Business Research Ch 11

What is the arithmetic mean for the business research exam scores? A. 74.4 B. 78 C. 72 D. 50 E. Between 50 and 100

A. 74.4

Which characteristic of mapping rules refers to the numbers used to group or sort responses when no order to the numbers exists? A. Classification B. Order C. Distance D. Origin E. Exclusivity

A. Classification

Which characteristics of data are exhibited by the variable, gender? A. Classification only B. Classification and order C. Classification, order, and distance D. Classification, order, distance, and origin E. Classification, order, distance, origin, and exclusivity

A. Classification only

_____ is the extent to which a measurement is accurate and precise. A. Reliability B. Validity C. Practicality D. Significance E. Standardization

A. Reliability

Random error in measurement is the error that occurs _____. A. erratically B. due to bias C. systematically D. due to sampling E. none of the above

A. erratically

An ordinal scale contains _____. A. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories as well as the property of order, but not distance or unique origin B. the properties of order, classification, and equal distance between points but no unique origin C. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories, but without the properties of order, distance, and origin D. the properties of classification, order, equal distance, and unique origin E. the four major sources of error

A. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories as well as the property of order, but not distance or unique origin

A(n) _____ defines a variable in terms of specific measurement criteria. A. operational definition B. empirical definition C. measurement rule D. mapping rule E. conceptual definition

A. operational definition

The population of a city is an example of _____ data. A. ratio B. interval C. nominal D. ordinal E. dispersed

A. ratio

Differences in respondent responses associated with where the interview took place, such as at the mall, in a home, or over the telephone are errors originating from the _____ associated with the study. A. situational factors B. respondent C. interviewer D. instrument E. sample

A. situational factors

Order, one of the four characteristics of mapping rules, refers to _____. A. the use of ordered numbers such that two is less than three but greater than one B. the use of numbers used to group or sort responses when no order to the numbers exists C. the use of a series of numbers in which each number is an equal distance from the next D. the use of a series of numbers with a unique origin indicated by the number zero E. the use of a number that is not used again

A. the use of ordered numbers such that two is less than three but greater than one

What is the mode for the business research exam scores? A. 74.4 B. 78 C. 72 D. 50 E. Between 50 and 100

B. 78

The New York Times Dining Section rates the restaurants it reviews using a system such that one star means good, two stars means very good, three stars means excellent, and four stars means extraordinary. Which of the following characteristics are exhibited by this rating scheme? A. Classification only B. Classification and order C. Classification, order, and distance D. Classification, order, distance, and origin E. Classification, order, distance, origin, and exclusivity

B. Classification and order

Which of the following types of validity refers to the extent to which measurement scales provide adequate coverage of the investigative questions? A. External B. Content C. Criterion-related D. Construct E. Discriminant

B. Content

In the U.S. News and World Report study of school rankings, academic reputation is measured with five questions about each university. Which test will assess the extent to which those five items reflect academic reputation? A. Test-retest B. Cronbach's alpha C. Parallel forms D. Split-half E. KR20

B. Cronbach's alpha

Which measure of central tendency is appropriate for interval scales? A. Mode B. Mean C. Median D. Range E. Dispersion

B. Mean

Which characteristic of mapping rules refers to ordered numbers in which one number is greater than, less than, or equal to another number? A. Classification B. Order C. Distance D. Origin E. Exclusivity

B. Order

The U.S. News and World Report is assessing the reliability of its measure of academic reputation used in its annual ranking of colleges and universities. To do so, it administers the same questions on academic reputation to its sample of academic administrators in March and again in June. 47. Which type of test is used in the U.S. News and World Report example to assess reliability? A. Split-half B. Test-retest C. Cronbach's alpha D. Parallel forms E. None of the above

B. Test-retest

What is the goal of measurement in research? A. To reflect both quantitative and qualitative concepts B. To provide the highest-quality, lowest error data for data analysis C. To describe, explain, and make predictions based on the information D. To attach meaning to symbols E. To specify the empirical information needed

B. To provide the highest-quality, lowest error data for data analysis

_____ is the extent to which a measurement tool actually measures what we wish to measure. A. Reliability B. Validity C. Practicality D. Significance E. Standardization

B. Validity

A _____ is a scheme for assigning numbers of symbols to represent aspects of the event being measured. A. measurement tool B. mapping rule C. ruler D. scale E. property

B. mapping rule

The _____ is the midpoint of a distribution. A. mode B. median C. mean D. range E. dispersion

B. median

When analyzing nominal data, which measure of central tendency is appropriate? A. mean B. mode C. median D. range E. dispersion

B. mode

Weight, height, and temperature are all types of _____. A. objects B. physical properties C. psychological properties D. constructs E. mapping rules

B. physical properties

The effects of fatigue, boredom, and social class on the measurement of an object are all errors originating from the _____. A. situational factors B. respondent C. interviewer D. instrument E. sample

B. respondent

An interval scale contains _____. A. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories as well as the property of order, but not distance or unique origin B. the properties of order, classification, and equal distance between points but no unique origin C. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories, but without the properties of order, distance, and origin D. the properties of classification, order, equal distance, and unique origin E. the four major sources of error

B. the properties of order, classification, and equal distance between points but no unique origin

What is the median for the business research exam scores? A. 74.4 B. 78 C. 72 D. 50 E. Between 50 and 100

C. 72

LeBron James wears the number 23 on his jersey. Which of the following characteristics is exhibited by this number? A. Distance B. Order C. Classification D. Origin E. Exclusivity

C. Classification

The record low in Buffalo, New York for February 16 this 20 degrees below 0. Which of the following characteristics are exhibited by this temperature? A. Classification only B. Classification and order C. Classification, order, and distance D. Classification, order, distance, and origin E. Classification, order, distance, origin, and exclusivity

C. Classification, order, and distance

Which type of validity refers to the degree to which scores on one scale correlate with scores on other scales designed to assess the same construct? A. Predictive B. Concurrent C. Convergent D. Discriminant E. Content

C. Convergent

Which statistical technique listed below would be used to compare the results of the March survey to the results of the June survey in the U.S. News and World Report's assessment of reliability? A. Mean B. Dispersion C. Correlation D. Regression E. ANOVA

C. Correlation

Which characteristic of mapping rules refers to a series of numbers in which each number in the series is an equal distance from the next number? A. Classification B. Order C. Distance D. Origin E. Exclusivity

C. Distance

Calendar time is expressed on a(n) _____ scale while minutes, hours, and days are expressed on a(n) _____ scale. A. nominal; ordinal B. ordinal; interval C. interval; ratio D. ordinal; ratio E. nominal; interval

C. interval; ratio

The appropriate measure of central tendency for an ordinal scale is the _____. A. mode B. mean C. median D. range E. dispersion

C. median

A nominal scale contains _____. A. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories as well as the property of order, but not distance or unique origin B. the properties of order, classification, and equal distance between points but no unique origin C. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories, but without the properties of order, distance, and origin D. the properties of classification, order, equal distance, and unique origin E. the four major sources of error

C. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories, but without the properties of order, distance, and origin

The New York Times Dining Section rates the restaurants it reviews using a system such that one star means good, two stars means very good, three stars means excellent, and four stars means extraordinary. This is a type of _____ scale. A. ratio B. interval C. ordinal D. nominal E. semantic differential

C. ordinal

If the U.S. News and World Report seeks to assess equivalence of alternate forms of measuring academic reputation, it should utilize a _____ type of test. A. test-retest B. Cronbach's alpha C. parallel forms D. split-half E. KR20

C. parallel forms

Attitudes are a type of _____. A. object B. physical property C. psychological property D. social property E. mapping rule

C. psychological property

Distance, one of the four characteristics of mapping rules, refers to _____. A. the use of ordered numbers such that two is less than three but greater than one B. the use of numbers used to group or sort responses when no order to the numbers exists C. the use of a series of numbers in which each number is an equal distance from the next D. the use of a series of numbers with a unique origin indicated by the number zero E. the use of a number that is not used again

C. the use of a series of numbers in which each number is an equal distance from the next

Attendance at raceways most recent two races have hit attendance records with 60,000 present at one and 65,000 present at another. Which of the following characteristics are exhibited by these attendance measures? A. Classification only B. Classification and order C. Classification, order, and distance D. Classification, order, distance, and origin E. Classification, order, distance, origin, and exclusivity

D. Classification, order, distance, and origin

To ride the roller coaster ride at an amusement park, customers must report their weight to the ride attendant. Which of the following characteristics are exhibited by weight? A. Classification only B. Classification and order C. Classification, order, and distance D. Classification, order, distance, and origin E. Classification, order, distance, origin, and exclusivity

D. Classification, order, distance, and origin

_____ describes how scores cluster or scatter in a distribution. A. Mode B. Mean C. Median D. Dispersion E. Range

D. Dispersion

Convergent validity and discriminant validity are components of _____ validity. A. external B. internal C. criterion-related D. construct E. content

D. construct

In a survey of football fans, each respondent is asked to indicate whether they have ever attended an NFL game. This question can be categorized as a(n) _____ scale. A. ratio B. interval C. ordinal D. nominal E. semantic differential

D. nominal

Socioeconomic class affiliation is a type of _____. A. object B. physical property C. psychological property D. social property E. mapping rule

D. social property

A ratio scale contains _____. A. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories as well as the property of order, but not distance or unique origin B. the properties of order, classification, and equal distance between points but no unique origin C. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories, but without the properties of order, distance, and origin D. the properties of classification, order, equal distance, and unique origin E. the four major sources of error

D. the properties of classification, order, equal distance, and unique origin

Origin, one of the four characteristics of mapping rules, refers to _____. A. the use of ordered numbers such that two is less than three but greater than one B. the use of numbers used to group or sort responses when no order to the numbers exists C. the use of a series of numbers in which each number is an equal distance from the next D. the use of a series of numbers with a unique origin indicated by the number zero E. the use of a number that is not used again

D. the use of a series of numbers with a unique origin indicated by the number zero

Which of the following is not an example of an object? A. Attitude B. Furniture C. Dog D. Class affiliation E. Weight

E. Weight

Measurement in research consists of assigning numbers to _____ in compliance with a set of rules. A. events B. objects C. properties D. activities E. all of the above

E. all of the above

An attitude scale that correctly forecasts the outcome of a purchase decision has _____ validity. A. discriminant B. content C. face D. concurrent E. predictive

E. predictive

When the groups are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, nominal scales must be limited to _____ groups. A. two B. three C. five D. ten E. there is no limit

E. there is no limit

What are the four characteristics of mapping rules? Which of the four types of data corresponds with the possible combinations of these characteristics? Provide an example for each.

The four characteristics of mapping rules are classification, order, distance, and origin. The four types of data are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal data have the characteristic of classification. Gender (male or female) is an example of nominal data. Ordinal data have the characteristics of classification and order. The ratings of restaurants is an example of ordinal data. Interval data have the characteristics of classification, order, and distance. Temperature is an example of interval data. Ratio data have the characteristics of classification, order, distance, and origin. Age, in absolute terms, is an example of ratio data.

Name the four sources of error in measurement and provide an example for each.

The four sources of error are the respondent, situational factors, the measurer and the instrument. The respondent can create error due to stable characteristics like personality and due to temporary factors such as boredom. The situation can also affect measurement. For instance, one concern in conducting telephone interviews with mobile telephones is that the location of the respondent cannot be controlled. The interviewer can also distort responses by rewording, paraphrasing, or reordering questions. Finally, the instrument itself may be defective.

Explain the three characteristics of a good measurement tool.

The three characteristics of a good measurement tool are validity, reliability, and practicality. Validity means that the test measures what we actually want to measure. Reliability has to do with the accuracy and precision of the measurement procedure. Practicality has to do with the economics, convenience, and interpretability of the measurement tool.

What are the three dimensions of reliability? For each dimension, explain its meaning. What type of test can be used to assess each dimension?

The three dimensions of reliability are stability, equivalence, and internal consistency. Stability refers to the consistency of results over repeated measures. Equivalence refers to the degree of consistency in results when measures are made by different investigators or with different samples or instruments. Internal consistency ensures that the items used in measurement are homogeneous. To assess stability, one uses the test-retest technique. Equivalence is assessed using a parallel forms examination of alternate forms of the same measure. Cronbach's alpha is used to assess internal consistency.