640 he was in desperate need of money so he called back Parliament to levy new taxes but he angered Parliament by calling it out of session twice and two years and the English Civil War ensued in 1642. The fights between the Cavaliers, Kings supporters, and the Roundheads, forces of Parliament, lasted seven years. At the end of the battle Charles I was beheaded and the Roundhead leader Oliver Cromwell replaced the king. Cromwell died in 1658 and his was unable to maintain his authority. In 1660 Charles II returned from exile and seized the throne and began the restoration. The resumption of colonization became a result of the restoration and Charles II issued charters for four new colonies in his 25 year reign.
Glorious Revolution
In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights.
Powhatan
Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia
Massachusetts Bay Company
Joint-stock company chartered by a group of Puritans. Led by John Winthrop who taught that the new colony should be a model Christian society. Included a governor and a representative assembly
Tobacco
It was introduced to the colonies surrounding the Chesapeake Bay, and it transformed the society there. Tobacco farming required much more land than the colonies in Virginia actually had. The colonists sold the tobacco to the English.
Leisler's Rebellion
Jacob Leisler was a German immigrant who was inspired by the Glorious Revolution to challenge New York leaders. He took control of the southern part of New York and ruled it from 1689-1692. He succeeded for two years, and then was convicted and hanged. Happened in the late 17th century.
Dominion of New England
James II had installed a viceroy to watch over New England. When news of the Glorious Revolution reached New England, the colonists "unseated" him; he was arrested, and in doing this, the settlers destroyed the Dominion of New England. The dominion was hard to control in the first place because the area that it covered was so large.
James II/William and Mary/ The Glorious Revolution
James II quickly became unpopular in America after creating the Dominion of New England and appointing Sir Edmund Andros to run it. He was also losing popularity in England by trying to control Parliament. Soon Mary and William, daughter and son-in-law of James II were invited to the throne and James fled to France. The English called this the "Glorious Revolution". Soon Bostonians got word of James II retreat to France and the imprisoned Andros. They abolished the Dominion of New England and restored seperate colonial governments. Massachusetts and Plymouth were combined and voting was now based off land ownership, not church membership.
James Oglethorpe/ Georgia
James Oglethorpe led the founders of Georgia. Georgia was established as a military border between Spanish lands and English lands. It became a refuge for the impoverished and a place where English men and women could begin anew. Oglethorpe was a general and veteran of wars between the Spanish and the English. Though he new the military advantage of Georgia he also wanted it as a refuge for those honest people rotting in confinement in England. Oglethorpe was granted control of Georgia and he soon established a colony with limited sized landholdings to make it easier to defend against Spanish attacks and which excluded Africans to prevent internal revolts. Soon many settlers came to Georgia not just from England but from Scotland, Switzerland and Germany as well. Oglethorpe was now well liked because of his heavy handed regulations and his failure of the assault on the Spanish outpost of St. Augustine. He lost his power and Georgia quickly became like the rest of the colonies with an elected legislature and loose restrictions on the settlers.
Jamestown/Captain John Smith
Jamestown was founded in 1607 and was located in Chesapeake Bay. The location was chosen as it was thought to be safe from natives, however, it was low and swampy and surrounded by powerful local Indians. The colony was under no true leadership in its beginning and people spent too much effort of searching for gold and gathering resources for trade and not enough on getting food. Only 38 of the original 104 colonists survived the first winter, soon after in the fall of 1608, Capt. Smith took over the colony. He began to instill work and order and led raids on neighboring Indian villages. During the second winter, under Capt. Smith's leadership less than 12 people died.
Coode's Rebellion
John Coode rebelled in Maryland in 1689 against the government. He drove out Lord Baltimore's officials in the name of Protestantism. Then the colony became a royal colony, and they banned catholics from voting, holding office, and practicing their religion publically.
John Winthrop/ "City on a Hill"
John Withrop was elected governor of Massachusetts by the Massachusetts Bay Company. Winthrop was granted power over the colonists meaning no company officials in England had power over the colonists. John was a devout Puritan and he along with others with him believed they were finding a holy commonwealth, a city on the hill sort of place. The colony in Massachusetts was a theocracy and residents had no freedom of worship. As with other colonies the first winter was harsh and over 200 died or left yet the colony soon grew with help from local Indians and the Pilgrims.
English Civil War
King Charles I dissolved parliament and gained the dislike of many of his citizens for his religious views. The war took place between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads. It lasted seven years, and the supporters of the king eventually lost. Oliver Cromwell took charge of the country as the protectorate.
Navigation Acts
Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
Bacon's Rebellion
Led by Nathaniel Bacon. He and his group of rebels were dissatisfied with their representation in the government, among other things. The rebellion was ultimately unsuccessful and Bacon died during it, but it forced many people to think and led to an increase in slavery so there were less people like the rebels who had no land and were angry with the way things worked
Jacob Leisler/ Leislerians and anti-Leislerians
Leisler was a German merchant living under the rule of Andros and his Lt. Governor Capt. Francis Nicholson in New York. When news of the fall of Andros reached Leisler he raised a militia, captured the city fort, drove Nicholson into exile and proclaimed himself the new head of government in New York. He tried to stabilize his power until in 1691 when William and Mary appointed a new governor, Leisler was convicted of treason and executed. A fierce political rivalry between the "leislerians" and the "anti-Leislerians" was part of the colony politics for many years after that incident.
King Philip's War 1675
Massachusetts colonists fought a confederation of Algonquians. The colonists won, took over the Indians' land, and severed all ties between the two cultures.
Metacomet/ King Philip's War
Metacomet was an Indian Chieftain known to white settlers as King Phillip. Metacomet and his Wampanoags Indians resisted the English and for three years inflicted terror on Massachusetts tows by killing over a thousand people. The white settlers ambushed and killed Metacomet with the help of Mohawk allies and the alliance among Indian tribes collapsed without Metacomet.
Virginia Company
Originally the London Company. A joint stock company that was chartered by the Crown. They founded Jamestown and several other colonies in Virginia
Peter Stuyvesant
Peter was the governor of New Netherland and he was forced to surrender when English naval vessels surrounded New Amsterdam, the capital of New Netherland. New Netherland was then renamed New York by its new governor the Duke of York, brother of King Charles II.
Dutch Patroonship
Powerful Dutch colonists who managed to hang on to their land and power even after the Dutch Colony of New Netherland was taken over by the Duke of York from England.
Powhatan/Pocahontas
Powhatan was the chief of a powerful Indian tribe that was involved in attacks with the colonists. The colonists under the guidance of Sir Thomas Dale began attacking the Powhatan Indians and eventually captured the Chief's daughter who was named Pocahontas. Pocahontas' father refused to ransom her and she eventually integrated herself into English society and even married John Rolfe. Pocahontas and John visited England and interested many English people. She died in England before her planned return to Virginia.
Anne Hutchinson
Puritan woman from Boston. She argued that very few of the clergy were of the "elect," and that because of that, they had no authority. She was banished, and she moved into New Netherland and died during an Indian uprising.
Roger Williams
Roger was a controversial minister who lived in Massachusetts. He was a Separatist that thought the Massachusetts church should abandon their allegiance to the Church of England and he believed that the land the colonists were using belonged to the Indians. The colonial government tried to deport him but he sought refuge with a nearby Indian tribe and eventually bought land from them to establish Providence. He soon received a charter from Parliament and established a government like that of Massachusetts but without ties to the church. For some time Rhode Island was the only colony in which all faiths could worship without interference.
Plymouth Plantation
Separatists who were dissenters from the Church of England moved to Holland to find freedom, but they didn't find it. They then went to New England and founded Plymouth.
Anne Hutchinson
She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.
Quakers
Society of Friends. Rejected predestination and original sin, unlike the Puritans. They believed that people had to find divinity within them. They founded the Pennsylvania colony. They separated church and state, didn't pay their clergy, and didn't believe in predestination or original sin.
Barbados/ slavery
Southern Carolina had commercial ties to the European Colony in Barbados. Most new residents that came to Carolina came from Barbados and some established themselves as landlords. African slavery was very much a part of Barbadian society and they carried that with them when they came to South Carolina, thus establishing a slave-based plantation society in Carolina.
Pocahontas
The kidnapped daughter of the Powhatan chief. Her father wouldn't ransom her and so she became Christian and married John Rolfe.
1649 " Act Concerning Religion" a.k.a. "Act of Religious Toleration"
The Calverts were concerned that there would be problems with the Protestant majority and the Catholic Minority so they adopted the policy of religious toleration.
Caribbean Colonies
The Caribbean colonies were originally claimed by the Spanish, but they only settled on the larger islands, so the British and the Dutch took some of the others. The islands helped improve to economy of the north American colonies through their participation in the triangular trade.
Dominion of New England/ Sir Edmund Andros
The Dominion of New England was created by James II. He combined the government of Massachusetts with the rest of the New England colonies and later with New York and New Jersey. He then appointed Sir Edmund Andros to supervise the colonies from Boston. Andros enforced the Navigation Acts and dismissed the colonists' claims to the "rights of Englishmen".
The Society of Friends/ William Penn
The Society of Friends were Quakers who believed all could attain salvation by cultivating their inner divinity. They had no church government nor paid clergy and believed everyone to be equal. They were also confirmed pacifists. The Quakers were unpopular in England and sought refuge in America. The Quakers only needed someone wealthy enough to get them a charter for a new colony. William Penn had converted to Quakerism and worked with George Fox to establish a Quaker colony. Luckily for Penn Charles II owed a huge debt to his father and when Penn's father died, Charles II offered to Penn a charter for a colony. The colony became known as Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania became very successful under Penn's honest rules and careful guidance. Penn also avoided with Indians by honoring their land rights. Despite Penn's good rule some became weary of his absolute power so he agreed to a Charter of Liberties that established a representative assembly that limited the authority of the proprietor.
Headright system
The Virginia wasn't making any money off of the Virginian colonies. In 1618, they launched this system. Headrights were land grants that new settlers each got one headright, which encouraged citizens to move with their families, servants, and slaves. Typically, each headright was fifty acres.
Glorious Revolution
The bloodless Coup d'état during which James II was dethroned in favor of his protestant daughter Mary and her husband, William of Orange. The British people were concerned with James II because he had remarried after having Mary and her sister. His new wife was catholic, and he had a son by her who was also catholic.
Pequot War 1637
The expansion of English settlement led to wars against the native peoples. In this war, 700 Pequots were killed by the colonists and their Indian allies.
Fundamental Constitution for Carolina
The first Constitution for Carolina established in 1669. It divided the colony into counties of equal size and each county into equal parcels. It contributed to a social hierarchy with the proprietors at the top, lesser nobles below them, ordinary settlers below them and poor whites and slaves at the bottom. Proprietors, nobles and other landholders had a voice in the colonial parliament in proportion to the amount of land they had. The northern and southern regions of Carolina became distinctly separate, socially and economically. The north consisted of many backwoods farmers while the south consisted of fertile lands and a more prosperous economy based on a flourishing trade.
Virginia House of Burgesses
The first elected legislature in the colonies, which was promised to the colonists.
Jamestown
The first permanent British colony in North America. It was established in eastern Virginia in 1607-8 by the Virginia Company.
Mayflower Compact
This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule.
Enclosure Movement
This was the way that the English landowners would now organize their land so that the farmers would become more productive in their work
Thomas Hooker/ The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Thomas was a minister in Massachusetts but he defied their government as he left and headed to Connecticut to establish Hartford. He took his congregation with him. Hartford and two other towns near by established a constitution known as the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. The constitution created Connecticut as an independent colony with a government similar to Massachusetts but gave more rights for men to vote and hold office.
Navigation Acts
To compete with Dutch trade with the Americas, Britain passed these laws to control trade. They required the colonies' trade to be shipped in British ships, among other things such as restricting foreign trade. The colonists criticized them.
William Bradford
United States printer (born in England) whose press produced the first American prayer book and the New York City's first newspaper (1663-1752)
Proprietary Colony
Used solely for the purpose of British rulers staking a claim on more and more land.
John Winthrop
Wealthy Puritan lawyer. Chosen as Governor of Massachusetts. He was very dominant in politics, and he founded several communities on the MA Bay and the Charles River
Royal Colony
When the Virginia Company became bankrupt, the king revoked its charter and brought the Virginia colony under his control, and it became a Royal Colony. Another example is the colony made in 1729 from the Province of North Carolina. Organized after seven of the original eight Lord Proprietors sold their tracts back to the crown.
The Mayflower Compact
While aboard the Mayflower the Scrooby Separatists drew op an agreement to establish a government for themselves. This agreement is known as the Mayflower Compact.
Powhatan Indians
an Indian tribe that resisted the English expansion. Thomas Dale led attacks against them for two years and kidnapped the chief's daughter. They attacked first, but were eventually overwhelmed.
Quitrent
an anuual rent or tax paid by settlers to the lord proprietors for land garanted by them
Indentured servitude
person who agreed to work for a colonial employer for a specified time in exchange for passage to america.
Sir William Berkeley
the royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the 'backcountry.' His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion