BRM 12-16

Measurement

A researcher is observing fans at a soccer game and is putting a "1" if the fan is actively cheering and a "0" if they just seem to be merely watching the game without saying anything. He is also indicating which team the fan seems to be associated with as well as approximate age and gender. By recording information such as this with codes, the researcher is involved in _____.

test re-test method

A researcher who administers the same scale to the same respondents at two separate times to test for stability is using which method of assessing the scale's reliability?

Ordinal

A scale that allows things to be arranged based on how much of some concept they possess is called a(n) _____ scale.

interval

A scale which arranges brands in an ordered sequence in which there is an equal interval between each point on the scale is an example of a(n) ______ scale

continuous

Age is an example of a _____ measure.

primary validity

All of the following are basic aspects of validity EXCEPT _____.

latent component

All of the following are basic components of attitude EXCEPT _____.

manipulation of the dependent variable

All of the following are experimental design issues EXCEPT _____.

gender

All of the following can be measured using ratio scales EXCEPT _____.

basic experimental design

An experiment is conducted in which music played in a store is manipulated to examine the impact on sales. What type of experimental design is this?

Affective

"I love my job" is an example of which component of an attitude toward one's job?

behavioral

"I plan to buy a new DVD player sometime in the next three months" is an aspect of which component of an attitude?

five

How many choices do researchers commonly use when using Likert scales?

balanced

In which type of scale is a neutral point, or point of indifference, at the center of the scale?

discrete measures

Measures that can take on only one of a finite number of values are called _____.

continuous measures

Measures that reflect the intensity of a concept by assigning values that can take on any value along some scale range are called _____.

nominal

When a respondent is asked either to agree or to disagree with the statement: "The CEO is doing a good job of managing the affairs of the corporation," this type of question produces______ data.

Maturation effect

When accountants are tested one year after a training program on a new accounting software system and perform better on the test, not because of the training program, but because they have gained one year's experience in using the software, this is an example of a _____.

testing effect

When high school students who take the ACT in their junior year perform better on that exam during their senior year because they know better how to take the exam because of what they experienced on the first exam, this is an example of a _____.

ordinal

When job candidates are asked to place job listings so that their first choice is 1, their second choice is 2, and so forth, this is best-described as an example of a(n) ______ scale.

cognitive

Which attitude component represents a person's awareness and knowledge of the relative matter?

affective

Which component of attitude refers to an individual's general feelings or emotions toward an object?

behavioral component

Which component of attitude reflects a predisposition to action by reflecting an individual's intentions?

basic experimental design

Which experimental design involves manipulating a single independent variable to observe its effect on a single dependent variable?

within-subjects design

Which experimental research design involves repeated measures?

absolute zero

Which of the following is a defining characteristic in determining between ratio and interval scales?

nominal scales

Which of the following is a discrete measure?

image profile

Which of the following is a graphic representation of semantic differential data for competing brands, products, or stores to highlight comparisons?

instrumentation effect

Which of the following is a threat to the internal validity of an experiment using a repeated measures design?

randomization

Which of the following is a way for a researcher to equally distribute the effects of extraneous variables to all conditions in an experiment?

reliability

Which of the following is an indicator of a measure's internal consistency?

confound

Which of the following means that there is an alternative explanation beyond the experimental variables for any observed differences in the dependent variables

systematic or nonsampling error

Which of the following occurs if the sampling units in an experimental cell are somehow different than the units in another cell, and this difference affects the dependent variable?

Likert

Which type of scale asks respondents to indicate their attitudes by checking how strongly they agree or disagree with carefully constructed statements, ranging from very positive to very negative attitudes toward some object?

ratio scale

Which type of scale has all the properties of an interval scale with the additional attribute of representing absolute quantities, characterized by a meaningful absolute zero?

semantic differential

Which type of scale has respondents describe their attitude using a series of bipolar rating scales?

ordinal

Which type of scale is, at the most, a ranking scale?

constant-sum scale

A type of scale that demands that respondents divide points among several attributes to indicate their relative importance is called a _____.

attitude

A(n) _____ is an enduring disposition to consistently respond in a given manner to various aspects of the world.

experimental conditions

A(n) _____ refers to one of the possible values for each independent variable in an experiment.

external validity

Which of the following is concerned with the accuracy with which experimental results can be generalized beyond the experimental subjects?

debriefing

Which of the following is critical when conducting experimental research because it allows researchers to return subjects to normal?

experimenter bias

Which of the following is present when the person administering experimental procedures influences the subjects' behavior or sways them to slant their answers to cooperate with him or her?

nominal

Which of the following is the most elementary level of measurement?

reverse coding

Which of the following means that the value assigned for a response is treated oppositely from the other items in a scale?

<

Which of the following represents the average of all possible split-half reliabilities for a construct?

history effect

Which type of effect occurs when a change other than the experimental treatment occurs during the course of an experiment that affects the dependent variable

unbalanced rating scale

Which type of fixed-alternative rating scale has more response categories at one end than the other, resulting in an unequal number of positive and negative categories?

numerical scale

Which type of scale is similar to a semantic differential except that it uses numbers, instead of verbal descriptions, as response options to identify response positions?

Unbalanced

Which type of scale is the following? ____ Satisfied ____ Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied ____ Dissatisfied ____ Very dissatisfied

Balanced

Which type of scale is the following? ____ Very Satisfied ____ Satisfied ____ Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied ____ Dissatisfied ____ Very dissatisfied

ratio

Which type of scale represents the highest form of measurement?

validity

_____ is the accuracy of a measure or the extent to which a score truthfully represents a concept.

measurement

_____ is the process of describing some property of a phenomenon, usually by assigning numbers, in a reliable and valid way.

Operationalization

_____ is the process of identifying scale devices that correspond to properties of a concept involved in a research process.

internal consistency

_____ represents a measure's homogeneity or the extent to which each indicator of a concept converges on a common meaning.

placebo effect

Caroline is participating in an experimental study in which she is taking an herbal supplement and the researcher measures her perceived energy levels for several weeks. Although she doesn't know it, the supplement she is given in the study does not contain any of the herb of interest in the study. However, Caroline feels as though she has more energy than before, and she attributes it to the herbal supplement. This effect due to the psychological impact that goes along with knowledge that a treatment has been administered is called a(n) _____.

Blocking

Categorical variables included in the statistical analysis of experimental data as a way of statistically controlling or accounting for variance due to that variable are called _____ variables.

Nominal

Coding household income into "Above $100,000," "Between $50,000 and $100,000," and "Below $50,000" is an example of a(n) ______ scale.

field expierments

Research projects involving experimental manipulations that are implemented in a natural environment are called _____.

operationaization

Researchers measure concepts through a process known as _____.

Nominal

Scales that assign a value to an object for identification or classification purposes are called _____ scales.

Interval

The Fahrenheit temperature scale is best described as an example of a(n) ______ scale because it doesn't have an absolute zero point.

Validity

The ability of a measuring instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure is the basic purpose of ______.

Coefficient alpha

The most commonly applied estimate of a composite scale's reliability is _____.

internal validity

The question as to whether the independent variable was the sole cause of the change in the dependent variable is the basic issue in _____.

interaction

Differences in dependent variable means due to a specific combination of independent variables are called _____ effects

Cognitive

Hank believes that the price of his tech company's stock will increase because the entire technology sector is experiencing rapid growth. This belief represents which component of Hank's attitude?

morality effect

When some subjects exit the experiment before it is completed and this effects the results of the study, this is an example of a _____.

maturation effect

Which of the following is a function of time and the naturally occurring events that coincide with growth and experience?

treatment

The way an experimental variable is manipulated is referred to as an experimental _____.

blocking variables

Variables like a subject's gender or ethnicity that are included in an experimental analysis are known as which type of variable?

Semantic differential

What type of scale is the following? Contemporary ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Traditional

behavioral intention

What type of scale is the following? How likely are you to purchase a DVD player during the next six months? ____ Definitely will purchase ____ Probably will purchase ____ Might purchase ____ Probably will not purchase ____ Definitely will not purchase

Likert

What type of scale is the following? The international accounting standards are an improvement over the current accounting standards. Strongly Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Disagree

constant-sum

What type of scale is the following? United Parcel Service (UPS) would like you to distribute 50 points among the following in terms of how important each aspect is to you for your overnight shipping needs: _____ Accurate billing _____ On-time delivery _____ Price

History effect

When a competitor introduces a 15 percent price cut in order to blunt the effect of a test marketing study, this is an example of a _____.

face

When a group of experts agrees that a measuring instrument measures what it is intended to measure, we say that the instrument has ______ validity.

split-half

When a researcher measures the reliability of an instrument by comparing the results of the odd-numbered questions with the results of the even-numbered questions, this is an example of _____ reliability.

External validity

When a researcher tries to say that the results of a test market in Indianapolis, Indiana will hold in a national rollout of the new product, this researcher is concerned with _____.

forced-choice

When a respondent is required to choose one of the fixed alternatives, what type of scale is being used?