B.S. Chapters 2 & 3 Culture and Socialization

Ralph Linton

"A culture is the configuration of learned behavior and results of behavior whose component elements are shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society." - Ralph Linton, The Cultural Background of Personality, New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1945, p. 32. "Culture is the expression of human values.

Gender Socialization

Gender socialization is the process of learning the social expectations and attitudes associated with one's sex. Sociologists explain through gender socialization why human males and females behave in different ways: they learn different social roles.

Harry Harlow

Harry Frederick Harlow (October 31, 1905 - December 6, 1981) was an American psychologist best known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importance of caregiving and companionship in social and cognitive development.

Mores

the essential or characteristic customs and conventions of a community.

Culture Shock

the feeling of disorientation experienced by someone who is suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture, way of life, or set of attitudes.

Folkways

the traditional behavior or way of life of a particular community or group of people.

Internalization

make (attitudes or behavior) part of one's nature by learning or unconscious assimilation.

Society

the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community.

Culture

the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively.

Robin Williams

11 quotes that truly define Robin Williams. ... The death of Robin Williams silenced one of Hollywood's greatest and funniest voices. From sitcoms like "Mork and Mindy," to the touching and inspiring "Dead Poet's Society," Williams was an actor that was versatile as they come.

Cultural Clash

A "culture clash" is a conflict between cultures, or a disagreement arising between two parties of different beliefs, values and practices. Criminal offences and delinquencies often arise from culture clashes.

Feral Children

A feral child is a human child who has lived away from human contact from a very young age, and has little or no experience of human care, loving or social behavior, and, crucially, of human language. Feral children are confined by humans (often parents), brought up by animals, or live in the wild in isolation.

Value Clusters

Certain values may cluster together into a more or less consistent system. A communal or cultural value system is held by and applied to a community, group, or society. Some communal value systems are reflected in legal codes and laws.

Cultural Diffusion

Cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another. The mixing of world cultures through different ethnicities, religions and nationalities has increased with advanced communication, transportation and technology.

Cultural Transmission

Cultural learning, also called cultural transmission, is the way a group of people or animals within a society or culture tend to learn and pass on information. Learning styles are greatly influenced by how a culture socializes with its children and young people.

Cultural Relativism

Cultural relativism is the principle of regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself. Originating in the work of Franz Boas in the early 20th century, cultural relativism has greatly influenced social sciences such as anthropology.

Cultural Variation

Cultural variation refers to the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world.

Non material culture

Culture consists of both material culture and non-material culture. Thoughts or ideas that make up a culture are called the non-material culture. In contrast to material culture, non-material culture does not include any physical objects or artifacts.

Material Culture

Material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make, or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture, past or present.

Prescripted norms

Prescriptive norms are silently understood precepts of expected behavior, closely related to manners and good conduct, while proscriptive norms are taboo or otherwise unacceptable actions and behaviors that likewise remain undiscussed. Both sets of norms differ between cultures.

Social Change

Social change refers to any significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and cultural values and norms. By "significant" alteration, sociologists mean changes yielding profound social consequences.

Social Control

Social control is a concept within the disciplines of the social sciences. ... Formal means of social control - External sanctions enforced by government to prevent the establishment of chaos or anomie in society. Some theorists, such as Émile Durkheim, refer to this form of control as regulation.

Socialization

Socialization is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political scientists, and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs, values

Moral Holidays

Term. Moral Holidays. Definition. Specified times when people are allowed to break norms. Example: Mardi Gras.

Cultural Lag

The term cultural lag refers to the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and that social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag. Subsequently, cultural lag does not only apply to this idea only, but also relates to theory and explanation.

Value Contradictions

Value Contradictions. A value system by itself is internally inconsistent or contradictory if its values contradict each other, and its exceptions are highly situational and inconsistently applied. Communal Values. A communal or cultural value system is held by and applied to a community/ group/society.

William Sumner

William Graham Sumner (October 30, 1840 - April 12, 1910) was a classical liberal (now often called "libertarian") American social scientist. He taught social sciences at Yale, where he held the nation's first professorship in sociology.

Pluralism

a condition or system in which two or more states, groups, principles, sources of authority, etc., coexist.

Vested Interest

a personal stake or involvement in an undertaking or state of affairs, especially one with an expectation of financial gain.

Taboo

a social or religious custom prohibiting or forbidding discussion of a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing.

Ideology

a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.

Sapir-Whorf Thesis

a theory developed by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf that states that the structure of a language determines or greatly influences the modes of thought and behavior characteristic of the culture in which it is spoken. Expand. Also called Whorfian hypothesis.

Sanctions

a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule.

Ethnocentrism

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

Narcissism

excessive or erotic interest in oneself and one's physical appearance.