BSC2010 Chapter 4 and 5 Notes

Evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory

1. Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in our cells multiply the same way as ancient bacteria 2. Chloroplasts and Mitochondria both contain their own DNA and Ribosomes. Their DNA looks similar to the ancient bacteria. 3. Chloroplasts and Mitochondria both have two membranes, an inner & outer membrane. The inner membrane contains proteins & lipids that are not present in the outer membrane 4. Chloroplasts and Mitochondria divide by a process that closely resembles binary fission 5. Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have their own ribosomes, which are more similar to the ribosomes in Prokaryotes than those in the cell they live in

unsaturated fats

A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.

Relationship between water and solutes

A low water concentration can mean a high concentration of solutes

What happens when the membranes allowed the passage of both glucose and sucrose through?

Both, glucose and sucrose will move from their side of high concentration to their respective side with lower concentration

Which molecules can pass through the plasma membrane using facilitated diffusion?

Charged ions and polar molecules

What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

Cholesterol can function like spacers between these phospholipids, keeping them from becoming too packed, or connecting phospholipids to keep them from becoming to fluid in warm temperatures.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water molecules. It is a type of passive transport, meaning it doesn't require energy.

Lysome

Enzymes that break down cellular debris. They are garbage collectors

Isotonic

Equal concentration

Hydrophilic/Polar/Lipophobic molecules

Gradient - Facilitated Diffusion Against the gradient - Active transport

Hydrophobic/Non-polar/Lipophilic molecules

Gradient - simple diffusion Against the gradient - active transport

Fluid Mosaic Model

How we describe the cell membrane

Water moves from

Hypotonic to hypertonic

Where do photosynthesis prokaryotes carry out photosynthesis?

In the plasma membrane

Prokaryotic cell

Includes a cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleoid, plasma membrane, cell wall. Does not have a cell membrane

Eukaryotic Cell

Includes a nucleus, ribosomes, cytosol, cell membrane, and mitochondria. Does not have a cell wall or chloroplasts

Integral proteins

Involved in transporting methods for all kinds of materials

In which type of solution would you place red blood cells if you do not want to cause a net movement of water

Isotonic solution

If the membrane allows the movement of both water and glucose (the membrane is passable), which direction will glucose move?

It will distribute evenly between each side

Homeostasis

Keeping a stable environment inside cells. The cell membrane regulates homeostasis

Which structures are common to both plant and animal cells?

Mitochondria, Nucleus, Cell Membrane

Which of these components do you see in all cells?

Plasma membrane, ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm

Mitochondrion

Powerhouse of the cell

Which molecules can pass through the plasma membrane using simple diffusion?

Small fats, small non-polar molecules and gasses

Central Vacuole

Stores water in a plant cell

Ribosomes

Synthesize proteins

Phospholipid bilayer

The head is polar, while the tail is nonpolar. These phospholipids arrange themselves into a phospholipid bilayer, with the nonpolar areas away from the water.

Hypertonic

The side with a high solute concentration

Hypotonic

The side with a low solute concentration

Diffusion

Type of passive transport where the net movement of a substance traveling down its concentration gradient. Moving from a high concentration to a low concertation. Does not require energy

2nd Relationship between water and solutes

Water has a tendency to move to areas with a high solute concentration, meaning less water concentration

What happens when the membranes doesn't allow the passage of both glucose and sucrose through?

Water will move from the hypotonic side to the hypertonic side

Exocytosis

When molecules exit

Passive transport

When molecules move from areas of high concentration to lower concentration (gradient). This type of movement does not require energy

Active Transport

When molecules move from areas of low concentration into areas of high concentration. This is movement against the gradient and requires a carrier/channel protein an ATP energy

Endocytosis

When the cells fuse with the molecules in order to take it inside

Simple Diffusion

a form of passive transport in which molecules move without a barrier, or can easily cross the barrier or membrane. Typically used by gases and small non-polar molecules. Does not require energy

Facilitated Diffusion

a form of passive transport when molecules need assistance from a channel/carrier protein to cross the membrane. Typically use by large molecules and molecules that are polar. Does not require energy

A scientific theory is

a statement of how things work that has been tested an in agreement with all available data

Peripheral proteins

act as enzymes to speed up reactions or attaching to the cytoskeleton help with cell shape

Cell Theory

all living organisms are composed of at least one ell; cells are the basic unit of life and they are the smallest living things; cells can only arise by the division of a previously existing cell

How come if larger cells have more volume and more surface area than small cells, large cells have a lower surface-area-to volume ratio?

because the volume of the cell increases faster than its surface as the cell gets bigger

How is surface-area-to-volume ratio related to the efficiency of cells

cells need large surface-area-to-volume to speed diffusion of substances

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

doesn't have ribosomes attached to it

saturated fats

fats that are solid at room temperature

Golgi Apparatus

folds proteins into usable shapes or adds other materials like Lipids or carbohydrates

Plant Cell

has a chloroplast, mitochondrias, and cell wall

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

has ribosomes attached to it

Channel mediated

ions or small molecules move through a water filled channel

ATP

molecules that provide energy for all of the cells activity

Carrier mediated

movement of small polar molecules across the membrane

Endosymbiotic theory

theory that states that eukaryotic cells evolved from large prokaryotic cells engulfing small bacteria. Instead of all of the small bacteria getting ingested, some of them remained intact with the large prokaryote and began to live as symbionts.