BSC 110 Final Review

What is the complement DNA strand to 5-ATTCGGTGA-3?

3-TAAGCCACT-5

Consider as organism whose diploid karyotype shows it to have a total of 60 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be contained in the sperm of this organism?

30

An organism that is heterozygous for two traits can produce a maximum of ______ different gametes for these traits.

4

Which of the following is not synthesized from a DNA template?

Amino acids

What type of regulatory transcription factor binds DNA in order to increase the transcription of a gene?

An activator exerting positive control

In the context of molecular genetics, reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) refers to ________.

Assembling an RNA sequence from a DNA sequence

The proteome is all the proteins produced by an organism. The genome is the totality of all genes of an organism. If the proteome is much larger than the genome, which of the following statements would be accurate?

At least in some cases, a single gene must code for more than one protein.

The smallest functional unit and associated structures of a living organism are...

Atoms and their protons, neutrons and electrons

Ribosomes can attach to prokaryotic messenger RNA?

Before transcription is complete

The addition of a strong acid like HCl to an aqueous solution would result in...

Both the release of H+ and a decrease in pH

What features of meiosis allow for independent assortment of chromosomes?

Both the separation of sister chromatids and the reduction of chromosomes number from diploid and haploid

Which relationship about nucleotide composition in DNA is correct?

C+A=G+T

The most hydrophobic molecule is...

C2H6

Which ion causes muscle contraction through interacting with actin/myosin/tropomyosin?

Ca2+

A cell has enough available ATP to meet its needs for about 30 seconds. What is likely to happen when an athlete exhausts his or her ATP supply?

Catabolic processes are activated that generate more ATP

HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. In the mid-1900s, researchers discovered an enzyme in HIV called protease. Once the enzyme's structure was known, researchers began looking for drugs that would fit into the active site and block it. If this strategy got stopping HIV infections were successful, it would be an example pf what phenomenon?

Competitive inhibition

Genes expressed at relatively constant levels in tissues regardless of variations in the animals' condition are called a...

Constitutive gene

Cacti in the deserts of southwestern North America and some euphorbs in the deserts of Africa have barrel-shaped stems, short-lived leaves, and spines, yet these two types of plants are from different evolutionary lineages. The similar morphology of the two groups of plants is an example of:

Convergent evolution

Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of a checkpoint that controls the progression of the cell cycle?

Cytokinesis involves the formation of cleavage furrow to separate the cells

In which of the following biochemical reactions is it common to use ddNTPs (dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphates)?

DNA sequencing

Which of the following statements best describes how natural selection affects the genetic equilibrium of a population?

Differences in the survival and reproductive success of individuals carrying different genotypes alter allele frequencies

How are bonds between atoms formed?

Electrons are transferred or shared between atoms

Which method is often used to analyze proteins and nucleic acids by physical separation when estimating genetic variation in populations?

Electrophoresis

A chemical reaction that has a positive ∆G is correctly described as...

Endergonic

Insulin is secreted from the pancreas and acts on muscle cells to increase glucose uptake. This is an example of...

Endocrine signaling

When epidermal growth factor binds to a(n)_______ receptor, the receptor phosphorylates itself, trigging signal transduction pathway.

Enzyme-linked

A bowl of sugar water is very stable. But if you feed it to cells it is rapidly broken down into carbon dioxide and water. What is the best explanation for this observation?

Enzymes in the cell catalyze the breakdown of glucose

Homologous genes encoding globins (hemoglobin, myoglobin) in the human genome were originally derived from a single ancestor that duplicated 500-600 million years ago. What term best describes that relationship between these genes?

Gene family

What term is given to the total genetic information carried by all members of a population?

Gene pool

What is the purpose of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

Generate copies of a DNA fragment

In small isolated populations, gene frequencies can fluctuate considerably. The term that applies to this circumstance is ________.

Genetic drift

Amoebae move by crawling over a surface (cell crawling). Which one of the following processes is part of this type of movement?

Growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane

Proteins are frequently modified by the addition of organic groups to their "R" side chains. Additions of which group shown below could cause a protein to attach to a lipid bilayer?

H H H H H H H H | | | | | | | | /C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H | | | | | | | | H H H H H H H H

The term evolution is used to describe

Heritable changes in characteristics of a population from one generation to the next

Fundamental similarity due to descent from a common ancestor is called

Homology

Sperm from a slate-pencil sea urchin are moved by the ocean currents towards eggs from a rock boring sea urchin. The rock boring urchin eggs are fertilized, but only complete the first three rounds of embryonic cell division. What type of reproductive isolation is at work in this example?

Hybrid inviability

What type of bond is likely to occur between two water molecules or strands of DNA?

Hydrogen

In solution, why do hydrolysis reactions occur more readily than condensation reactions?

Hydrolysis increases entropy and is exergonic

What is the dominant allele?

In a heterozygous individual, the allele that determines the phenotype

DNA methylation

Inhibits transcription

Changes that have occurred in living organisms over the past four billion years are due primarily to

Interaction of genetic and environmental changes

As scientists were unraveling the mysteries associated with transcription and translation, they discovered there was not a one-to-one correspondence between nucleotide sequence of a gene and base sequence of the mRNA it codes for. They proposed the gene-in-piece hypothesis. How can the genes-in-pieces hypothesis be explained?

Introns are noncoding segments of DNA that are present in the initial transcript, but are removed by splicing.

If a cell's spliceosomes were mutated so they no longer functioned normally, what consequences would result?

Introns would remain in the mature mRNA

which of the following mutations will not alter the amount of genetic material on the chromosomes?

Inversion

Which of the following is true of carbon?

It can form polar and nonpolar bonds

A neurotransmitter that stimulates electrical "firing" cause influx of which ion?

Na+

Which Ion is highest outside cells?

Na+

A researcher determined that a strain of E. Coli id producing a shortened version of a protein required for glucose metabolism. What type of mutation could be responsible for this shorter than normal protein?

Nonsense mutation

Which of the following is true concerning a somatic cell mutation?

Only a small group of cells within the organism is affected by the mutation

When a single-gene mutation can have phenotypic effects at multiple stages of development, it is...

Pleiotropic

Amphipathic molecules...

Possess both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

Which of the following levels of gene expression allows the most rapid response to environmental change?

Post-translational control

Which macromolecule do the majority of scientists favor as the "first" to be found in protobionts?

RNA

If the nucleotide sequence for the human dystrophin gene is known, which of the following can the Basic Logical Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) be used to search for?

Related species that also have the dystrophin gene

The color of petunia flower can be changed from red to blue by altering the pH of the soli. This is an example of...

The environment influencing the phenotype

All three domains (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) follow the same genetic code. Which of the following statements would most likely be accurate given that information?

The genetic code evolved before the different domains diverged.

What is NOT a criterion for an organism's genetic material?

The genetic material must be dynamic, changing rapidly in response to changes in the environment.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of highly repetitive sequences?

They can be found millions of times in a eukaryotic genome

Fatty Acids usually have an even number of carbons in their structures. They are carbonized by a process called beta-oxidation. The end products of the metabolic pathway are acetyl CoA molecules. What is the most likely fate of the acetyl groups?

They directly enter the Krebs cycle

The gene pool of the next generation is derived from

Those individuals of a population that reproduce and have viable offspring

Primers are used in DNA sequencing. What is the purpose of the primer?

To provide a 3'-OH for DNA polymerase to build a new DNA strand

Which protein influences the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe genes?

Transcription factors

Which proteins influences the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe genes?

Transcription factors

At the end of the Permian period a large mass extinction occurred; 90-95% of the marine and terrestrial species were eliminated. What is thought to be the possible cause(s) of this mass extinction?

Volcanic eruption

The electrons of photosystem II are excited and transferred to electron carriers. From which molecule or structure do the photosystem II replacement electrons come?

Water

at the end of meiosis I...

cells are haploids

the process by which haploid cells are produced from diploid cells is called...

meiosis

On the right is the structure of NAD. Despite NAD having an unfamiliar structure, can you tell what class of biomolecule NAD belongs?

nucleic acid

The macromolecule composed of amino acids is a...

protein

Which of the following is a common feature of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

ribosomes

what region of a fatty acid is hydrophobic?

the long hydrocarbon chains

An X-linked gene is...

A gene on the X chromosome

Not all intercellular signals require transduction. Which one of the following signals would be processed without transduction?

A lipid-soluble signal

When the atoms involved in a covalent bond have the same electronegativity (attraction for electrons), what type of bond results?

A nonpolar covalent bond

What scenario best illustrates the process of natural selection?

A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide

In the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), early replication errors affect a larger percentage of PCR products than late replication errors. Select the reason why this occurs.

Less DNA in early cycles results in a higher overall proportion of copies containing the error because each round uses the fragment from earlier rounds as templates

The inheritance pattern where two or more genes do not assort independently because they are close together on the same chromosome is called...

Linkage

Eyelash length is an inherited trait. In the human population, there is an eyelash length gene. There are two possible variants of this gene - an allele for long eyelashes (>1cm) and an allele for short eyelashes (1 cm or less). The allele for long eyelashes is dominant (L) and the allele for short eyelashes is recessive (l). An individual who is heterozygous for eyelash length would have which of the following genotypes?

Ll

Asbestos is a material that was once used extensively in construction. One risk from working in a building that contains asbestos is the development of asbestosis caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Cells will phagocytize asbestos, but are not able to degrade it. As a result, asbestos fibers accumulate in ______.

Lysosomes

Which of the following most adequately describes how the Alu element may have proliferated to constitute 10% of the human genome?

Retroelements increase with every generation

Restriction endonucleases are especially useful if they generate "sticky" ends. What makes an end sticky?

Single-stranded complementary tails

Where would you most likely find an integral membrane protein?

Spanning the cell membrane, with parts of the protein visible from both the inside and the outside of the cell

Human males produce...

Sperm, half contain an X chromosome, half contain a Y chromosome

If two populations are geographically restricted groups of the same species, but display one or more traits that are somewhat different, the two groups are sometimes classified as

Subspecies

In the polymerization of DNA, a phosphodiester bond is formed between a phosphate group of the nucleotide being added and ______ of the last nucleotide in the polymer.

The 3' OH

Incomplete dominance is when...

The phenotype of a heterozygote is not the same as either parent, but it is somewhere between the two parents

What is the function of the poly A tail?

The poly A tail increases mRNA stability in eukaryotes

How are the light-dependent and light-independent reactions pf photosynthesis related?

The products of light-dependent reactions are used in light-dependent reactions.

The energy of electron transport serves to move (translocate) protons to the outer mitochondrial compartment. How does this help the mitochondrion to produce energy?

The translocation of protons set up the electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.

Which of the following statements about the cell cycle is correct?

When the S phase of the cell cycle is finished, a cell has twice as much DNA as it did during the G1 phase

Tay-Sachs is lysosomal storage disease that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Individuals with Tay-Sach have a defect in the gene encoding hexosaminidase A, a lysosomal enzyme that breaks down cell membrane components called gangliosides. The inability to break down gangliosides causes harmful qualities of this lipid to accumulate in nerve cells of the brain, eventually leading to premature death of affected cells. There is no known cure for this disease, and death usually occurs by age 4. (T=dominant allele: t=recessive allele) Jack and Jill have a child who has Tay-Sachs. What do you know about the genotypes of Jack and Jill?

both are heterozygous