BSC2094 Unit 3

Of the 20 amino acids, ________ are essential amino acids that the body either cannot synthesize or that cannot be produced in amounts sufficient for growing children.

10

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.

20

Of all the energy released in catabolism, about ________ percent is lost as heat warms the surrounding tissues.

60

Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except

?

How is heat loss different between conduction and convection? (Module 23.19C)

Conduction is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact and convection involves heat loss as cooler air moves across the surface of the body.

Describe the function of the large intestine. (Module 22.5C)

Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination.

Define energetics. (Module 23.17A)

Energetics is the study of the flow of energy and its change from one form to another.

________ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping.

Incisors

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

Inspiratory reserve volume

Explain the role of glycogen in cellular metabolism. (Module 23.9B)

It serves as an intracellular glucose reserve.

Describe the roles of LDLs and HDLs. (Module 23.10C)

LDLs deliver cholesterol to tissues and HDLs absorb unused cholesterol and return it to the liver.

________ creates 90 percent of the ATP normally generated.

Oxidative phosphorylation

Name the lobes and fissures of each lung. (Module 21.6D)

The left lung is divided into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by the oblique fissure. The right lung is divided into a superior lobe and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure, and the oblique fissure separates the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe.

Explain the significance of the alkaline mucous layer lining the interior surface of the stomach. (Module 22.11A)

The mucous layer protects epithelial cells from the acid and enzymes in the gastric lumen.

Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues. (Module 21.14B)

The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood.

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

Tidal volume

Define nutrition. (Module 23.14A)

absorption of nutrients from food

Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as

anatomic dead space.

Identify three chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs). (Module 21.15B)

asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is called

basal metabolic rate.

Are chemoreceptors more sensitive to blood CO2 levels or blood O2 levels? (Module 21.17A)

blood CO2 levels

Circular folds are

circumferential folds in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine

The fusion of the hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the

common bile duct

A(n) ________ contains all of the essential amino acids.

complete protein

Which of the following is false about secretions from the salivary glands?

contain enzymes for the digestion of lipids

Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous for all of the following reasons except

decreased breath volumes on inhalation.

The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called

dentin

Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for all of the following except

diffusion

The term "hypercapnia" refers to

elevated PCO2

The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called

emphysema.

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

epiglottis.

The laryngeal cartilage composed of elastic cartilage that prevents entry of solids or liquids into the larynx when swallowing is the

epiglottis.

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called

essential fatty acids.

The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed

expiratory reserve volume.

The openings to the nostrils are the

external nares

Identify the two classes of vitamins. (Module 23.14B)

fat-soluble and water-soluble

The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrates is called

gluconeogenesis.

The articulation between the periodontal ligament and the bone at the base of the tooth is what type of joint?

gomphosis

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

gout

Which of the following contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen?

greater omentum

The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures.

hilum

The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the

ileum.

Dalton's law states that

in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

What branches from the trachea?

primary bronchi

The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the

pylorus.

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into what?

pyruvate

Which of these descriptions best matches the term gastrin?

stimulates gastric secretion

Air traveling from the tertiary bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule.

terminal bronchioles

What is basal metabolic rate? (Module 23.17B)

the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

the mitochondria

What physical changes affect the volume of the lungs? (Module 21.9B)

the movements of the diaphragm and rib cage affect the volume of the lungs.

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

the volume of the thorax increases.

________ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity.

three

The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________.

three lobes; two lobes

In amino acid metabolism, identify the processes by which the amino group is removed. (Module 23.12B)

transamination or deamination

At the right colic flexure, the colon becomes the

transverse colon.

All of these are responses or processes controlled by the heat-gain center except

increased respiration depth.

All of the following enzymes are secreted by the pancreas except

insulin

Pancreatic exocrine cells secrete all of the following except

insulin

Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as

internal respiration.

Boyle's law states that gas volume is

inversely proportional to pressure.

The villi are most developed in the

jejunum

The part of the digestive tract that plays the primary role in chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the

jejunum.

All of the following take place during the absorptive state except

ketone bodies begin to form.

Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?

left lung

Of these — carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins — which releases the greatest amount of energy per gram during catabolism? (Module 23.15C)

lipids

Urea is formed in the

liver

Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called

mass movements

The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the

mucosa.

Name the regions and functions of the pharynx. (Module 22.8A)

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx; to provide a passageway for food to enter the esophagus

The ________ of the tooth marks the boundary between the crown and the root.

neck

Why do cells make new compounds? (Module 23.7B)

new compounds are used to maintain and repair structures, support growth, and store nutrient reserves