BUS-240 Test 3 Review

Which of the following describes the categorical imperative?

"Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature"

____ typically focuses on the end result of actions and happiness created by them, whereas _____ emphasizes the means and motives by which actions are justified

a goodness theory; an obligation theory

The famous statement "Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature" is called

categorical imperative

Enlightened egoism

centers on one's long-term self-interest but takes others' well-being into account

High levels of _____ create a higher probability that firms cut corners because margins are usually low

competition

In Kohlberg's model, the stage of mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (stage 3) differs from the stage of individual instrumental purpose and exchange (stage 2) in terms of the individuals motives in

considering fairness to others

______ are central to an organization and provide directions for action

core values

____ culture involves values and norms that prescribe a wide range of behavior for organizational members, while _____ culture reflects the integrity of decisions made and is a function of many factors, including corporate policies, top management's leadership on ethical issues, the influence of coworkers, and the opportunity for unethical behavior

corporate; ethical

Kohlberg's six stages of cognitive moral development can be reduced to three levels of ethical concern. Persons at the second level

define right as that which conforms to the expectations of good behavior of the larger society

A marketing manager who orders that a manufacturing plant be refitted to make it safer for workers, no matter what the cost, may be a(n) _____ because he believes in the rights of all individuals

deontologist

The _____ states that economic and social equalities should be arranged to provide the most benefit to the least-advantage members of society

difference principle

_____ justice is based on the evaluation of outcomes or results of the business relationships

distributive

Which of the following is not one of the six "spheres of influence" to which individuals are subject when confronted with an ethical issue?

educational attainment

______ reflects the integrity of decisions made and is a function of many factors

ethical culture

People who believe in _____ go with the flow because they feel the events in their lives are uncontrollable

external locus of control

Why might an individual's moral philosophies differ when making a personal decision versus a work-related decision?

goals and pressures in the workplace are different from those outside of work

______ is the first sign that an unethical decision has occurred

guilt

Normative approaches focus on

how organizational decision makers should approach an issue

Which of the following would not be considered a negative reinforcement of employee behavior?

ignoring the behavior

Codes, rules, and compliance are essential in organizations. However, an organization built on _____ is more likely to develop a high integrity corporate culture

informal relationships

______ is/are important in establishing a foundation for normative values

institutions

Studies have found that more than a third of the unethical situations that lower- and middle-level managers face come from ____

internal pressures and ambiguity surrounding internal organizational rules

Research concerning nationality and the ability to make ethical decisions

is hard to interpret in a business context because of cultural differences

Philosopher John Rawls believed

justice principles were beliefs that everyone could accept

According to Kohlberg's model, as a person progresses through the stages of moral development, and with time, education, and experience, he/she

may change his/her cognitive moral development and behavior

_____ relates to individuals' perceptions of social pressure and the harm they believe their decisions will have on others

moral intensity

An individual who emphasizes others rather than himself or herself in making decisions is in which of the following of Kohlberg's stages of development?

mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (stage 3)

According to the ethical decision-making framework, the absence of punishment provides a(n) _____ for unethical behavior

opportunity

External and internal rewards relate to which part of the ethical decision making framework?

opportunity

Multiple elements work on individuals to affect their behavior. While an individual may intend to do the right thing, _____ can alter this intent

organizational or social forces

When a person defines right and wrong on the basis of legal contracts, he or she is using which of Kohlberg's stages of development?

prior rights, social contract, or utility (stage 5)

______ justice considers the processes and activities that produce the outcome or results

procedural

____ have lower ethical issue sensitivity, meaning they are less likely to detect ethical issues. They may be more committed to completing projects and more dedicated to group values and objectives

relativists

Opportunity

results from motivational "carrots and sticks" superiors use to influence employee behavior

An ethical corporate culture needs _____ along with _____ to establish an ethics program and monitor complex ethical decisions being made by employees

shared values; proper oversight

An individual who defines what is right by considering his/her duty to society, not just to other specific people, is in which of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development?

social system and conscience maintenance

The ethical decision making process in business includes all of the following except

society's view of the decision

Which of the following is not considered a significant other group in the workplace?

spouses

All of the following are true regarding institutions except

there is no clear link between institutional theory and the stakeholder orientation of management

A person who offers a facilitation payment in order to secure a contract that will keep her company from going bankrupt and laying off hundreds of employees may be a(n) _____ because she is trying to secure the greatest good of the greatest number of people

utilitarian

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its consequences for everyone affected (seeks the greatest good for the greatest number)?

utilitarianism

Organizations that have ethics programs based on a ____ orientation are found to make a greater contribution than those based singly on compliance, obeying laws and regulations

values

The thought experiment used by John Rawls that examined how individuals would formulate principles if they did not know what their future position in society would be is called

veil of ignorance

______ argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standards but also considering what a mature person with a "good" moral character would deem appropriate

virtue ethics

Values have all the following characteristics except

widely accepted