Brrrrrrrrrrr

Chapter 4.1. Over geological time, what is the most widespread process shaping the surface of the solid bodies in our Solar System? a. Volcanism b. Impact Cratering c. Plate Tectonics d. Solar Radiation

B

Venus is of similar size and internal composition to Earth with a similar size core. So does Venus have a magnetic field? a. Yes, similar to Earth's. b. Yes, but much smaller. c. No

C

What two things drive plate tectonics?

Convection and subduction

The structure of the Earth goes...

Crust, mantle, outer core (liquid), inner core (solid)

what does the absence of many craters within the lava show?

its much younger than the rest of the moon's surface, thus the mare is not associated with the impact

Most of the outer core is

liquid

Which of the following is not required in order to develop a strong planetary magnetic field?

liquid iron core

The airless and inert nature of the Earth's moon results in ____ craters per unit area as on Earth. a. more b. fewer c. an equal number of

more

effusive eruptions

not explosive- lava simply rises up and spills out of the volcano

The continents of Earth are (older/younger) that the ocean floors.

older

Earth's ______ ______ is still liquid because it is the only layer that remains hotter than its melting temperature.

outer core

The asthenosphere is ______ meaning that it is a solid that can flow in a similar fashion to a viscous fluid.

plastic

earth is only planet known to have ______ ____.

plate tectonics

______ and ______ increase with depth in the Earth.

pressure temperature

Uranus and Neptune are mostly made up of

rock and ice from the solar nebula

Core Accretion

runaway gas accretion grows the planet as long as there is gas around

Based on this plot, most of the mantle is

solid

The thickness of the crust of the Earth is equivalent to...

the skin on an apple

What kinds of faults occur in compressional settings like subduction zones?

thrust faults

Which direction would the magnetic minerals in a fresh Hawaiian lava flow indicate for the north magnetic pole of the earth?

to the north

Which direction would the magnetic minerals in a one million year old Hawaiian lava flow indicate for the north magnetic pole of the earth?

to the south

Chapter 5.7., Which of the following statements is correct? a. The Sun and Mercury have magnetic fields b. Mercury and Venus have magnetic fields c. Venus and the Moon have magnetic fields d. The Moon and the Sun have magnetic fields

A

Earth's magnetic field is generated by the dynamo effect in the: a. molten outer core. b. solid central core. c. plastic mantle. d. the crust. e. aurora.

A

The Hawaiian Islands, though tall, are very broad shield volcanoes with gentle slopes. How would you characterize the viscosity of this lava? a. Low b. High c. What's viscosity?

A

The Sun does not have a liquid iron outer core, but does it have a magnetic field? a. Yes, the largest in the Solar System b. Yes, but a very weak one c. No

A

What is most likely responsible for the Moon's formation? a. Debris from the solar nebula collected in Earth's orbit, and this material slowly coalesced to form the Moon. b. A large body impacted the Earth during its early formation. The impact ejected material into space that later formed the Moon. c. The Moon formed elsewhere in the solar system and was later captured by the Earth. d. The Moon is a large captured asteroid. e. The Moon split off from the Earth, leaving the Pacific Ocean basin behind.

A

Which is not a defining characteristic of a complex crater? a. A smooth curved floor b. A central peak c. Terraced side walls d. Diameter of 10s of km

A

Which is not generally associated with an impact crater? (a) A large buried asteroid (b) Shatter cones (c) Over-turned ejecta (d) Shocked quartz

A

Which planet has the highest average impact velocity? (a) Mercury (b) Venus (c) Earth (d) Mars

A

Which will cool faster smaller planets and moons or larger ones? a. Smaller bodies will get rid of their heat faster b. Larger bodies will get rid of their heat faster c. I have no idea

A

What is a pyroclastic flow?

A fast-moving avalanche of volcanic debris pushed downhill by expanding hot gases

How does a stratovolcano form?

By alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic flows

How do calderas form?

By the top of a volcano collapsing after the partial emptying of the underlying magma chamber

All of Venus' volcanoes are relatively flat compared to those on Earth. Why might this be? a. Venus has less gravity b. Venus is hotter and thus the lavas are all very low viscosity c. Venus has a much denser (90x) atmosphere that squishes erupting lavas d. Venus has no plate tectonics

C

All other things being equal, how would a higher atmospheric DENSITY influence an eruptive column? a. A higher density atmosphere will increase resistance to rising ash, leading to a lower eruptive column. b. A higher density atmosphere will increase the relative buoyancy of rising hot ash, leading to a higher eruptive column. c. Both a & b d. Atmospheric density does not influence the height of the eruption column

C

All other things being equal, how would a higher atmospheric TEMPERATURE influence an eruptive column? a. A higher atmospheric temperature will decrease buoyancy forces, leading to a lower eruptive column. b. A higher atmospheric temperature will increase melt temperatures, leading to higher buoyancy forces and a higher eruptive column. c. Both a & b d. Atmospheric temperature does not influence the height of the eruption column

C

Based on its interior structure, does Jupiter have a magnetic fields a. No b. Yes, but only a weak one c. Yes, much stronger than Earth's

C

Based on their interior structure, do Uranus and Neptune have magnetic fields? a. No b. Yes, but only a weak one c. Yes, much stronger than Earth's

C

Chapter 2.4. Which type of heating is not considered primordial? a. Accretional heating b. Heating from planet forming collisions c. Radiogenic heating d. Core formation

C

Chapter 2.4.1. Continuous bombardment of a planetary surface by many large asteroids would have resulted in a. large mountains. b. a thick crust. c. a magma ocean. d. vaporization of the planet.

C

Chapter 2.4.3., Box 2.7. If radioactive element X has experienced two half-lives since the formation of the Earth (about 4600 Ma ago), how much X is remaining? a. Twice as much since the formation of the Earth b. Half as much since the formation of the Earth c. A quarter as much since the formation of the Earth d. An eight as much since the formation of the Earth

C

Chapter 2.4.5., Figure 2.16, What is the lithosphere comprised of? a. The crust b. The uppermost mantle c. The crust and uppermost mantle d. The underlying convective mantle

C

Chapter 3.1.2. Box 3.1. Which type of melting causes volcanoes to occur at subduction zones? a. Decompression melting b. Increased temperature melting c. Hydration-induced melting d. All of the above

C

Chapter 3.2.1. Box 3.2. What is a continental flood basalt province? a. When a lava flow causes a river to be dammed, resulting in a flood. b. A massive lava flow at mid-ocean ridges that produces new oceanic crust. c. When basalt lava flows cover very large areas of continental crust. d. A very low viscosity lava flow that fills an impact crater.

C

Chapter 3.2.2. What happens to gasses dissolved in magma as it ascends toward the surface and pressure decreases? a. It increases in temperature b. It explodes c. It expands and forms bubbles d. It turns into liquid

C

Chapter 3.3.4. What is cryovolcanism? a.When a volcanic explosion sends an avalanche of hot rocks down the sides of a volcano b. When volcanic eruptions occur under the sea c. The eruption of magma the derives from ice rather than molten rock d. When a volcano erupts on a planet with no atmosphere

C

Chapter 3.4.4. What influence does the crushing pressure of Venus' atmosphere (90 times that of Earth) have on its volcanic eruptions? a. It causes the development of the tallest volcanoes in the Solar System. b. It causes most volcanic flows to be explosive. c. It limits explosive eruptions and the height of any eruptive columns. d. It causes lava to not flow far along the surface.

C

Chapter 4.1. How fast are asteroids that impact Earth's atmosphere typically traveling? a. 1000 miles per hour b. 70 km per second c. 19 km per second d. 1/10 the speed of light

C

Chapter 4.1. What is the minimum impact velocity of any asteroid or comet hitting a planet or moon? a. Zero miles per hour b. 19 km per second c. The escape velocity of the target planet or moon d.It cannot be determined without knowing more about the origin of the impacting object.

C

Chapter 4.2. Which was not a line of evidence used by Shoemaker to show that Meteor Crater was an impact and not a volcano? a. Many large fragments of iron were found b. Ejecta layers were overturned c. An asteroid was found buried beneath the crater d. Glass formed due to high pressure melting

C

Chapter 4.7.2.What are Aeolian processes? a. When water flows just beneath the surface. b. When moving ice carves large valleys. c. When wind-blown material forms dunes. d. When rain causes deep gullies to form.

C

Chapter 6.4.3. and Figure 6.40, What is unusual about the magnet dipoles of Uranus and Neptune? a. They are much bigger than Saturn's. b. Their field lines are reversed from a bar magnet's. c. They are greatly tilted with respect to the rotation axes. d. They each have only one magnetic pole.

C

One hypothesis to explain uniform crater distribution on surface of Venus: a. Venus' surface is 4 billion years old and has not been affected by flooding or erosion. b. Venus' surface is made of rocks that are much harder than Earth's and thus last longer. c. Venus' surface periodically goes through a catastrophic melting of the entire surface. d. Venus' clouds protect it from meteorites so that very few impacts occur to change its surface. e. dust storms deposit large amounts of dust on the surface making it appear of uniform age.

C

The extreme size of volcanoes on Mars indicate that... a. Mars produced more magma than the Earth. b. water once flowed in streams on Mars. c. large moving plates have not formed on Mars. d. a and c e. a, b, and c

C

The inner core of the Earth is at a higher temperature than the outer core. Why, then, is the inner core solid and the outer core molten instead of the other way around? a. Because rock melts at a lower temperature than iron. b. Because the outer core generates the magnetic field of the Earth. c. Because the melting temperature increases with pressure and depth in the Earth. d. Because the melting temperature decreases with pressure and depth in the Earth.

C

What did Lord Kelvin not know about that caused his error? a. Plate tectonics b. Core formation c. Radioactivity d. The radius of the Earth

C

Which of these is not evidence for plate tectonics A) The Distribution of earthquakes B) The Distribution of Volcanoes C) The magnetic field of the Earth D) Magnetic striping on the ocean floor E) The young age of the ocean floor

C

Which of these volcanic settings is found on other terrestrial planets? a. Mid-ocean ridges b. Subduction zones c. Hot spots d. All are unique to Earth

C

Which section of seafloor is the youngest a, b, or c?

C

Which surface feature is found on Earth but not on Venus? a. craters b. volcanoes c. liquid water oceans d. All of these are found on Venus and Earth.

C

Why are there more impact craters on the Moon today than on the Earth? (a) The Moon is closer to the asteroid belt (b) The Moon gets hit by more asteroids (c) The Moon has no erosional processes to erase old impact craters (d) The Moon protects Earth from many impacts

C

what does the kink in the Hawaiian hot spot track tell us? (A) That the hot spot moved (B) That the magnetic field reversed (C) That the direction the plate was moving changed

C

which types of volcanoes is made of rocks similar to what you would find in the mantle? (A) Mid-ocean ridges (B) Arc volcanoes (C) Hot spots (D) A and C (E) All of the above

C

The flow of free moving _____ and ____ within the Sun produces a strong electrical current.

Electrons; Protons

Earth's ____ ____ ____ ____ provides all of these elements to generate a very strong magnetic field.

Liquid iron core

Requirements for a magnetic field

Liquid metal outer core and a rotating planet

Why isn't liquid water stable on Mars today?

Mars' atmosphere is too thin (the pressure is too low) for water to be a liquid.

Planets form through _____, but the asteroid belt is too close to Jupiter to form a stable planet.

accretion

Gas in magma makes volcanoes explosive. Which type of volcano is the most explosive?

arc volcanoes

Chapter 4.5.1. Which have higher impact velocities at Earth's orbit? a. Asteroids b. Comets

b

Why is the magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune larger than Earth's?

because water and ammonia interact to create charged ions which are electrically conducting

The large dark circles on the moon are

big impact basins filled with lave (called mare)

A _____ is a large circular depression formed when the surface collapses into an emptied magma chamber.

caldera

The heating of te interior of Io is caused by

continuos tidal distortion by Jupiter and the other moons

_________ and ________ subduction drive plate tectonics and pull apart the crust in spreading centers

convection, subduction

Magma forms at mid-ocean ridges due to melting caused by...

decreased pressure

Pressure and temperature _____ with depth in the Earth.

increase

As pressure increases, melting temperature ____.

increases

explosive eruptions

incredibly destructive events, like a huge bomb going off. caused by gas build up (bubbles expand as they approach the surface)

The _____ _____ within the coils greatly increases the strength of the magnetic field because its a ferromagnetic material.

iron core

The youngest parts of Earth's crust are:

the midocean rifts.

What is the composition of Saturn's rings?

water ice or ice-coated rock

(T/F) On other planets, geologic eras are defined by impact crater densities

True

Chapter 2.4.1. True/False: The Moon has lost most of its primordial heat.

True

Chapter 3.2.1. True/False: Magmas like rhyolite with high SiO2content tend to have a high viscosity (resistance to flow), while magmas like basalt with low SiO2content tend to have a low viscosity and flow very easily.

True

Chapter 3.4.1. True/False: Over 70% of the Earth's rocky surface is covered by basalt lavas that have erupted within the last 200 million years.

True

Jupiter has a much stronger magnetic field than Earth. TRUE / FALSE

True

Jupiter is the fastest rotating planet in the solar system. TRUE / FALSE

True

Mars used to have liquid surface water. TRUE / FALSE

True

The central part of Earth's core is solid. T/F

True

The size of Olympus Mons suggests that the crust of Mars is stationary over the mantle. T/F

True

True or false? Impacting meteors create big craters because they explode like bombs when they hit the Earth.

True

Uranus and Neptune both generate magnetic fields larger than earth's (T/F)

True

What evidence shows that the entire planet of Venus was resurfaced within the past billion years in a geologically very brief event?

Venus has few craters, and those craters are randomly distributed across its surface.

rock under pressure has a ____ melting temperature

higher

Why do stripes occur on the ocean floor?

B/c of a combo of sea floor spreading and magnetic reversals.

molten (liquid) rock only occurs close to

Earth's surface

How strong is Jupiter's magnetic field? What caused it?

- 14 times stronger than Earth - caused by the convection of it electrical conducting metallic hydrogen outer core and a fast planet rotation

Chapter 4.7.3.What is a sedimentary rock? a.A rock formed from eroded then deposited material that is cemented by percolating fluids. b. A rock that undergoes chemical alteration due to heat and pressure. c. A rock that is made from layers of volcanic flows. d. Rock that has been pulverized by an asteroid impact.

A

What 3 observations of Mars indicate that liquid water was stable on the surface of Mars in the past?

-findings of salt in rocks that date back to Hesperian age -landforms that appear to have once been lakes or rivers -biosignatures of past life

What are the three ways to melt a rock inside of the Earth? For each one, describe a type of volcano that is a consequence of that method of melting

1. Decrease the pressure - Mid-ocean ridges erupt where plates arebeing apart, creating a zone in between of lower pressure. 2. Increase the temperature - Hot spot volcanism (shield volcanoes)form over spots of elevated mantle temperatures (hot spots). 3. Add water to lower the melting point - Arc volcanoes(stratovolcanoes) form at subduction zones where water is driven off of subducting ocean crust to melt the overlying plate.

2 main consequences of asteroid impacts behaving like explosions

1. craters are 15-30 times bigger than the impactor, 2. impact craters are almost always round

Chapter 5.7., What is the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)? a. Magnetic field lines that extend far out from the Sun. b. The region in which the magnet fields of two planets overlap. c. A collection of ionic particles that are emitted from the Sun. d. The background magnetic field generated by the entire galaxy.

A

Jupiter's magnetic field is __ times stronger than earth's.

14, it's so strong bc of the rapid rotation and giant metallic core

how many known impact craters are on earth?

174

All other things being equal, how would a lower planetary gravity influence an eruptive column? a. The eruption column would rise higher b. The eruption column would rise lower c. Both a & b d. Gravity does not influence the height of the eruption column

A

Chapter 2.4.1. What is kinetic energy (motion) converted into when an asteroid collides with a planet? a. heat b. potential energy c. angular momentum d. gravity

A

Chapter 2.4.3. Why did Lord Kelvin greatly underestimate the age of the Earth based on how much it has cooled since its formation? a. He neglected heat associated with radioactive decay b. He neglected heat associated with core formation c. He made a simple mathematical error that nobody caught for 50 years d. He incorrectly assumed that the Earth started out completely melted

A

Chapter 3.2.2. Box 3.3. What is a pyroclastic flow? a. A turbulent, dense mixture of hot air, ash, and larger fragments that sweep down the sides of volcanoes. b. A slurry-like flow of mud and water that can flow 10s of km from a volcano. c. A fast-moving lava flow carrying large chunks of rock. d. A very slow-moving lava flow.

A

Chapter 3.3.1. Since Mars and Mercury are smaller than Earth and thus have a smaller gravity, how does this influence lava flows on these planets compared to Earth? a. Volcanic flows on Mercury and Mars tend to be thicker. b. Volcanic flows on Mercury and Mars tend to be thinner. c. Volcanic flows on Mercury and Mars tend to be hotter. d. Volcanic flows on Mercury and Mars tend to be cooler.

A

Chapter 4.2. For the first few hundred years following the first telescope observations that there were craters on the Moon, what did the majority of scientist think their origin was? a. Volcanoes b. Impact Craters c. Seas d. Glaciers

A

Chapter 4.3., Figure 4-10. What does the term "breccia lens" refer to? a. The layer of fragmented material that fills in the base of a crater. b.How gravity from a planetary body attracts asteroids and comets and intensifies its impact rate. c.A hand tool used by geologists to study microscopic features in rocks found in impact craters. d. None of the above

A

Chapter 4.3.2. Figure 4.10. What is a transient cavity? a. The maximum opening of the ground that occurs at the end of the excavation stage b. The final size of the crater cavity c. A hole with a volume equivalent to that of the impactor d. The final shape of the bedrock underneath the breccia lens

A

Chapter 4.4.1. Which characterizes complex craters? a. Terraces of slump blocks around the crater rims b. Bowl-shaped depressions that lack a central uplift c. Craters that only form if the impact angle falls at an angle below 10 degrees d. All of the above

A

Chapter 2.2.2., From where does Earth's magnet field arise? a. The solid iron inner core b. The liquid iron out core c. The lower mantle d. The upper mantle

B

Chapter 2.4.1. The ______ energy lost by the inward movement of nickel-iron within a differentiating molten planetary body would be converted first into _______ energy and then into ______ energy. a. momentum, thermal, gravitational b. gravitational, kinetic, thermal c. thermal, momentum, kinetic d. kinetic, thermal, gravitational

B

Chapter 2.4.2. Which kind of heating results from the distortion of a planet's or moon's shape due to gravitational interactions with another body? a. accretional heating b. tidal heating c. core formation d. radioactive decay

B

Chapter 2.4.4., Which planetary cooling process involves hot, buoyant, deep material rising up through the cooler outer regions? a. Conduction b. Convection c. Advection d. Radiation

B

Chapter 3.1.2. Box 3.1. What is decompression melting? a. When crust melts as a result of high compressive stresses in subduction zones b. When hot mantle rises to shallow depths where lower pressures induce melting c. When rocks on planets with no atmosphere come in contact with the vacuum of space d. When ices at the base of glaciers melt because of the weight of the glacier above

B

Chapter 3.2. What is effusive volcanism? a. When large amounts of ash are erupted out of a volcanic vent b. When lava comes out of a vent or fissure and then spreads out over the landscape c. When ejected volcanic rocks stream down the sides of volcanoes powered by hot expanding gas d. When a volcano erupts hot gases that diffuse into the atmosphere

B

Chapter 3.2.1. What is the difference between magma and lava? a. None, the two terms can be used interchangeably. b. Magma is melted rock beneath the surface, while lava is melted rock on the surface. c. Magma is basaltic whereas lava is peridotite. d. Magma is what is produced at mid-ocean ridges, while lava is what is produced at subduction zones.

B

Chapter 3.2.2. and Figure 3.23. In an erupting column of ash, what is the convective ascent region? a.The region in which particles of all sizes are propelled upwards by the rapid expansion and release of trapped gases. b.The region where the relative buoyancy of the hot volcanic gases is higher than the cooling surrounding atmosphere and so carries smaller particles further upwards. c.The region where cooling in the higher atmospheric levels eventually causes the plume to become neutrally buoyant and so bread out laterally. d.The region where upward momentum carries particles above the neutral density level.

B

Chapter 3.4.6. Which statement about Jupiter's moon Io's volcanic activity is not true? a. It has the most active volcanoes in the Solar System. b. It has the tallest volcano in the Solar System. c. They are a result of tidal heating. d. The lava flows tend to reach great distances (as far as s 700 km).

B

Chapter 4.3., Figure 4-10. Which is not a one of the three broad stages of impact cratering? a. Contact and compression b. Melting c. Excavation d. Modification

B

Chapter 4.4.1. Why are most craters on the Moon round? a. Because most asteroids hit the Moon from straight overhead b. Because impacts happen at such great speeds that they behave like explosions c. Because oval craters tend to round themselves over time d. Most craters on the Moon are not round

B

Chapter 4.5.2. What is the most likely reason why there are a comparatively small number of distinct craters on the Earth? a. There are very few objects in space whose orbit crosses the Earth's orbit. b. The surface of the Earth is continually being re-shaped by erosion and geological activity. c. The Moon protects the Earth from impacts. d. Jupiter protects the Earth from impacts.

B

Gas (CO2, H2O, etc.) in magma makes volcanoes explosive. Which type of volcano is the most explosive? (A) Mid-ocean ridges (B) Arc volcanoes (C) Hot spots

B

How is heat transferred through the solid asthenosphere? a. Conduction b. Convection c. Radiation d. I have no idea

B

If explosive eruptions require high viscosity/high gas content magma, and effusive eruptions require low viscosity/low gas content, can you ever have an explosive eruption and a lava flow occur during the same eruption? a. Yes, happens often b. Yes, but rarely c. Never

B

The ______ of Earth are older than the ________ a. ocean floors; continents. b. continents; ocean floors. c. mountains; valleys. d. volcanoes; ocean floors. e. volcanoes; mountains.

B

The transition from simple to complex crater takes place at greater crater diameters on the Moon compared to the Earth, with Mars and Mercury in between. Why is this? a. It is a function of the density of the planet's atmosphere. b. It is a function of the planet's gravity. c. It is a function of the planet's curvature. d. It is function of the how fractured the crust is from previous impacts.

B

Where does magma (molten rock) come from? (A) The core of the Earth (B) The mantle of the Earth (C) The crust of the Earth (D) Volcanoes

B

Which of the following changes to a hot rock will NOT promote melting? a. increased temperature b. increased pressure c. increased water content d. none of the above

B

Why does Mercury have more extensive flood basalts than Earth? a. Mercury does not experience mantle convection b. Mercury does not have plate tectonics c. The interior of Mercury is hotter than Earth's d. All of the above

B

Why do we think Earth has plate tectonics?

B/c at mid-ocean ridges, new crust is forming due to sea-floor spreading.

Why are almost all craters round?

Because impacting rocks explode on impact creating a shock wave that spreads out equally in all directions.

Why are there many more craters on the Moon compared to Earth?

Because the Moon has no erosional processes to erase old impact craters while the Earth does.

Why does high amounts of gas in magma make volcanoes explosive?

Because the gas forms bubbles that expand as the magma rises.

Chapter 2.4.2. Which of the following is a consequence of tidal interactions between the Earth and the Moon? a. The Earth's rotational rate is slowing b. The Moon is moving farther away from the Earth c. Deformation of the Earth's and Moon's crust and mantle d. All of the above

D

Chapter 2.4.4., Which of the following does not transfer heat from the interior of a planet to its surface? a. Conduction b. Convection c. Advection d. Radiation

D

Chapter 2.4.5., Which is a consequence of plate recycling? a. The addition of hot material to the surface of a planet from the interior. b. The removal of cold material from the surface of a planet to the interior. c. Resurfacing of large areas of a planet's surface. d. All of the above

D

Chapter 3.1.2. Box 3.1. What is hydration-induced melting? a. When a water-rich comet impacts a planetary surface, causing the impacted rocks to melt. b. When hot rocks come in contact with warm water at mid-ocean ridges, causing instant melting. c. When the liquid outer core heats up the base of the mantle sufficiently to cause melting. d. When water-rich or gas-rich fluids are added to the mantle, reducing the melting temperature.

D

Chapter 3.2. Table 3.2. What does the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) tell you about a volcanic eruption? a. A description of how explosive it was b. The volume of pyroclastic materials that were erupted c. The height of the cloud column erupted d. All of the above

D

Chapter 3.2.2. What is a Caldera? a. A dome of lava that begins to fill up a volcanic crater after the eruption b. A cave created when a tunnel of lava empties out c. A fast-moving lava flow carrying large chunks of rock d. A large crater-like depression

D

Chapter 3.2.2. Which combination of viscosity and gas content of the magma is most likely to lead to a very explosive volcanic eruption? a. low viscosity, low gas content b. low viscosity, high gas content c. high viscosity, low gas content d. high viscosity, high gas content

D

Chapter 4.3.1. Shock pressures during the compression stage may reach 100 GPa. Normally, how deep into the Earth would you have to go to find such pressures? a. 10 km deep b. 100 km deep c. 1000 km deep d. More than 2000 km deep

D

Chapter 4.4.1. What kind of craters are the Moon's Orientale and Callisto's Valhalla (the latter misspelled in the book)? a. Microcraters b. Simple craters c. Complex craters with peaks in the center d. Multi-ring basins

D

Chapter 4.5.2.Which is not one of the three factors the influence the shapes of craters of varying size? a. The surface gravity of the body b. The thickness of the lithosphere c. The strength of the impacted rock d. Whether the impact occurs close to or away from the equator

D

How do we know that the outer core of the Earth is liquid? a. Because the Earth has a magnetic field. b. Because both pressure waves and shear waves pass through the outer core. c. Because shear waves do not pass through the outer core. d. Both a and b. d. Both a and c.

D

In comparison to Mauna Kea, the largest mountain on Earth, Olympus Mons on Mars is a much bigger hot spot volcano. Why is this? a. Gravity on Mars is 1/3 that of Earth's b. Mars does not have plate tectonics c. Mars does not have significant erosion processes d. All of the above

D

Which of Gilbert's conclusions were wrong? (a) Thought that the volume of an impact crater (including the meteorite) should be more than the ejected material on the rim (which it was not for Meteor Crater). (b) Thought that if it was a meteorite then buried iron should create a magnetic anomaly (which it did not). (c) Argued that thousands of meteorite fragments found around the crater were just coincidence. (d) All of the above

D

Which of the following is NOT seen on Io? A) lava flows B) volcanic plumes C) sulfur dioxide frost D) impact craters

D

Why do volcanoes form at subduction zones? a. The subducting slab creates a hot spot. b. Increased pressure as the subducting slab hits the overlying plate. c. Decreased temperature due to water in the subducting slab. d. Increased water content as the subducting slab releases water into the overlying plate.

D

Chapter 2.5., Aside from Earth, which other planet shows evidence of plate tectonics? a. Mercury b. Venus c. The Moon d. Mars e. None of the above

E

Pluto, a relatively small planet far from the heat of the Sun, shows signs of active tectonics indicative of a still hot interior. Yet Mercury, The Moon, and Callisto, which are much larger, show hardly any tectonic activity and thus are probably relative cold inside. How can this be? a. Pluto had more primordial heat b. Pluto has more radioactive elements c. Pluto is heated by tidal forces from its relatively large moon Charon d. Charon was created by a relatively recent collision with Pluto e. I have no idea

E

Chapter 2.4.3., Box 2.8. True/False: Larger planets conductively cool faster than smaller planets

False

Chapter 3.1.2. Box 3.1. True/False. An increase in temperature is the main cause of melting in Earth's upper mantle.

False

Chapter 4.6.1.True/False: The rate at which impacts occur on planetary surfaces has held steady throughout the history of the solar system.

False

Chapter 4.6.True/False: A younger surface tends to display more impact craters

False

Chapter 4.7.1.Figure 4.30. True/False. There are no observations that suggest that water may reach the surface and flow on Mars' today.

False

Chapter 6.3.4., True/False: Despite it being much larger size, Jupiter has a much smaller magnetic dipole than Earth.

False

There is very little water in any form on Mars today T/F

False

True or False: Earth's mantle is made of molten rock.

False

Uranus and Neptune both generate magnetic fields larger than the gas giants (T/F)

False

Volcanoes are only possible when a planet has a molten core. T/F

False

A magnetic field arises any time there is a ____ _____ _____.

Flowing electrical current

What evidence did Alfred Wegener use to argue that the continents were drifting?

He noted that the east coasts of North and South America fit the west coasts of Europe and Africa like a jigsaw puzzle.

What is viscosity a measure of?

How resistance of a fluid to flow

Which of the following does not describe a characteristic of magma?

It flows on the surface

Which statement best describes Jupiter's magnetic field?

It is much stronger than that of Earth and greatly extended in space.

3 different types of volcanism: 2. mid-ocean ridge volcanism

MELTING DUE TO DECREASED PRESSURE

3 different types of volcanism: 1. hot spot volcanism

MELTING DUE TO HIGH TEMPERATURES

The amount of _____, amount of _____ ____ _____, and ______ of magma are the three factors that influence the trapping of volcanic gas and control whether and how powerful an explosive eruption will be.

Magma; Dissolved volcanic gases; Viscosity

Biggest volcano in our solar system. What planet?

Olympus Mons; Mars

_____ _____ are the heavier parts of an explosive eruption that run down the flank of a volcano at up to 200 mph.

Pyroclastic Flows

Where does Earth's magnetic field originate?

Slowly moving currents of molten iron which produce electric currents in the deep interior of Earth.

______ are midsized volcanoes that form due to alternating layers debris from explosive eruptions and lava flows.

Stratovolcanoes

A _____ _____ is the outermost cold, hard, layer of a planet, consisting of the crust and the strongest part of the uppermost mantle.

Tectonic Plate

What is a dynamo?

The process by which a planet generates a magnetic field within its core.

What is a magnetosphere?

The region surrounding an astronomical body in which its magnetic field is the predominant effective magnetic field.

Which was not evidence of continental drift cited by Alfred Wegner in the 1920s? a. The spreading of mid-ocean ridges b. The manner in which the coasts of the Americas fit the coasts of Europe and Africa c. Identical volcanic flows on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean d. Fossils of non-swimmers found on both sides of what are today major oceans

The spreading of mid-ocean ridges

What is the lithosphere?

The strong outer layer of the Earth, containing both crust and uppermost mantle, that comprises the tectonic plates.

Chapter 3.4.2. True/False: Though it is covered with lava flows in many areas, no obvious volcanoes have been identified on the Moon.

True

In radar images of planetary surfaces like Venus, rough surfaces are bright. T/F

True

What kind of crater is this? (rocky, bumpy and misshapen)

complex

The biggest impact that a person should expect to happen in their lifetime is equivalent to

hydrogen bomb

What is the asthenosphere?

the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur. A warm, weak region beneath the plates that enables the plates to be mobile.

What do signs of former liquid water tell us about how Mars's atmosphere was different in the past?

thicker

the shape of a volcano is determined by the ____ of the magma that made it.

viscosity

An important surface process on the terrestrial planets

volcanism