BSC2086 FINAL STUDY GUIDE 1

Which is the proper order of events in cell-mediated immunity? 1. cloning of cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells 2. antigen presented to T lymphocyte 3. activation of T lymphocyte 4. cytotoxic T cells attack target cells

2,3,1,4

the formation of glycogen from glucose is called a. gluconeogenesis b. glycogenesis c. glycolysis d. glycogenolysis e. glucogenesis

?

which of the following is NOT a type of propulsion in the digestive tract? a. deglutition b. segmental contraction c. peristalsis d. mass movement

?

Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system? A. All of the choices are correct. B. Blood supply decreases C. More likely to develop ulcerations and cancers D. Enamel on teeth becomes thinner

A. All of the choices are correct.

When comparing oogenesis and spermatogenesis, which of the following is not true? A. Both oogenesis and spermatogenesis produce four functional gametes. B. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis produce haploid gametes. C. The products of oogenesis and spermatogenesis have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. D. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis begin in the gonads (ovaries and testes).

A. Both oogenesis and spermatogenesis produce four functional gametes.

What muscle forms the cheek? A. Buccinator B. Orbicularis oculi C. Zygomaticus D. Orbicularis ori

A. Buccinator

What may be affected if the enzyme carbonic anhydrase was not made in the body? A. Conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate ion B. Conversion of hemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin C. Transport of O2 by hemoglobin D. Hemolysis of red blood cells

A. Conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate ion

Which of the following functions is associated with the blood? A. Delivery of O2 to tissue cells B. Maintenance of DNA content of egg cells C. Electrical stimulation of the heart D. Transport of neurotransmitters across synapses E. Transport of digestive enzymes to the small intestine

A. Delivery of O2 to tissue cells

Match the vein with the appropriate description. Subclavian vein A. Drains blood from the arm B. Superficial vein of the head and neck C. The posterior intercostal veins join this vein on the right side of the body D. Deep vein that drains blood from the cranial vault E. Formed by the union of the internal jugular and the subclavian veins

A. Drains blood from the arm

What prevents the bolus from entering the larynx during deglutition? A. Epiglottis B. Upper esophageal sphincter C. Tongue D. Uvula

A. Epiglottis

Use the key to choose the best answer. (1) Number of villi in small intestine (2) Number of villi in large intestine A. First item is greater than the second item. B. First item is less than the second item. C. First item is equal or nearly equal to the second item.

A. First item is greater than the second item.

Which of the following is the correct sequence? A. Glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain B. Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, acetyl-CoA formation, electron transport chain C. Acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis D. Citric acid cycle, glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, electron transport chain E. Acetyl-CoA formation, glycolysis, electron-transport chain, citric acid cycle

A. Glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

After a meal, blood glucose levels rise and stimulate the release of insulin. Of which type of stimulation is this an example? A. Humoral B. Neural C. Hormonal D. Hypothalamic

A. Humoral

Which of the following explains the neural mechanism of an erection? A. It is an autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by parasympathetic nerve fibers. B. It is an autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by sympathetic nerve fibers. C. It is a somatic reflex mediated predominantly by parasympathetic nerve fibers. D. It is a somatic reflex mediated predominantly by sympathetic nerve fibers. E. It is an exclusively voluntary action mediated by the cerebral cortex.

A. It is an autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by parasympathetic nerve fibers.

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, A. K + and Cl − are cotransported with Na + across the apical membrane. B. K + is concentrated in the filtrate. C. Ca 2+ are actively transported across the basal membrane. D. water can easily enter or leave. E. the filtrate does not change.

A. K + and Cl − are cotransported with Na + across the apical membrane.

Which of the following is part of the upper respiratory tract? A. Pharynx B. Lungs C. Trachea D. Bronchi E. Bronchioles

A. Pharynx

Which of the following results in an increase in shunted blood (blood not completely oxygenated)? A. Pulmonary edema B. Exercise C. Increased heart rate D. Increased respiration rate E. None of the choices are correct.

A. Pulmonary edema

Why does the superior part of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle? A. The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control. B. The second phase of swallowing is under involuntary control. C. The second phase of swallowing is under voluntary control. D. The first phase of swallowing is under involuntary control.

A. The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control.

Which of the following statements best describes the actions of thyroid hormones? A. These hormones interact with intracellular receptors altering protein synthesis. B. Thyroid hormones bind to molecules of the cytoskeleton in the cytoplasm. C. Thyroid hormones bind to epithelial plasma membranes that line the intestine. D. Both "These hormones interact with intracellular receptors altering protein synthesis." and "Thyroid hormones bind to epithelial plasma membranes that line the intestine." are correct.

A. These hormones interact with intracellular receptors altering protein synthesis.

A patient was shown to have high interferon levels. This would be an indicator of what type of infection? A. Viral infection B. Bacterial infection C. Parasitic worm infection D. None of the choices are correct.

A. Viral infection

The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the A. active transport of H + from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach. B. exchange of Na + for H + in the transport process. C. the combination of CO 2 and water. D. active transport of Cl − from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach. E. exchange of Na + and bicarbonate ions.

A. active transport of H + from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.

Hormone secretion can be regulated by A. all of the choices are correct B. none of the choices are correct C. other hormones D. the nervous system E. the action of a substance other than a hormone

A. all of the choices are correct

Resistance to blood flow is greatest in __________. A. arterioles B. capillaries C. veins D. venules E. arteries

A. arterioles

The serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates _________ immunity. A. artificial passive B. artificial active C. natural passive D. natural active

A. artificial passive

The internal jugular veins join the subclavian veins to form the __________. A. brachiocephalic veins B. superior vena cava C. external jugular veins D. axillary veins E. azygos veins

A. brachiocephalic veins

Most of the seminal fluid is produced A. by the seminal vesicles. B. by the ejaculatory duct. C. by the bulbourethral glands. D. by the testes. E. by the prostate gland.

A. by the seminal vesicles.

Metabolic rate is the total amount of A. energy produced and used by the body per unit of time. B. kilocalories consumed. C. heat produced by body cells in an hour. D. carbon dioxide exhaled per unit of time. E. glucose absorbed by the small intestine each hour.

A. energy produced and used by the body per unit of time.

During swallowing, the opening into the larynx is covered by the __________. A. epiglottis B. the "Adam's apple" C. thyroid cartilage D. cricoid cartilage E. arytenoid cartilage

A. epiglottis

Once inside the cells of the ascending limb, K + and Cl − cross the basal membrane into the interstitial fluid by the process of __________. A. facilitated diffusion B. counter transport C. active transport D. simple diffusion E. cotransport

A. facilitated diffusion

Sex cells are called __________. A. gametes B. chromosomes C. oogonia D. zygotes E. spermatocytes

A. gametes

Inflammation of the gums is called __________. A. gingivitis B. pyorrhea C. halitosis D. dental caries

A. gingivitis

Secretion of one hormone by the action if another hormone is controlled by ________ stimuli. A. hormonal B. neural C. humoral D. visceral

A. hormonal

Secretion of one hormone by the action of another hormone is control by __________ stimuli. A. hormonal B. neural C. humoral D. visceral

A. hormonal

Treatments of disease that include the alteration of immune functions are called __________. A. immunotherapy B. hypersensitivity C. passive immunity D. adaptive immunity

A. immunotherapy

Where does implantation normally occur? A. in the fundus area of the uterus B. in the cervix area of the uterus C. in the isthmus area of the uterine tube D. in the infundibulum area of the uterine tube

A. in the fundus area of the uterus

A function of insulin is to A. increase the uptake of glucose by its target tissues. B. decreased the uptake of amino acids by its target tissues. C. increase glycogen breakdown in the liver and skeletal muscle. D. increase breakdown of lipids. E. increase gluconeogenesis.

A. increase the uptake of glucose by its target tissues.

Growth hormone A. increases amino acid uptake in cells. B. decreases the use of lipids as an energy source. C. decreases the synthesis and storage of glycogen. D. increases the use of glucose for energy. E. facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells.

A. increases amino acid uptake in cells.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) A. increases water reabsorption in the kidneys. B. increases plasma osmolality. C. causes the production of a large volume of urine. D. is secreted by the anterior pituitary. E. increases urine volume.

A. increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Loss of water through diffusion and evaporation fromthe skin is called __________ and is important in ____________ control. A. insensibleperspiration; heat loss B. sensible perspiration; blood volume C. sensibleperspiration; temperature D. insensibleperspiration; blood volume

A. insensibleperspiration; heat loss

The gastric phase of gastric secretion A. leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion. B. is triggered by taste, sight, thought, or smell of food. C. is mediated by impulses on sympathetic nerves. D. leads to the least volume of gastric secretion. E. decreases the release of gastrin in the stomach.

A. leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion.

Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of __________. A. lipids B. carbohydrates C. proteins D. All of the choices are correct. E. disaccharides

A. lipids

Nonencapsulated lymphatic tissue called MALT includes all of the following except __________. A. lymph nodes B. tonsils C. diffuse lymphatic tissue D. Peyer patches

A. lymph nodes

The uterine cycle can be divided into three continuous phases. Starting from the first day of the cycle, their consecutive order is A. menses, proliferative, secretory B. menses, secretory, proliferative. C. secretory, menses, proliferative. D. proliferative, menses, secretory. E. secretory, proliferative, menses.

A. menses, proliferative, secretory

Which germ layer is most muscle derived from? A. mesoderm B. endoderm C. ectoderm

A. mesoderm

The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is __________. A. pancreatic juice B. salivary juice C. biliary juice D. hepatic juice E. gastric juice

A. pancreatic juice

The vasa recta is a specialized portion of the __________. A. peritubular capillary B. interlobular artery C. afferent arteriole D. efferent arteriole E. glomerulus

A. peritubular capillary

The adrenal medulla A. plays a role in the adaptation of the body for physical activity. B. decreases its secretions during stress. C. has acetylcholine as its major secretory product. D. is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system. E. is the outer layer of the adrenal glands.

A. plays a role in the adaptation of the body for physical activity.

Germinal centers are the sites of A. proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes. B. entrance of lymph into lymph nodes. C. increased blood flow to the lymph nodes. D. increased flow of lymph from infected tissues. E. fluid production.

A. proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes.

A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of blood functioning in __________. A. protection B. maintenance C. transportation D. communication

A. protection

The release of chemicals from an endocrine or exocrine gland is referred to as A. secretion B. diffusion C. filtration D. absorption

A. secretion

A typical ejaculation results in the discharge of 2 to 5ml of a fluid called A. semen B. mucus C. seminal vesicle secretions D. prostatic secretions E. sperm cells

A. semen

Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the __________. A. soft palate B. hard palate C. tongue D. epiglottis E. palatine tonsils

A. soft palate

The glucocorticoids A. stimulate gluconeogensis. B. Increase the inflammatory response. C. supplement the sex hormones from the gonads. D. decrease synthesis of glycogen. E. stimulate glycogenolysis.

A. stimulate gluconeogensis.

A reduction division is one in which A. the daughter cells receive only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell had. B. one daughter cellis substantially reduced in size compared to the parent cell. C. the chemical reactions of oxidation and reduction take place. D. the size of chromosomes is reduced from double-stranded to single-stranded.

A. the daughter cells receive only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell had.

The half-life of a hormone allows one to determine A. the rate at which hormones are eliminated from the body B. the identity of a hormone C. the rate of hormone secretion D. the rate of action of a hormone E. the rate of travel through the blood to a target

A. the rate at which hormones are eliminated from the body

Of the two million primary oocytes in the ovaries at birth, only about ________ are ovulated. A. 40 B. 400 C. 2,000 D. 4,000 E. 400,000

B. 400

When a few intracellular mediator molecules activate several enzymes, and each of these activated enzymes activate still other enzymes, the hormone has initiated A. A double loop effect B. A cascade effect C. A negative feedback cycle D. A cyclic effect E. A protein kinase effect

B. A cascade effect

Which pattern of hormone secretion, represented by epinephrine, can have dramatic changes in its concentration and circulating levels? A. Long-term hormone secretion B. Acute hormone secretion C. Episodic hormone secretion D. Chronic hormone secretion

B. Acute hormone secretion

Platelets A. play a role in preventing blood loss. B. All of the choices are correct. C. can become sticky when exposed to connective tissue D. are actually fragments of cells. E. are also known as thrombocytes.

B. All of the choices are correct.

Gabrielle was scheduled to have her first set of vaccinations yesterday. Which type of immunity did she acquire? A. Natural active. B. Artificial active C. Natura; passive D. Artificial passive E. Innate

B. Artificial active

Which of the following is formed from mesoderm? A. Teeth B. Dermis of the skin C. Autonomic neurons D. Adrenal medulla E. Tonsils

B. Dermis of the skin

Which pattern of hormone secretion, often in steroid reproductive hormones, will fluctuate over a monthly cycle? A. Acute hormone secretion B. Episodic hormone secretion C. Long-term hormone secretion D. Chronic hormone secretion

B. Episodic hormone secretion

Which of the following statements is true about gametogenesis in humans? A. Gametogenesis ceases to occur around middle age in both males and females. B. Gametogenesis produces haploid cells. C. Gametogenesis is continuous throughout an individual's lifetime. D. When considering one parent cell, spermatogenesis produces 4 functional gametes and oogenesis produces 2 functional gametes.

B. Gametogenesis produces haploid cells.

Which of the following is NOT a type of cell found in the pancreas? A. Acinar cells B. Gamma cells C. Delta cells D. Alpha cells E. Beta cells

B. Gamma cells

Which portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach? A. Duodenum B. Ileum C. Hepatopancreatic ampulla D. Common bile duct E. Jejunum

B. Ileum

Where is most protein in the body found? A. In the skeletal system B. In the muscular system C. In the the cardiovascular system D. In the integumentary system E. In the lymphatic system

B. In the muscular system

Where is most protein in the body found? A. In the the cardiovascular system B. In the muscular system C. In the integumentary system D. In the skeletal system E. In the lymphatic system

B. In the muscular system

Indicate which pair of hormones act antagonistically to one another. A. T3 and T4 B. Insulin and glucagon C. Testosterone and FSH D. Estrogen and LH E. Melatonin and calcitonin

B. Insulin and glucagon

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, A. water can easily enter or leave. B. K + and Cl − are cotransported with Na + across the apical membrane. C. Ca 2+ are actively transported across the basal membrane. D. K + is concentrated in the filtrate. E. the filtrate does not change.

B. K + and Cl − are cotransported with Na + across the apical membrane.

Which of the following is a target tissue for PTH (parathyroid hormone)? A. Stomach B. Kidney C. Blood D. Pancreas E. Thyroid

B. Kidney

Which chemical type of hormone has a longer half-life? A. Amino acid derivative B. Lipid-soluble C. Water-soluble D. Protein

B. Lipid-soluble

Which of the following occurs in the large intestine? A. Mixing waves B. Mass movements C. Neutralization D. Mastication E. Chemical digestion

B. Mass movements

Which of the following of the vulva is most superior? A. Clitoris B. Mons pubis C. Vestibule D. Labia Majora E. Labia minora

B. Mons pubis

Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with ingested food? A. Submucosa B. Mucosa C. Serosa D. Muscularis

B. Mucosa

Mike has blood type A. He needs blood; however, blood type A is not available. The next best choice would be blood type __________. A. B B. O C. AB

B. O

Which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from superior to inferior? A. Pharynx, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine B. Oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine C. Stomach, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine D. Anus, large intestine, stomach, esophagus

B. Oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which of the following is associated with the tongue? A. Fauces B. Papillae and taste buds C. Periodontal ligament D. Uvula E. Constrictor muscles

B. Papillae and taste buds

Which of the following would apply to the description of a thyroid follicle? A. Stores thyroid hormone B. Spheres with walls of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells C. Walls contain a single layer of parafollicular cells D. Center is called the isthmus E. Small capillary networks

B. Spheres with walls of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells

Which of the following statements concerning the uterus is true? A. The isthmus separates the body and the fundus. B. The inferior portion is the cervix. C. The fundus forms the major portion of this organ. D. The cervical canal is in the superior portion of the uterus. E. The uterine wall is composed of four layers.

B. The inferior portion is the cervix.

Mucosal associated lymphatic tissues (MALT) are A. clusters of splenocytes located in the lamina propria of mucous membranes. B. aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes. C. aggregates of macrophages located in the intestines. D. clumps of mucous lining the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract.

B. aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes.

Gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood takes place in the __________. A. terminal bronchioles B. alveoli C. primary bronchi D. respiratory bronchi E. trachea

B. alveoli

Teeth in adults A. do not play a role in speech. B. are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw. C. are composed of living cells called enamel cells. D. are all of the same type—molars. E. are replaced by osteoblast activity if they are extracted.

B. are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw.

Chemicals that function to minimize changes in the pH of body fluids are called __________. A. accelerators B. buffers C. activators D. stabilizers E. inhibitors

B. buffers

Durning the inflammatory response, _________. A. vasoconstriction occurs B. chemical mediators are released C. vascular permeability is decreased D. neutrophil production is depressed E. blood flow is reduced

B. chemical mediators are released

Urine is prevented from flowing back into the ureters from the bladder by __________. A. the ureteral sphincters B. compression of the ureteral openings C. the external urethral sphincter D. the internal urethral sphincter E. ureteral valves

B. compression of the ureteral openings

The duct from the seminal vesicle joins the ductus deferens to form the __________. A. prostatic urethra B. ejaculatory duct C. epididymis D. sperm cord E. spongy urethra

B. ejaculatory duct

Transplanted tissues and organs that contain __________ are rejected by the body. A. self-antigens. B. foreign antigens. C. foreign antibodies. D. self-antibodies E. plasma proteins.

B. foreign antigens.

If a woman ovulates two oocytes and both are fertilized, A. conjoined twins B. fraternal twins C. identical twins D. paternal twins E. monozygotic twins

B. fraternal twins

In gluconeogenesis, A. glycogen is synthesized from excess glucose. B. glucose is formed from amino acids. C. glucose is used for energy. D. glycogen is broken down to glucose. E. glucose is formed from fatty acids.

B. glucose is formed from amino acids.

__________ participate in both innate immunity and immunity response A. natural killer cells B. helper T cells C. B cells D. memory T cells E. cytotoxic T cells

B. helper T cells

Increased metabolic activity and weight loss are associated with A. lack of iodine in the diet. B. hyperthyroidism C. too little TSH. D. cretinism E. hypothyroidism

B. hyperthyroidism

Releasing hormones A. cause action potentials to be generated by anterior pituitary cells B. increase anterior pituitary secretion C. decrease secretions of the anterior pituitary D. travel through axons to the posterior pituitary

B. increase anterior pituitary secretion

luteinizing hormone (LH) binds to interstitial (Leydig) cells and A. decreases testosterone production by the interstitial cells B. increases testosterone production by the interstitial cells C. promotes sperm cell production by the interstitial cells D. inhibits sustentacular cells E. stimulate GnRH level to increase in the testes

B. increases testosterone production by the interstitial cells

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) A. increases urine volume. B. increases water reabsorption in the kidneys. C. causes the production of a large volume of urine. D. is secreted by the anterior pituitary. E. increases plasma osmolality.

B. increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

The secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division when A. it receives both estrogen and progesterone. B. it is penetrated by a sperm cell. C. it is implanted in the uterus. D. ovulation occurs. E. the mature follicle ruptures.

B. it is penetrated by a sperm cell.

Bile is produced by cells of the __________. A. hepatopancreatic ampulla B. liver C. duodenum D. pancreas E. gallbladder

B. liver

Bean-shaped lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels are called ______________. A. medullary cords B. lymph nodes C. trabeculae D. lymph nodules E. cisterna chyli

B. lymph nodes

lymphocyte activation can occur in several ways. However, in all cases A. helper T cells are activated first and they then stimulate other cells B. lymphocytes must recognize an antigen C. antigen-presenting process the antigen and present it to the lymphocyte D. cytokines released by the antigen stimulate the lymphocyte response E. antigens must be able to recognize the antigen

B. lymphocytes must recognize an antigen

Bacteria and debris are actively removed from the lymph by __________ in the sinuses of lymph nodes. A. cells B. macrophages C. trabecular cells D. plasma cells E. lymphocytes

B. macrophages

The events that occur in the postabsorptive state collectively __________. A. maintain protein levels B. maintain blood glucose levels C. decrease lipid metabolism D. assure adequate lipogenesis E. interconvert proteins to lipids

B. maintain blood glucose levels

Fertilization occurs when the A. oocyte ruptures from the ovary B. nuclei of the secondary oocyte and the sperm cell unite C. sperm cell head enters the zygote D. oocyte is implanted in the uterus E. sperm cells enter the vagina

B. nuclei of the secondary oocyte and the sperm cell unite

When large quantities of blood are lost, erythrocytes must be replaced to restore A. iron levels. B. oxygen-carrying capacity. C. thrombin levels. D. normal blood pH. E. the body's ability to fight infection.

B. oxygen-carrying capacity.

Transfusing a person with plasma proteins from a person or an animal that has been actively immunized against a specific antigen provides ________ immunity. A. active B. passive C. no D. auto E. natural

B. passive

Transfusing a person with plasma proteins from a person or an animal that has been actively immunized against a specific antigen provides _________ immunity. A. natural B. passive C. active D. no E. auto

B. passive

Erection of the penis occurs when A. the pubic bones move together B. penile erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood C. lymphatic fluid accumulates in the glans penis D. the bulbourethral muscles contract E. smooth muscle contraction occurs in the ductus deferens

B. penile erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood

The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during the __________ phase of swallowing. A. oral B. pharyngeal C. voluntary D. esophageal E. gastric

B. pharyngeal

Several days after an initial contact with an antigen, antibody blood levels increases. This is a __________. A. primer response. B. primary response. C. precipitating response. D. principle response. E. cascade response.

B. primary response.

The placenta plays an important role in A. insulating the fetus. B. provision of nutrients to the fetus. C. implantation. D. onset of lactation. E. beginning of parturition.

B. provision of nutrients to the fetus.

Male infants can be born with an undescended testis. This means that the testis A. has not properly formed B. remains in the abdominopelvic cavity C. covers the top of the scrotum D. lacks hormonal cells E. has lost its blood supply

B. remains in the abdominopelvic cavity

The gallbladder __________. A. breaks down red blood cells B. stores bile C. produces secretin D. is attached to the pancreas E. produces bile

B. stores bile

A reduction division is one in which A. the chemical reactions of oxidation and reduction take place. B. the daughter cells receive only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell had C. one daughter cell is substantially reduced in size compared to the parent cell. D. the size of chromosomes is reduced from double-stranded to single-stranded.

B. the daughter cells receive only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell had

When ADH binds to receptor sites on distal convoluted tubule cells, A. filtrate osmolality decreases. B. the distal convoluted tubule is more permeable to water. C. filtrate volume increases. D. the distal convoluted tubule is less permeable to water. E. K + is secreted from the cells.

B. the distal convoluted tubule is more permeable to water.

An increase in ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion will cause A. All of the choices are correct. B. the kidney tubules to retain more water. C. the intestines to absorb more water. D. a person to drink more water.

B. the kidney tubules to retain more water.

Fertilization can only occur A. if orgasms occur in both the male and female B. when a sperm cell penetrates a secondary oocyte C. after oxytocin is released from the hypothalamus D. when there is no menstrual flow E. on day 14 of the cycle

B. when a sperm cell penetrates a secondary oocyte

Arrange the following in proper sequence as they occur first in the body. (1) Digestion(2) Elimination (3) Ingestion (4) Absorption A. 4, 1, 2, 3 B. 3, 4, 1, 2 C. 3, 1, 4, 2 D. 1, 4, 3, 2 E. 3, 4, 2, 1

C. 3, 1, 4, 2

Arrange the following events of the male sexual act in the correct sequence: (1) Ejaculation (2) Emission (3) Erection A. 1,2,3 B. 3,1,2 C. 3,2,1 D. 2,3,1 E. 1,3,2

C. 3,2,1

Osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus are involved in the secretion of __________. A. GH (growth hormone) B. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) C. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) D. aldosterone E. PTH (parathyroid hormone)

C. ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Which of the following hormones is synthesized by the hypothalamus? A. TSH (thyroidstimulating hormone) B. MSH (melanocytestimulating hormone) C. ADH (antidiuretichormone) D. T3 and T4 E. ACTH(adrenocorticotropic hormone)

C. ADH (antidiuretichormone)

How are ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate transported from the intestinal lumen? A. Passive transport B. Diffusion C. Active transport D. Osmosis

C. Active transport

Excess triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue. Which of the following is a function of adipose tissue? A. Padding and protection B. To assist the body in temperature homeostasis C. All of the choices are correct. D. Energy storage E. Insulation

C. All of the choices are correct.

Hepatocytes A. phagocytize cells. B. convert ammonia to urea. C. All of the choices are correct. D. form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D. E. remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen

C. All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following illustrates acute hormone secretion most accurately? A. Blood levels of hormones A are maintained constantly but increase regularly around meal times. B. Blood levels of hormone B are maintained at constant levels at all times with very small deviations throughout a 24-hour period. C. Blood levels of hormone C are relatively constant but will increase dramatically under some stressful situations but not as much under other stressful situations.

C. Blood levels of hormone C are relatively constant but will increase dramatically under some stressful situations but not as much under other stressful situations.

Which of the following functions is associated with the nose? A. Systemic respiration B. Producing mucus to trap debris from the air C. Both "Warming inhaled air" and "Producing mucus to trap debris from the air" are correct. D. Initiating the cough reflex E. Warming inhaled air

C. Both "Warming inhaled air" and "Producing mucus to trap debris from the air" are correct.

What is the main stimulus for bile secretion from the gallbladder? A. Large amounts of protein in the chyme B. Secretin C. Cholecystokinin (CCK) D. Vagal stimulation

C. Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Which pattern of hormone secretion, exemplified by thyroid hormones, remains relatively constant over long periods of time? A. Episodic hormone secretion B. Long-term hormone secretion C. Chronic hormone secretion D. Acute hormone secretion

C. Chronic hormone secretion

A gallstone has completely blocked flow of bile into the small intestine. Where is the stone most likely lodged? A. Hepatic duct B. Pancreatic duct C. Common bile duct D. Cystic duct

C. Common bile duct

Which of the following in the male sex act occurs last and results in ejaculation? A. Constriction of the internal sphincter of the urinary bladder B. Peristaltic contractions of the ductus deferens C. Contractions of skeletal muscle at the base of the penis D. Release of secretion from the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland E. Semen accumulates in the prostatic urethra

C. Contractions of skeletal muscle at the base of the penis

ADH is secreted in response to A. Increased volume of body fluids B. Increased volume of blood C. Increased osmotic pressure of the body fluids D. Overhydration E. High blood pressure

C. Increases osmotic pressure of the body fluids

Match the cell type with the hormone produced by that cell: Beta cells A. Mineralocorticoids B. PTH C. Insulin D. ADH E. T3

C. Insulin

Which of the following is the most important role of meiosis in sexual reproduction? A. it reduces the size of the gametes. B. It produces at least one gamete that is mobile. C. It prevents the chromosome number from doubling in each generation. D. It ensures that each daughter cell doubles the number chromosomes. E. It changes the genetic composition of each chromosomes.

C. It prevents the chromosome number from doubling in each generation.

What is the function of thymosin? A. Activates lymphocytes in lymph nodes B. Destroys damaged white blood cells C. Maturation of T-cells E. Destroys damaged red blood cells

C. Maturation of T-cells

Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue? A. Liver B. Gallbladder C. Pancreas D. Spleen E. Colon

C. Pancreas

Which of the following hormones would decrease if an adult male were castrated (testes removed)? A. FSH B. ADH C. Testosterone D. LH E. GnRH

C. Testosterone

What do all hormones have in common? A. They are made from amino acids. B. They are bound to transport molecules in the blood. C. They bind to and interact with a receptor on or in the target cell. D. They use the second messenger mechanism to control the target cell. E. They are lipid-soluble.

C. They bind to and interact with a receptor on or in the target cell.

Which of the following enzymes is found in inactive form in pancreatic juice? A. Pepsin B. Sucrase C. Trypsin D. Lipase E. Bile

C. Trypsin

Which of the following groups has the highest basal metabolic rate? A. They all have the same rates. B. Older individuals C. Young, active males D. Young, active female E. Middle age females

C. Young, active males

Most endocrine glands communicate with their target tissues using _____ signals. A. pitch-modulated B. frequency-modulated C. amplitude-modulated D. resonance-modulated

C. amplitude-modulated

A countercurrent mechanism is in A. the loop of Henle only. B. the afferent and efferent arterioles. C. both the loop of Henle and the vasa recta. D. the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. E. the glomerulus and Bowman capsule.

C. both the loop of Henle and the vasa recta.

When a person develops a sore throat, white blood cells are drawn to the area of infection by a process called ___________. A. margination B. attraction C. chemotaxis D. diapedesis E. ameboid movement

C. chemotaxis

During a recent Ebola outbreak, clinicians attempted to collect "blood products" to help those infected with the virus fight the infection. Which of the following best relates this treatment to adaptive immunity? A. clinicians were hoping to use natural active immunity by introducing antibodies from those that survived the infection to individuals that were currently infected. B. clinicians were hoping to use natural passive immunity by introducing antibodies from those that survived the infection to individuals that were currently infected C. clinicians were hoping to use artificial active immunity by introducing antibodies from those that survived the infection to individuals that were currently infected D. clinicians were hoping to use artificial passive immunity by introducing antibodies from those that survived the infection to individuals that were currently infected

C. clinicians were hoping to use artificial active immunity by introducing antibodies from those that survived the infection to individuals that were currently infected ???-not sure

The white pulp of the spleen A. filters lymph as it flows through the spleen. B. All of the choices are correct. C. contains lymphocytes that can stimulate an immune response. D. destroys defective red blood cells.

C. contains lymphocytes that can stimulate an immune response.

The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids that may result in new gene combinations on the chromosomes is called ____________. A. synapsis B. reduction division C. crossing over D. random assortment E. duplication

C. crossing over

Pulmonary edema will cause the rate of gas diffusion to __________. A. increase B. remain the same C. decrease

C. decrease

In some forms of diabetes, an insensitivity to insulin seems to be present. This insensitivity could be the result of __________. A. a lack of regulation B. over-regulation C. down-regulation D. up-regulation E. modulation

C. down-regulation

Metabolic rate is the total amount of A. heat produced by body cells in an hour. B. carbon dioxide exhaled per unit of time. C. energy produced and used by the body per unit of time. D. kilocalories consumed. E.glucose absorbed by the small intestine each hour.

C. energy produced and used by the body per unit of time.

The placenta produces both A. progesterone and prolactin B. oxytocin and prolactin C. estrogen and progesterone D. prolactin and FSH E. androgens and estrogens

C. estrogen and progesterone

Gastrulation is the process of development that produces the _________. A. placenta B. embryonic disk C. germ layers D. rudimentary organs

C. germ layers

The esophagus A. has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing. B. produces two enzymes that digest proteins. C. has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food. D. has thin walls of connective tissue. E. extends from the fauces to the stomach.

C. has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.

Bile would flow directly from the A. gallbladder into the hepatic duct. B. bile canaliculus into the cystic duct. C. hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct. D. cystic duct into the hepatic ducts. E. common bile duct into the gallbladder.

C. hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.

An abnormal, exaggerated response of the immune system is called _____________. A. tolerance B. excess immunity C. hypersensitivity D. immunization E. an innate immune response

C. hypersensitivity

Artificially stimulating the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells to destroy cancer cells is an example of A. Immunocompetence B. tolerance C. immunotherapy D. passive artificial acquired immunity E. passive natural acquired immunity

C. immunotherapy

The opening in the abdominal wall through which the testes descend is the __________. A. spermatic cord B. gubernaculum C. inguinal canal D. process vaginalis E. perineal opening

C. inguinal canal

Voluntary micturition A. is a reflex action. B. is common in infants. C. involves higher brain centers. D. involves control of smooth muscle. E. involves control of the internal sphincter.

C. involves higher brain centers.

Bile is produced by cells of the __________. A. pancreas B. duodenum C. liver D. gallbladder E. hepatopancreatic ampulla

C. liver

The __________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing __________. A. pancreas; bile salts B. duodenum; neutral fats C. liver; cholesterol D. gallbladder; cholesterol E. ileum; bilirubin

C. liver; cholesterol

Bean-shaped lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels are called __________. A. cisterna chyli B. trabeculae C. lymph nodes D. medullary cords E. lymph nodules

C. lymph nodes

The portion of the kidney that is composed of cone-shaped renal pyramids is called the __________. A. pelvis B. cortex C. medulla D. columns E. calyx

C. medulla

The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during the __________ phase of swallowing. A. esophageal B. voluntary C. pharyngeal D. gastric E. oral

C. pharyngeal

The location of the testes and epididymides in the scrotum A. allows more room for other organs in the abdominal cavity B. keeps these organs close to the penis C. provides a temperature that is suitable for normal sperm cell development. D. keeps them isolated from the accessory glands of the system E. helps to protect them.

C. provides a temperature that is suitable for normal sperm cell development.

The tip of each renal pyramid is called a __________. A. nephron B. medullary ray C. renal papilla D. renal column

C. renal papilla

The lymphatic system plays a role in maintaining fluid balance within the body by A. transporting lymph from tissues to the liver. B. adding lymph to GI tract secretions. C. returning interstitial fluid to the blood. D. carrying excess fluid to the kidneys to be excreted. E. actively absorbing fluid from the blood.

C. returning interstitial fluid to the blood.

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the A. abdomen B. upper part of the body C. right arm. right chest, and right side of head. D. right side of the body E. left arm, left chest, and left side of head.

C. right arm. right chest, and right side of head.

The interstitial cells or Leydig cells A. form the wall of the rete testis. B. secrete seminal fluid. C. secrete testosterone. D. produce sperm cells. E. cover the testis with a white tunic.

C. secrete testosterone.

Sperm cells are produced in the _________. A. rete testis. B. efferent ductules C. seminiferous tubules D. vas deferens

C. seminiferous tubules

The primary stimulus for release of adrenal medullary hormones comes from __________. A. the parasympathetic nervous system B. aldosterone C. the sympathetic nervous system D. the kidneys E. the anterior pituitary

C. the sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following people would be most severely affected by prolonged vomiting? A. 15-year-old male B. 35-year-old female C. 50-year-old male D. 3-year-old male E. 35-year-old male

D. 3-year-old male

Arrange the following structures in the order air passes through them during inhalation. (1) Alveolar ducts (2) Alveolus (3) Respiratory bronchiole (4) Terminal bronchiole A. 4, 3, 2, 1 B. 1, 2, 3, 4 C. 2, 1, 3, 4 D. 4, 3, 1, 2 E. 3, 2, 1, 4

D. 4, 3, 1, 2

How much urine would be in the urinary bladder to increase the pressure to an uncomfortable point? A. 300 mL B. 400 mL C. 100 mL D. 500 mL

D. 500 mL

Match the cell type with the hormone produced by that cell type: Neurosecretory cells A. Mineralocorticoids B. PTH C. Insulin D. ADH E. T3

D. ADH

Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system? A. More likely to develop ulcerations and cancers B. Blood supply decreases C. Enamel on teeth becomes thinner D. All of the choices are correct.

D. All of the choices are correct.

Which function of the reproductive system is solely a function of the female reproductive system? A. Production of reproductive hormones B. Fertilization C. Production of gametes D. Development and nourishment of a new individual.

D. Development and nourishment of a new individual.

Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract? A. Gallbladder B. Salivary glands C. Pancreas D. Esophagus

D. Esophagus

Which is the following hormones is detected by over-the-counter pregnancy tests? A. Progesterone B. Estrogen C. Prolactin D. Human chorionic gonadotropin E. Oxytocin

D. Human chorionic gonadotropin

Match the hormone with the best description. Relaxin A. Aids in spermatogensis B. Inhibits FSH secretion C. Menstrual cycle D. Increases flexibility of connective tissue

D. Increases flexibility of connective tissue

________ lacks the capacity to remember a pathogen or react differently to it in the future, whereas, _________ utilizes memory cells to adapt to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future. A. Innate immunity; cytotoxicity B. Adaptive immunity; innate immunity C. a natural killer cell; a macrophage D. Innate immunity; adaptive immunity

D. Innate immunity; adaptive immunity

Which if the following is a target tissue for PTH (parathyroid hormone)? A. Thyroid B. Blood C. Pancreas D. Kidney E. Stomach

D. Kidney

What of the following pairs is mismatched? A. Clitoris - erectile tissue B. Labia minora - unite anteriorly to form the prepuce C. Vestibular glands - maintain moistness of vestibule D. Mons Pubis - vaginal orfice E. Pudendal cleft - space between labia majora

D. Mons Pubis - vaginal orfice

In which of the following situations might Rh incompatibility develop? A. Mother is Rh positive; father is Rh positive B. Mother is Rh positive; fetus is Rh positive C. Mother is Rh negative; fetus is Rh negative D. Mother is Rh negative; fetus is Rh positive E. Mother is Rh positive; fetus is Rh negative

D. Mother is Rh negative; fetus is Rh positive

Which of the following is derived from endoderm? A. Brain B. Muscle C. Epidermis of skin D. Mucosa of the digestive tract E. Cardiovascular system

D. Mucosa of the digestive tract

Which of the following are secreted by the stomach? A. Trypsin and amylase B. Bicarbonate and secretin C. Amylase and lipase D. Pepsinogen and intrinsic factor E. Bile and lipase

D. Pepsinogen and intrinsic factor

What moves the bolus during the esophageal phase of deglutition? A. The tongue B. Pharyngeal constriction C. Segmentation D. Peristalsis

D. Peristalsis

Which of the following fluid compartments contains the smallest volume of water? A. Cytoplasm B. Extracellular compartment C. Interstitial compartment D. Plasma E. Intracellular compartment

D. Plasma

The adrenal medulla A. Has acetylcholine as its major secretory products B. Is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system C. Is the outer layer of the adrenal glands D. Plays a role in the adaptation of the body for physical activity E. Decreases its secretion during sex

D. Plays a role in the adaptation of the body for physical activity

Which of the following statements best describes relaxin? A. Relaxin is produced by the parathyroid glands and triggers the release of calcium from the bones. B. Relaxin is produced by the testes and stimulates secretion of the reproductive glands. C. Relaxin is produced by the adrenal cortex and maintains normal metabolism D. Relaxin is produced by the ovaries and increases the flexibility of connective tissue.

D. Relaxin is produced by the ovaries and increases the flexibility of connective tissue.

Which process converts a spermatid to a mature sperm cell? A. Spermatogenesis B. Cryptorchidism C. Gubernaculum D. Spermiogenesis

D. Spermiogenesis

Match the artery with the appropriate description. Superior mesenteric artery A. Supplies blood to the diaphragm B. Supplies blood to the esophagus C. Supplies blood to the thoracic wall D. Supplies blood to the pancreas and small intestine E. Supplies blood to the stomach, liver, and spleen

D. Supplies blood to the pancreas and small intestine

How does carbon monoxide affect red blood cells (RBCs)? A. The hemoglobin rejects carbon monoxide. B. The RBCs clump together. C. It causes them to shrivel. D. The hemoglobin within the RBC bind to carbon monoxide. E. The carbon monoxide converts to carbon dioxide.

D. The hemoglobin within the RBC bind to carbon monoxide.

Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true? A. The pancreas assists the stomach in the absorption of digested food. B. The pancreatic duct carries both enzymes and hormones. C. The pancreas digests sugar. D. The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes. E. The head of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the ileum.

D. The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes.

Which part of the urinary bladder expands very little during bladder filling? A. The fundus B. Transitional epithelium C. The neck D. The trigone

D. The trigone

Which structure removes excess water and solutes from the kidney's medullary interstitial fluid? A. Loop of Henle B. Proximal convoluted tubule C. Distal convoluted tubule D. Vasa recta E. Collecting duct

D. Vasa recta

When comparing veins and arteries of the same diameter, which of the following statements is not true? A. Veins have fewer smooth muscle fibers. B. Veins have thinner walls. C. Veins have a larger lumen. D. Veins have more elastic tissue. E. Veins have valves.

D. Veins have more elastic tissue.

A patient was shown to have high interferon levels. This would be an indicator of what type of infection? A. Parasitic worm infection B. Bacterial infection C. None of the choices are correct. D. Viral infection

D. Viral infection

The ability of the kidney to concentrate urine depends on A. rapid removal of filtrate. B. osmosis. C. proximal convoluted tubule reabsorption. D. a high medullary concentration gradient. E. a low medullary concentration gradient.

D. a high medullary concentration gradient.

Effects of aging on the kidneys include all of the following, except A. a decline in absorption and secretion. B. a loss of general function. C. a gradual decrease in the size of the kidneys. D. an increased ability to eliminate uric acid and creatine from the blood. E. a gradual decrease in blood flow through the kidneys.

D. an increased ability to eliminate uric acid and creatine from the blood.

Fat soluble vitamins can be toxic in large doses because they A. are rapidly excreted. B. are flushed out of the body. C. release free radicals. D. can be stored and accumulate in body tissues. E. do not dissolve in water.

D. can be stored and accumulate in body tissues.

Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called __________. A. bolusin B. feces C. phlegm D. chyme E. bile

D. chyme

The secretions produced by the prostate gland A. are acidic. B. contain fructose. C. contain mucus. D. constitute about 30% of the semen. E. constitute about 90% of the semen.

D. constitute about 30% of the semen.

One of the major functions of the large intestine is to A. produce vitamin C. B. regulate the release of bile. C. break down hemoglobin to release bilirubin. D. convert chyme to feces.

D. convert chyme to feces.

Which of these cellular agents does NOT participate in inflammation? A. eosinophils B. neutrophils C. endothelial cells D. cytotoxic T cells E. macrophage

D. cytotoxic T cells

The prenatal period during which the major organ systems form is the _________ period A. fetus B. germinal C. neonatal D. embryonic

D. embryonic

Once inside the cells of the ascending limb, K + and Cl − cross the basal membrane into the interstitial fluid by the process of __________. A. simple diffusion B. counter transport C. cotransport D. facilitated diffusion E. active transport

D. facilitated diffusion

The pitch of the sound produced by the vocal folds is controlled by the A. thickness of the thyroid cartilage. B. force of air moving past them. C. size of the glottis. D. frequency of the vibrations. E. amplitude of the vibrations.

D. frequency of the vibrations.

Lymphocyte proliferation begins by increasing the number of _________. A. macrophages B. B-cells C. T supporter cells D. helper T cells E. cytotoxic T cells.

D. helper T cells

Predict which hormone would produce longer-lasting effects A. hormone D, which activates adenylate cyclase B. hormone C, which stimulates the formation of a second messenger C. hormone A, which activates a G protein D. hormone B, which binds to a nuclear receptor

D. hormone B, which binds to a nuclear receptor

If the zygote splits into two separate cells, __________. A. paternal twins result B. fraternal twins result C. dizygotic twinning occurs D. identical twins result E. both cells die

D. identical twins result

One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that A. immunity starts in defined organs in the body B. immunity is carried on by a specific group of tissues in the immune system C. immunity starts in specialized tissues in the body D. immunity is directed against a particular pathogen E. immunity is carried on by a specific group of cells in the immune system

D. immunity is directed against a particular pathogen

ADH increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts by A. increasing the number of Na +− transport proteins in the membranes. B. incorporating aquaporin-3 channels into the apical membrane. C. decreasing the number of aquaporin-4 channels in the apical membrane. D. incorporating aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane.

D. incorporating aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane.

the redness and heat seen in an inflamed area are the result of A. production of interferon B. a reddish substance released by erythrocytes C. phagocyte mobilization D. increased blood flow to the area E. vasoconstriction

D. increased blood flow to the area

Voluntary micturition A. involves control of the internal sphincter. B. is a reflex action. C. involves control of smooth muscle. D. involves higher brain centers. E. is common in infants.

D. involves higher brain centers.

The velocity of blood flow inside a blood vessel A. is equal to the blood pressure. B. increases along the walls of the blood vessel. C. is most rapid at a bend or turn in the vessel. D. is faster in the center of the blood vessel. E. is more rapid along the sides of the vessel.

D. is faster in the center of the blood vessel.

A thrombus in the second branch (not including coronary arteries) off of the aortic arch would affect the flow of blood to the A. right arm. B. left upper extremity. C. myocardium of the heart. D. left side of the head and neck. E. right side of the head and neck and right upper extremity.

D. left side of the head and neck.

The events that occur in the postabsorptive state collectively __________. A. assure adequate lipogenesis B. interconvert proteins to lipids C. decrease lipid metabolism D. maintain blood glucose levels E. maintain protein levels

D. maintain blood glucose levels

Small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called __________. A. lacteals B. diglycerides C. monoglycerides D. micelles E. chylomicrons

D. micelles

The two major types of phagocytic cells are __________ and __________. A. eosinophils; T cells B. neutrophils; monocytes C. monocytes; macrophages D. neutrophils; macrophages E. lymphocytes; monocytes

D. neutrophils; macrophages

The two major types of phagocytic cells are __________ and __________. A. monocytes; macrophages B. eosinophils; T cells C. lymphocytes; monocytes D. neutrophils; macrophages E. neutrophils; monocytes

D. neutrophils; macrophages

The ductus deferens A. stores sperm cells until ejaculation. B. travels through the bladder. C. ascends the abdominal cavity along the posterior side of the kidney. D. passes through the inguinal canal and enters the pelvic cavity E. passes just beneath the skin to the penis.

D. passes through the inguinal canal and enters the pelvic cavity

A protective function of the respiratory system would be A. producing ACE which helps regulate blood pressure. B. olfaction by drawing molecules into the nasal cavity. C. altering blood pH by changing blood CO2 levels. D. preventing microorganisms from entering the body.

D. preventing microorganisms from entering the body.

The inflammatory response A. delays healing of damaged tissues. B. stimulates erythrocytes to leave the blood. C. depresses immunity. D. prevents the spread of an infection. E. is harmful and should be immediately reversed.

D. prevents the spread of an infection.

If GH (growth hormone) secretion is deficient in a newborn, the child will A. mature sexually at an earlier age. B. probably experience increased bone growth. C. develop acromegaly as an adult. D. probably experience reduced bone growth. E. be in constant danger of dehydration.

D. probably experience reduced bone growth.

One difference between the plasma and interstitial fluid is that the plasma has significantly more __________ than interstitial fluid. A. Cl − B. water volume C. bicarbonate D. protein E. H+

D. protein

The renal corpuscle connects to the __________. A. distal convoluted tubule B. loop of Henle C. collecting duct D. proximal convoluted tubule E. renal convoluted tubule

D. proximal convoluted tubule

As the popliteal vein ascends the leg, it becomes the __________ vein. A. common iliac B. peroneal C. deep femoral D. saphenous E. femoral

D. saphenous

Sperm cells are produced in the _________ and complete maturation in the _________. A. epididymis; testes B. ductus deferens; epididymis C. seminiferous tubules; prostate gland D. seminiferous tubules; epididymis E. seminiferous tubules; vas deferens

D. seminiferous tubules; epididymis

A primary follicle contains A. the theca B. an antrum C. a mature ovum D. several layers of granulosa cells E. vesicles

D. several layers of granulosa cells

Segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominantly in the __________. A. oral cavity B. stomach C. esophagus D. small intestine E. large intestine

D. small intestine

Semen is A. a vaginal secretion needed to activate sperm cells. B. responsible for engorgement of erectile tissue of the penis. C. produced solely by the testis. D. sperm cells plus the secretions of accessory glands. E. is composed only of sperm cells.

D. sperm cells plus the secretions of accessory glands.

The glucocorticoids A. stimulate glycogenolysis. B. decrease synthesis of glycogen. C. supplement the sex hormones from the gonads. D. stimulate gluconeogenesis. E. increase the inflammatory response.

D. stimulate gluconeogenesis.

During the female sexual act, A. vaginal mucoid secretions are reduced. B. vaginal, uterine, and perineal muscles relax. C. an orgasm always occurs. D. the clitoris becomes engorged with blood. E. an orgasm always occurs to insure fertilization.

D. the clitoris becomes engorged with blood.

Emily is in labor with her first child. The amplitude-modulated system would show her oxytocin levels _____________. A. to have a moderate signal B. to have a weak signal C. too weak to measure D. to have a strong signal

D. to have a strong signal

Tolerance is a state of A. hypersensitivity B. non-recognition of antigens C. transplant rejection D. unresponsiveness to antigens E. responding to self-antigens

D. unresponsiveness to antigens

In _________, a cell increases the number of hormone receptors and becomes more sensitive to the hormone. A. amplification B. positive feedback C. down-regulation D. up-regulation

D. up-regulation

B-cells A. suppress the activity of T cells. B. mature in the thymus. C. are a subset of T cells. D. when activated become plasma cells and produce antibodies. E. are responsible for forming all the body's memory cells.

D. when activated become plasma cells and produce antibodies.

Arrange the following in proper sequence as they occur first in the body. (1) Digestion (2) Elimination (3) Ingestion (4) Absorption A. 4, 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 4, 3, 2 C. 3, 4, 1, 2 D. 3, 4, 2, 1 E. 3, 1, 4, 2

E. 3, 1, 4, 2

Arrange the ducts in the order that bile would pass through them when moving from the bile canaliculi to the small intestine without being stored in the gallbladder. (1) Common bile duct (2) Common hepatic duct (3) Cystic duct (4) Left and right hepatic ducts A. 4, 1, 2 B. 3, 2, 1 C. 3, 4, 2 D. 1, 4, 2 E. 4, 2, 1

E. 4, 2, 1

Excess triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue. Which of the following is a function of adipose tissue? A. To assist the body in temperature homeostasis B. Insulation C. Energy storage D. Padding and protection E. All of the choices are correct.

E. All of the choices are correct.

When contrasting arteries and veins, which of the following statements is true? A. Arteries have smooth muscle in their walls, but veins do not. B. Veins have a tunica media, while arteries do not. C. Veins have thicker walls than arteries. D. Arteries have valves, but veins do not. E. Arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins.

E. Arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins.

Which of the following is a subpopulation of T cells? A. Antigenic B. Cytokinetic C. Basophilic D. Antitoxic E. Cytotoxic

E. Cytotoxic

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system? A. Regulation of blood pH B. Cellular respiration C. Food selection D. Integration and coordination of other systems E. Elimination of undigested food

E. Elimination of undigested food

During exercise, the energy necessary to sustain skeletal muscle cell contraction comes from A. Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity B. Conservation of glucose C. Storing glucose as glycogen D. Increased insulin production E. Increased epinephrine and glucagon release

E. Increased epinephrine and glucagon release

Which of the following is usually the first cell type to leave the blood and enter infected tissues? A. Eosinophil B. Lymphocyte C. Monocyte D. Natural Killer cell E. Neutrophil

E. Neutrophil

Which gland is located in the sella turcica? A. Thymus B. Adrenal C. Pineal D. Hypothalamus E. Pituitary (hypophysis)

E. Pituitary (hypophysis)

Active natural immunity occurs when A. a person is vaccinated B. antibodies are injected into the host C. antibodies are passed in breast milk D. antibodies are passed form a pregnant woman to her fetus E. an individual develops a disease.

E. an individual develops a disease.

Compounds released from cells that influence the same cell are called __________. A. neuropeptides B. paracrine chemical messengers C. tropic hormones D. steroidal hormones E. autocrine chemical messengers

E. autocrine chemical messengers

Normally, menstruation occurs when A. the corpus luteum secretes estrogen. B. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase rapidly. C. blood levels of FSH decrease rapidly. D. blood levels of estrogen increase and progesterone levels decrease rapidly. E. blood levels of both female hormones decrease rapidly.

E. blood levels of both female hormones decrease rapidly.

Essential nutrients A. are manufactured by the body. B. are important in the diet but not necessary for life. C. are needed to make food taste good. D. are the only nutrients required by the body. E. cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body

E. cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body

Frequently, several different signals or molecules are needed in order to produce an immune response by a B cell or T cell. The second signal in this process is called ___________. A. opsonization B. antigen processing C. complement activation D. copresentation E. costimulation

E. costimulation

Smooth muscle contractions help to propel sperm cells in the ____________> A. seminiferous tubule B. ejaculatory duct C. rete testis D. seminal receptacle E. ductus deferens

E. ductus deferens

Intrinsic factor A. causes the release of stomach acid. B. protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid. C. increases gastric motility. D. stimulates the synthesis of DNA. E. facilitates the absorption of vitamin B 12.

E. facilitates the absorption of vitamin B 12.

All of the following could be learned from a blood chemistry test except A. blood urea nitrogen. B. elevated glucose levels. C. elevated cholesterol levels. D. bilirubin levels. E. heart rate and blood pressure.

E. heart rate and blood pressure.

Increased testosterone levels reduce the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the anterior pituitary. This is an example of A. inhibition of hormone release by external stimuli B. inhibition of hormone release by neural stimuli C. inhibition of hormone release by environmental stimuli D. inhibition of hormone release by humoral stimuli E. inhibition of hormone release by hormonal stimuli

E. inhibition of hormone release by hormonal stimuli

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) A. travels on axons to its target tissue. B. is produced by cells of the anterior pituitary. C. has the uterus as its primary target. D. travels in the blood from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary. E. is stored and released from the posterior pituitary.

E. is stored and released from the posterior pituitary.

Plasma A. accounts for less than half of the blood volume. B. is serum plus formed elements. C. transports waste products but not nutrients. D. is one of the formed elements. E. is the liquid matrix of the blood.

E. is the liquid matrix of the blood.

Bile is produced by cells of the __________. A. hepatopancreatic ampulla B. pancreas C. duodenum D. gallbladder E. liver

E. liver

Blood pressure is the A. viscosity of the blood and resistance to blood flow. B. measure of the volume of the blood. C. number of layers of blood in laminar flow models. D. product of the stroke volume times heart rate. E. measure of force blood exerts against blood vessel walls.

E. measure of force blood exerts against blood vessel walls.

The structural and functional units of the kidney are called __________. A. renal pyramids B. renal columns C. renal tubes D. renal papillae E. nephrons

E. nephrons

The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is __________. A. hepatic juice B. salivary juice C. biliary juice D. gastric juice E. pancreatic juice

E. pancreatic juice

The abdominal cavity is lined with __________. A. mesenteries B. the greater omentum C. the omental bursa D. superficial fascia E. parietal peritoneum

E. parietal peritoneum

Adenoids are enlarged A. lingual tonsils B. axillary lymph nodes C. palatine tonsils D. cervical lymph nodes E. pharyngeal tonsils

E. pharyngeal tonsils

The liver A. receives oxygenated blood from the portal vein. B. stores vitamin C. C. produces several digestive enzymes. D. can not synthesize new molecules. E. produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.

E. produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.

The longest portion of the male urethra is the _________ urethra A. glans penis B. membranous C. prostatic D. ductile E. spongy

E. spongy

Positive selection of lymphocytes refers to the A. replication of memory cells. B. proliferation of natural killer cells. C. processing of an antigen by a macrophage. D. production of antigen-specific antibodies. E. survival of pre-B and pre-T cells that are capable of an immune response.

E. survival of pre-B and pre-T cells that are capable of an immune response.

The primary stimulus for release of adrenal medullary hormones comes from _________. A. the kidneys B. aldosterone C. the anterior pituitary D. the parasympathetic nervous system E. the sympathetic nervous system

E. the sympathetic nervous system

All of the following are regulatory functions of the endocrine system except __________. A. development of tissues B. metabolic rate C. labor contractions D. immune functions E. thermoregulation

E. thermoregulation

Which organ(s) play(s) a role in the excretion of Na +? (Check all that apply.) __ Lungs __Skin __Liver __Kidneys

__Skin __Kidneys

mucosal associated lymphatic tissues (MALT) are a. aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes b. aggregates of macrophages located in the intestines c. clumps of mucous lining the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract d. clusters of splenocytes located in the lamina propria of mucous membranes

a. aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes

feces consist of a. all of the answers are correct b. sloughed-off epithelial cells c. water d. bacteria e. undigestible food

a. all of the answers are correct

which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system? a. all of the choices are correct b. blood supply decreases c. enamel on teeth becomes thinner d. more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers

a. all of the choices are correct

the pancreatic islets a. are endocrine glands b. produce digestive enzymes c. are found in the wall of the stomach d. excrete mucus e. are exocrine glands

a. are endocrine glands

the palatine tonsils a. are located at the junction of the oral cavity and pharynx b. are located in the nasopharynx c. interfere with breathing when enlarged d. are located superior to the palate e. are really lymph nodes in disguise

a. are located at the junction of the oral cavity and pharynx

what is the function of enteric sensory neurons? a. both "detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents" and "detect stretch of the digestive tract wall" are correct b. detect stretch of the digestive tract wall c. stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction in the digestive tract

a. both "detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents" and "detect stretch of the digestive tract wall" are correct

the mitochondrion is the site of ____. a. both "the citric acid cycle" and "the electron-transport chain" are correct. b. electron-transport chain c. glycolysis d. lactate formation e. the citric acid cycle

a. both "the citric acid cycle" and "the electron-transport chain" are correct.

from the largest to smallest, the correct sequence for the following passageways is a. bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli b. alveoli, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, bronchi c. terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli d. bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli. e. bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveoli.

a. bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli

which of the following is NOT a muscle of mastification? a. buccinator b. medial and lateral pterygoids c. masseter d. temporalis

a. buccinator

chemicals that function to minimize changes in the pH of body fluids are called a. buffers b. accelerators c. activators d. inhibitors e. stabilizers

a. buffers

lymph containing a high lipid content is called a. chyle b. interstitial fluid c. chyme d. lacteal

a. chyle

the hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the a. common bile duct and pancreatic duct b. cystic duct and interlobular duct c. pancreatic duct with the lacteals d. hepatic ducts and cystic ducts e. greater duodenal papilla with the lesser duodenal papilla

a. common bile duct and pancreatic duct

one of the major functions of the large intestine is to a. convert chyme to feces b. break down hemoglobin to release bilirubin c. produce vitamin C d. regulate the release of bile

a. convert chyme to feces

bile a. emulsifies fats in the small intestine b. digests proteins in the small intestine c. activates trypsin in the small intestine d. is made by the gallbladder and stored by the liver e. activated the pancreas

a. emulsifies fats in the small intestine

glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids can be metabolized within the cell to liberate a. energy b. oxygen c. nitrogen d. hydrogen e. carbon dioxide

a. energy

metabolic rate is the total amount of a. energy produced and used by the body per unit of time b. glucose absorbed by the small intestine each hour c. heat produced by body cells in an hour d. kilocalories consumed e. carbon dioxide exhaled per unit of time

a. energy produced and used by the body per unit of time

what precents the bolus from entering the larynx during deglutition? a. epiglottis b. upper esophageal sphincter c. tongue d. uvula

a. epiglottis

rupture of a red blood cell is called hematopoiesis a. false b. true

a. false

hormones are intercellular chemical signals that a. help coordinate growth, development, and reproduction b. affect only non-hormone producing organs or tissues c. are secreted into the external environment where they act d. operate primarily by positive feedback

a. help coordinate growth, development, and reproduction

damage to the liver would hamper digestion of _______. a. lipids b. carbohydrates c. proteins d. disaccharides e. all of the choices are correct

a. lipids

which of the following occurs in the large intestine? a. mass movements b. mastication c. mixing waves d. neutralization e. chemical digestion

a. mass movements

the abdominal cavity is lined with a. parietal peritoneum b. the omental bursa c. superficial fascia d. mesenteries e. the greater omentum

a. parietal peritoneum

the renal corpuscle connects to the a. proximal convoluted tubule b. distal convoluted tubule c. renal convoluted tubule d. loop of henle e. collecting duct

a. proximal convoluted tubule

LDLs are taken into a cell by the process of a. receptor mediated endocytosis b. facilitated diffusion c. osmosis d. HDL carrier molecules e. simple diffusion

a. receptor mediated endocytosis

the major factor controlling the onset of puberty in males is a. the hypothalamus becoming less sensitive to the inhibitory effects of androgens b. none of the choices are correct c. the production of testosterone by the testes d. the ability of the pituitary to secrete FSH and LH e. a decrease in GnRH levels

a. the hypothalamus becoming less sensitive to the inhibitory effects of androgens

The amount of melatonin secreted by the pineal body is regulated by a. the photoperiod (the daily amount of daylight) b. the stress response c. the amount of sleep a person gets d. blood glucose levels e. a person's individual metabolic rate

a. the photoperiod (the daily amount of daylight)

a compound composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule would be a a. triglyceride b. diglyceride c. cholesterol d. phospholipid e. monoglyceride

a. triglyceride

in which type of blood vessels is the blood pressure the lowest? a. veins b. arteries c. arterioles d. venae cavae e. capillaries

a. veins

which of the following stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary? a. prolactin b. FSH c. LH d. ADH e. ACTH

b. FSH

mike has blood type A. he needs blood; however, blood type A is not available. the next best choice would be blood type a. AB b. O c. B

b. O

functions of the liver include a. detoxification of harmful chemicals b. all of the choices are correct c. bile production d. production of many blood proteins e. interconversion of nutrients

b. all of the choices are correct

which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system? a. more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers b. all of the choices are correct c. enamel on teeth becomes thinner d. blood supply decreases

b. all of the choices are correct

The production of protein by cells is an example of ______. a. phosphorylation b. anabolism c. decomposition d. glycolysis e. catabolism

b. anabolism

what muscle forms the cheek? a. orbicularis oris b. buccinator c. orbicularis oculi d. zygomaticus

b. buccinator

the first blood vessels that branch from the ascending aorta are the a. pulmonary arteries b. coronary arteries c. brachiocephalic arteries d. subclavian arteries e. common carotid arteries

b. coronary arteries

which of the following is not a function of the reproductive system? a. production of reproductive hormones b. creation of antibodies c. development and nourishment of a new individual d. production of gametes e. fertilization

b. creation of antibodies

a swollen uvula might interfere with which of the following? a. mastication b. deglutition and breathing c. chemical digestion d. olfaction

b. deglutition and breathing

the portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the a. ascending loop of henle b. distal convoluted tubule c. descending loop of henle d. proximal convoluted tubule e. glomerulus

b. distal convoluted tubule

once inside the cells of the ascending limb, K+ and Cl- cross the basal membrane into the interstitial fluid by the process of ______. a. simple diffusion b. facilitated diffusion c. active transport d. counter transport e. cotransport

b. facilitated diffusion

the longest vein in the body is the a. hepatic portal vein b. great saphenous vein c. inferior vena cava d. superior vena cava e. femoral vein

b. great saphenous vein

type AB blood a. has both A and B antibodies in the plasma b. has both A and B antigens on the red cells c. has no antigens on the red cells d. has O antigens on the red cells e. has both A and B antibodies on the red cells

b. has both A and B antigens on the red cells

plasma a. is serum plus formed elements b. is the liquid matrix of the blood c. is one of the formed elements d. accounts for less than half of the blood volume e. transports waste products but not nutrients

b. is the liquid matrix of the blood

small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called a. monoglycerides b. micelles c. lacteals d. diglycerides e. chylomicrons

b. micelles

when people aspirate liquids or food into their lungs, the liquid or food most commonly enters the right lung rather than the left lung. this is because the right primary bronchus is ______ than the left primary bronchus. a. longer b. more vertical c. less ciliated d. thinner e. shorter

b. more vertical

the pyloric pump a. causes hinger contractions b. moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening c. mixes stomach contents for digestion d. opens the pyloric sphincter completely e. causes rugae to flatten

b. moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening

what muscle forms the lips? a. buccinator muscle b. orbicularis oris muscle c. orbicularis oculi muscle d. labial frenulum muscle

b. orbicularis oris muscle

water moves back and forth across the plasma membrane by the process by a. facilitated diffusion b. osmosis c. filtration d. active transport e. endocytosis

b. osmosis

bile secretion is a. controlled by the gallbladder b. performed continuously by the liver c. is stimulated by sympathetic nerves d. is stimulated by decreased amounts of bile salts e. stimulated by increased vitamin B12 storage

b. performed continuously by the liver

the thymus is where _____ mature and become functional immune cells a. C cells b. pre-T cells c. macrophages d. null cells e. pre-B cells

b. pre-T cells

constriction of smooth muscle in the bronchioles a. does not affect airflow b. restricts the flow of air into the lungs c. increases airflow out of the lungs d. occurs during periods of exercise e. decreases ciliary action

b. restricts the flow of air into the lungs

sperm cells are produced in the _____ and complete maturation in the _____ a. ductus deferens; epididymis b. seminiferous tubules; epididymis c. seminiferous tubules; prostate gland d. seminiferous tubules; vas deferens e. epididymis; testes

b. seminiferous tubules; epididymis

which of the following events occurs last? a. angiotension I -> angiotensin II b. sodium ion reabsorption by the kidney tubules c. release of renin by the kidney d. release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex e. angiotensinogen -> angiotensin I

b. sodium ion reabsorption by the kidney tubules

which process converts a spermatid to a mature sperm cell? a. gubernaculum b. spermiogenesis c. cryptorchidism d. spermatogenesis

b. spermiogenesis?

the clinical age of the unborn child is calculated from a. conception b. the last menstrual period (LMP) c. fourteen days before the last menstrual period d. fourteen days after the last menstrual period e. ovulation

b. the last menstrual period (LMP)

the largest of the laryngeal cartilages is a. cricoid cartilage b. thyroid cartilage c. epiglottis d. corniculate cartilage e. cuneiform cartilage

b. thyroid cartilage

which of the following is the correct order for the phases of deglutition? a. voluntary, esophageal, pharyngeal b. voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal c. esophageal, pharyngeal, voluntary d. pharyngeal, voluntary, esophageal

b. voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

fusion of the male and female pronuclei forms the a. blastocyst b. zygote c. morula d. gastrula e. trophoblast

b. zygote

which of the following people would be most severely affected by prolonged vomiting? a. 15 year old male b. 50 year old male c. 3 year old male d. 35 year old male e. 35 year old female

c. 3 year old male

Dr. Clark has developed a new treatment that stimulates the innate immunity to be more sensitive to cancer cells. which of the following cells would most likely be stimulated by this new drug? a. interferons b. cytotoxic t cells c. NK cells d. B lymphocytes

c. NK cells

the movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into circulation or the lymphatic system is a. peristalsis b. secretion c. absorption d. chemical digestion

c. absorption

how are ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate transported from the intestinal lumen? a. passive transport b. diffusion c. active transport d. osmosis

c. active transport

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) occurs when a. an Rh-positive woman is carrying an Rh-negative fetus b. an Rh-negative woman is carrying an Rh-negative fetus c. an Rh-negative woman is carrying an Rh-positive fetus d. an Rh-positive woman is carrying an Rh-positive fetus

c. an Rh-negative woman is carrying an Rh-positive fetus

the production of protein by cells in an example of a. phosphorylation b. catabolism c. anabolism d. decomposition e. glycolysis

c. anabolism

a force that causes the movement of fluid out of the capillary is a. positive interstitial pressure b. blood colloid osmotic pressure c. blood pressure d. critical closing pressure e. lymph pressure

c. blood pressure

what muscle forms the cheek? a. orbicularis oculi b. zygomaticus c. buccinator d. orbicularis oris

c. buccinator

gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that a. stop movement in the colon b. release gastric secretions into the stomach c. cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach d. empty the stomach e. lead to mass movement of the colon in response to food in the duodenum

c. cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach

during the inflammatory response, a. vascular permeability is decreased b. vasoconstriction occurs c. chemical mediators are released d. neutrophil production is depressed e. blood flow is reduced.

c. chemical mediators are released

pulmonary edema will cause the rate of gas diffusion to _____. a. remain the same b. increase c. decrease

c. decrease

what prevents the bolus from entering the larynx during deglutition? a. upper esophageal sphincter b. tongue c. epiglottis d. uvula

c. epiglottis

all of the following are functions of the circulatory system, except a. directs blood flow to tissue b. regulates blood pressure c. excretes waste products d. transports nutrients e. carries blood

c. excretes waste products

a person with type B blood a. will have a transfusion reaction if given type B blood b. can receive type A blood c. has anti-A antibodies d. has antigen A e. has anti-B antibodies

c. has anti-A antibodies

emulsification a. involves enzymes b. chemically digests lipids c. increases surface area for lipid digestion d. occurs in the gallbladder e. converts small lipid droplets into larger droplets

c. increases surface area for lipid digestion

antibody functions include a. activating antigens b. enhancing memory c. initiating inflammation and enhancing phagocytosis d. stimulating proteins production by T helper cells e. participating in costimulation

c. initiating inflammation and enhancing phagocytosis

the _________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing __________. a. pancreas; bile salts b. duodenum; neutral fats c. liver; cholesterol d. gallbladder; cholesterol e. ileum; bilirubin

c. liver; cholesterol

progesterone a. aids in spermatogenesis b. inhibits FSH secretion c. menstrual tissue d. increases flexibility of connective tissue

c. menstrual tissue

what is the purpose of segmental contractions of the small intestine? a. moving intestinal contents into the colon b. propelling the chyme forward c. mixing of intestinal contents d. stretching the intestinal wall

c. mixing of intestinal contents

Peristalsis a. movement of molecules from digestive tract into blood b. chewing of food c. muscular contractions that propel food d. removal of undigested wastes from body e. breakdown of organic molecules with digestive enzymes

c. muscular contractions that propel food

water moves back and forth across the plasma membrane by the process of _____. a. filtration b. facilitated diffusion c. osmosis d. active transport e. endocytosis

c. osmosis

which hormone is sometimes given to women to induce labor? a. progesterone b. glucagon c. oxytocin d. estrogen e. prolactin

c. oxytocin

the vasa recta is a specialized portion of the a. glomerulus b. efferent arteriole c. peritubular capillary d. interlobular artery e. afferent arteriole

c. peritubular capillary

the hypothalamohypophysial tract connects the hypothalamus to the a. infundibulum b. adenohypophysis c. posterior pituitary d. anterior pituitary

c. posterior pituitary

segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominantly in the a. stomach b. oral cavity c. small intestine d. large intestine e. esophagus

c. small intestine

the gallbladder a. produces secretes b. produces bile c. stores bile d. is attached to the pancreas e. breaks down the red blood cells

c. stores bile

agglutination of red blood cells means a. they form a clot b. they lose their nucleus c. they clump together d. they bump into each other e. they rupture

c. they clump together

what is the order of the blood vessels that a red blood cell would pass through as the blood leaves the heart, travels to a tissue, and then returns to the heart? a. capillary, arteriole, artery, vein, venule b. vein, capillary, artery, arteriole, venule c. arteriole, artery, capillary, vein, venule d. artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein e. artery, venule, capillary, arteriole, vein

d. artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein

when defective erythrocytes are broken down, a. their iron is excreted into the small intestine b. they are removed from the blood by the lungs. c. their components cannot be recycled d. bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin e. their heme groups are converted into amino acids.

d. bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin

the internal jugular veins join the subclavian veins to form the a. superior vena cava b. azygos veins c. axillary veins d. brachiocephalic veins e. external jugular veins

d. brachiocephalic veins

atherosclerosis is the a. inflammation of veins b. stretching of arterial walls c. hypertrophy of the tunica intima d. deposition of plaques in arterial walls

d. deposition of plaques in arterial walls

the male urethra a. has numerous mucous-secreting glands b. extends from the prostate gland to the ductus deferens c. is shorter than the female urethra d. extends through the length of the penis e. is lined with ciliated cuboidal epithelium

d. extends through the length of the penis

which of the following is not a substance found in saliva? a. amylase b. lysozymes c. mucin d. hydrochloric acid e. bicarbonate ion

d. hydrochloric acid

the intestinal phase of gastric secretion a. will decrease gastric secretion when gastrin is released by the duodenum b. only stimulates gastric secretion c. leads to increased gastric secretion if duodenal pH falls below 2 d. is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum e. is controlled by the entrance of alkaline material into the small intestine

d. is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum

in comparison to a low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a high density lipoprotein (HDL) contains a. more carbohydrates b. less protein c. more amino acids d. less lipid e. more cholesterol

d. less lipid

the formation of triglycerides is called _____. a. glycogenesis b. beta-oxidation c. gluconeogenesis d. lipogenesis e. ketogenesis

d. lipogenesis

bacteria and debris are actively removed from the lymph by _____ in the sinuses of lymph nodes a. lymphocytes b. plasma cells c. germinal cells d. macrophages e. trabecular cells

d. macrophages

the type of cell responsible for the secondary response is a a. mast cell b. macrophage c. monocyte d. memory cell e. red blood cell

d. memory cell

small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called ______. a. monoglycerides b. lacteals c. chylomicrons d. micelles e. diglycerides

d. micelles

whenever people cry, their nose runs. this is because the _____ drain tears into the nose a. auditory tube b. wharton's ducts c. paranasal sinuses d. nasolacrimal ducts e. lacrimal glands

d. nasolacrimal ducts

oxytocin release is stimulated by a. increased blood pressure b. increased urine output c. increased blood osmolality d. nursing a baby e. a hypothalamic-releasing hormone

d. nursing a baby

which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from superior to inferior? a. anus, large intestine, stomach, esophagus b. pharynx, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine c. stomach, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine d. oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

d. oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

which of the following are secreted by the stomach? a. bile and lipase b. amylase and lipase c. trypsin and amylase d. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor e. bicarbonate and secretion

d. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor

the epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during the ____ phase of swallowing a. voluntary b. gastric c. esophageal d. pharyngeal e. oral

d. pharyngeal

________ is the movement of food through the digestive tract. a. segmentation b. mixing c. mastication d. propulsion

d. propulsion

the tip of each renal pyramid is called a a. medullary ray b. renal column c. nephron d. renal papilla

d. renal papilla

each lobe of each lung is supplied by a a. bronchiole b. tertiary bronchus c. primary bronchus d. secondary bronchus e. segmental bronchus

d. secondary bronchus

an increase in hemoglobin increases a. the leukocyte count b. the body's immune response c. the quantity of plasma protein available for blood clotting d. the ability of the blood to carry O2 to various tissues e. the osmotic pressure of the blood.

d. the ability of the blood to carry O2 to various tissues

as ADH production declines a. K+ reabsorption increases b. the blood volume increases c. glomerular filtration increases d. the urine volume increases e. reabsorption of water increases

d. the urine volume increases

what do the left common carotid, brachiocephalic artery, and left subclavian all have in common? a. they all carry blood to the head b. they all are found in the abdominal cavity c. they are all coronary vessels d. they all branch from the aortic arch

d. they all branch from the aortic arch

which structure removes excess water and solutes from the kidney's medullary interstitial fluid? a. proximal convoluted tubule b. loop of henle c. distal convoluted tubule d. vasa recta e. collecting duct

d. vasa recta

arrange the following in the sequence in which filtrate move through them. (1) loop of henle (2) bowman capsule (3) distal convoluted tubule (4) proximal convoluted tubule a. 2,4,3,1 b. 4, 2, 1, 3 c. 1, 2, 3, 4 d. 3, 4, 1, 2 e. 2, 4, 1, 3

e. 2, 4, 1, 3

which of the following apply to the small intestine? a. both digestion and absorption occur in this organ b. mixing and propulsion of chyme c. secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ d. segmentation contractions occur in this organ e. all of the choices are correct

e. all of the choices are correct

compounds released from cells that influence the same cell are called a. paracrine chemical messengers b. steroidal hormones c. neuropeptides d. tropic hormones e. autocrine chemical messengers

e. autocrine chemical messengers

which of the following are components of the hepatic portal system? a. gastric vein b. azygos vein c. inferior mesenteric vein d. inferior vena cava e. both "gastric vein" and "inferior mesenteric vein" are correct.

e. both "gastric vein" and "inferior mesenteric vein" are correct.

food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called a. bile b. bolusin c. phlegm d. feces e. chyme

e. chyme

urine drains from the nephron into the calyces through the a. distal convoluted tubule b. proximal convoluted tubule c. bowman capsule d. loop of henle e. collecting duct

e. collecting duct

a gallstone has completely blocked flow of bile into the small intestine. where is the stone most likely lodged? a. cystic duct b. pancreatic duct c. hepatic duct e. common bile duct

e. common bile duct

which of the following is a function of the digestive system? a. regulation of blood pH b. cellular respiration c. integration and coordination of other system d. food selection e. elimination of undigested food

e. elimination of undigested food

synovial fluid is a part of which of the following fluid compartments? a. cytoplasm b. interstitial c. intracellular d. plasma e. extracellular

e. extracellular

inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent a. digestive enzymes from being released b. food from entering the stomach c. stomach acid from being released d. the making of chyme e. food from entering the small intestine

e. food from entering the small intestine

the pitch of the sound produced by the vocal folds is controlled by the a. thickness of the thyroid cartilage b. amplitude of the vibrations c. force of air moving past them d. size of the glottis e. frequency of the vibrations

e. frequency of the vibrations

the juxtamedullary nephrons a. comprise 85% of all nephrons b. are found next to the renal capsule c. have their renal corpuscles located in the medulla d. have short loops of henle e. have long loops of henle

e. have long loops of henle

a pituitary tumor interferes with FSH secretion. How would this affect a male? a. he would produce too many sperm cells b. he would have an erection c. he would develop a feminine body contour d. there would be no effect as FSH is found only in females e. he would not produce sperm cells.

e. he would not produce sperm cells.

a blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the a. cardiac sphincter b. ileocecal valve c. splenic flexure d. gastric flexure e. hepatic flexure

e. hepatic flexure

where is most protein in the body found? a. in the lymphatic system b. in the cardiovascular system c. in the integumentary system d. in the skeletal system e. in the muscular system

e. in the muscular system

_____ stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete ______. a. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); LH b. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); androgen-binding protein (ABP) c. luteinizing hormone (LH); estrogen d. luteinizing hormone (LH); androgen-binding protein (ABP) e. luteinizing hormone (LH); testosterone

e. luteinizing hormone (LH); testosterone

expiration during quiet breathing a. is an active process b. requires more muscle contractions than inspiration c. is not affected by the elastic properties of the lungs d. is due to contraction of the diaphragm and elevation of the ribs e. occurs when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax

e. occurs when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax

which of the following statements applies to the ileocecal sphincter? a. cecal distention enhances relaxation of this sphincter b. this sphincter is usually relaxed c. this sphincter stays contracted d. closure of this sphincter inhibits absorption in the small intestine e. peristaltic contractions reaching this sphincter it to relax.

e. peristaltic contractions reaching this sphincter it to relax.

celiac trunk a. supplies blood to the diaphragm b. supplies blood to the esophagus c. supplies blood to the thoracic wall d. supplies blood to the pancreas and small intestine e. supplies blood to the stomach, liver, and spleen

e. supplies blood to the stomach, liver, and spleen

With aging, a loss of inhibitory action potentials to the sacral region of the spinal cord results in a. lack of control of internal sphincter b. increased bladder capacity c. voluntary micturition d. continuous dribbling of urine e. uncontrollable micturition

e. uncontrollable micturition

with aging, a loss of inhibitory action potentials to the sacral region of the spinal cord results in a. increased bladder capacity b. lack of control of internal sphincter c. voluntary micturition d. continuous dribbling of urine e. uncontrollable micturition

e. uncontrollable micturition

the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules a. reabsorb glucose b. do not alter their permeability to water c. actively transport Na+ but not Cl- d. collect filtrate from bowman capsule e. vary in their permeability to water relative to the amounts of ADH present

e. vary in their permeability to water relative to the amounts of ADH present

t/f: the number of erythrocytes in a milliliter sample of blood is the same as the number of leukocytes in a milliliter sample of blood

false

t/f: valves in lymphatic vessels allow substances to enter the vessel but the ability for the substance from exiting the vessel

false

The function of insulin is to A. Decrease the uptake of amino acids by its target tissues B. Increase breakdown of lipids C. Increase gluconeogenesis D. increase the uptake of glucose by its target tissues. E. Increase glycogen breakdown in the liver and skeletal muscles

increase the uptake of glucose by its target tissues.

which organ(s) play(s) a role in the excretion of Na+? liver skin lungs kidneys

skin and kidneys