Busi310 Chapter 2

Chester Barnard

Added human relationship to bureaucracy. Cooperation is the glue that holds organizations together, necessary for organization's survival.

Senge Mental models

Also internal reflections that determine individual comprehension and reaction to external forces.

Weber authority

Assured a clearly defined chain of command

Weber Formal rules

Assured that employees followed the same pattern of tasks so that the same level of performance was maintained.

Weber Division of labor

Assured that the job was done by an expert

Chris Argyris

Employees who realize their full potential benefit not only themselves but the organization as a whole. Autocratic management and pyramidal corporate hindered the intellectual growth and creative potential in employees.

Senge Shared vision

Entails the ability to cast aside simple compliance and redirect those energies to commitment.

Taylor Principle 4

Equal division of work between management and workers. Managers apply scientific management principles and workers perform the tasks.

Clayton Alderfer

Expanded Maslow's hierarchy into three needs: Existence, Relatedness, Growth (ERG theory).

Hugo Munsterberg

Father of industrial psychology and champion for behaviorism. Established connection between scientific management and industrial psychology.

Henri Fayol

Father of modern management. Created 14 principles of management.

Joseph M. Juran

Father of quality. Created the Quality Trilogy.

Frederick Winslow Taylor

Father of scientific management. Produced four guidelines for efficiency.

Modern Management Theories

Focuses on decreasing the number of hierarchical layers in an organization.

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

Pioneered the psychology of management. Studied efficiency of movement through 18 basic hand gestures known as Therbligs in a Simultaneous Motion (SIMO) chart.

W. Edwards Deming

Placed emphasis on quality instead of quotas to increase production output. PDCA. Plan, do, check, act.

Mary Parker Follett

Pursued the human relations side of management. Promoted concept of finding win-win solutions and appreciation of diverse cultures.

Weber Impersonality

Removed emotion and camaraderie from the equation. No favoritism

Taylor Principle 1

Replace "rule of thumb" with "one best way" based upon scientific study of tasks.

Senge Personal Mastery

Requires probing within one's inner beliefs to be objective in accepting the reality of the environment and promote self- awareness and mental preparation for change.

Taylor Principle 2

Scientifically select, train and develop workers according to their skills sets that complement the tasks required of the position. Train workers to function within the rules and standard operating procedures.

Elton Mayo

Studied the effects of groups on individual behavior. Relay Assembly Test Room Studies concluded that the recognition of the employees as a select group and the interpersonal dynamics, combined with a perceived elite status, led to increased productivity.

Inventory modeling

The process by which the appropriate amount of inventory required for an organization is available at all times.

Administrative Management

The study of an organization based on efficiency and effectiveness.

Contingency Theories

There is no one way to do things, different people approach situations with different values and circumstances.

Queuing theory

Use of mathematical tools, such as models, theorems, and algorithms to analyze systems to decrease customer waiting time and costs associated with customer service.

Operations research

Used to evaluate all phases of the operations of industry and the military. Forecasting projects demand and a myriad of variables.

Quantitative Management Theory (management science)

Utilizes mathematical processes to assist a manager in planning and making decisions concerning an organization's resources. Operations research, mathematical forecasting, inventory modeling, queuing theory, simulation.

Transformation Process

With the inputs received from environment, an organization utilizes its management expertise and technology to add value to the product or service, converting the inputs into outputs.

Robert Owen

Improved working hours and overall conditions for laborers.

Taylor Principle 3

In cooperation with workers, management must ensure that all work is being done according to scientific principles.

Product Outputs

Includes the product but also the financial gains, losses, or reputation that is generated through the organization's actions in both the local and global communities.

Open System

Inputs, Conversion Process, Outputs, Feedback, repeat.

Senge Systems thinking

Integrates the first four disciples to create synergy. The study of patterns of event and behaviors to help see how to change them.

Peter Senge

Introduced the theory of learning organizations.

Douglas McGregor

Known for his human relations approach to management. Theory X: an employee with only function if threatened or coerced. Theory Y: managers believe employees enjoy their work, can be self directed/motivated/creative/will seek responsibility.

Fiedler's Contingency Model

LPC (Least Preferred Coworker) scale. Low score meant task oriented person, high score meant people oriented person.

Systems Approach

Looks beyond the boundary of the organization to explain how it interacts with its environment.

Simulations

Management models that are used to test different solutions under various assumptions through computer programs or role playing.

Abraham Maslow

Motivation theory - depicted as a hierarchy of needs. Higher order needs: Self Actualization, Esteem Needs, Social Needs. Lower order needs: Safety Needs, Physiological Needs.

Senge Team learning

Breaks down barriers to communication and builds strength in group interaction and communal thinking.

Weber Career Orientation

Designated that the company owners should not manage the departments. Hire professional managers.

Max Weber

Developed a concept of bureaucracy he considered to be ideal for large organizations.

Resource Inputs

Each organization must interface with their suppliers and the communities in which the organization operates.

Behavioral Management Theory

Focuses on the behaviors utilized by managers to motivate employees to work effectively and demonstrate commitment to the organization's goals.