BY PSY FINAL
Which of the following statements is true of neurotransmitters?
"Loose" neurotransmitters are either broken down or reabsorbed by the axon
Which of the following statements about suicide is true?
College students are more likely to commit suicide than non-college students.
John B. Watson is most famous for which of the following experiments?
Conditioning "Little Albert" to be fearful of a white rat
Which type of amnesia involves the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so?
Infantile amnesia
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following is true of passion?
It involves preoccupation with the loved one.
Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?
It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma.
As it relates to the placenta, which of the following is accurate?
It prevents the mother and developing child's blood from mixing.
Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?
Nembutal
Which of the following is a goal of psychology?
To explain behavior and mental processes
Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the _______
all-or-none principle
Unlike Type A people, Type B people ________.
are less ambitious and less impatient
In order for Tonya to stop smoking, her therapist laced her cigarettes with incense that smelled horrifically. What is the name of the technique that Tonya's therapist is using?
aversive conditioning
Vomiting, binge eating, fasting, the use of laxatives, and engaging in prolonged exercise regimens are potentially characteristics of ________.
bulimia nervosa
Which of the following, when done in response to a negative event, most likely results in the irrational process occurring with the activating event?
catastrophizes
In every experiment, what the researcher is trying to determine has changed or not is called the ________.
dependent variable
According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, which of the following is an oral trait?
gullibility
Stress predicts physical and psychological health problems. Which of the following has it been found to predict?
heart disease, cancer, anxiety, and depression
Which type of somatic symptom disorder was previously called hypochondria?
illness anxiety disorder
In the context of memory and forgetting, one of the cognitive explanations for infantile amnesia states that:
infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events.
Dr. Wu lets volunteers for his experiment know about possible side effects of the vaccine candidate. In doing so, he is gaining his participants' ________.
informed consent
Which aspect of love refers to the tendency to share one's innermost feelings with a partner according to the Triangular model of Robert Sternberg?
intimacy
The blind spot ________.
is insensitive to visual stimulation
People with panic attacks tend to:
misinterpret bodily cues and view them as threats.
What is sent by a neuron to relay its message to another neuron?
neurotransmitters
The most dramatic gains in height and weight occur during __________.
prenatal development
People described as "loners" who do not develop warm, tender feelings for others are sometimes diagnosed with _________________.
schizoid personality disorder
The fluid-filled gap between two neurons through which neurotransmitters carry neural impulses is known as the ________.
synaptic cleft
Amnesia is frequently associated with _________.
dissociative disorders
Nearsightedness can result when the eyeball is elongated such that the images of ________.
distant objects are focused in front of the retina
According to the different kinds of support for coping with stress, which of the following involves listening to people's problems and expressing feelings of sympathy, caring, understanding, and reassurance?
emotional concern
Which of the following is an advantage of group therapy?
group members who are overly shy do better
Fila has a poor appetite and has lost a severe amount of weight in the past few months. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She no longer wants to live and wishes to die. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Fila with __________.
major depressive disorder
The first four stages of sleep are collectively known as
non-rapid eye movement sleep.
Which of the following terms denotes a trick of perceptual constancies on the eye?
a visual illusion
The core of generalized anxiety disorder appears to be _________.
pervasive worrying about numerous stressors
According to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, there is a critical period of development for which of the following?
attachment
Which of the following is a physical symptom of anxiety disorders?
book
Which of the following is true of metabolism?
Fatty tissue in the body metabolizes food more slowly than muscle tissue does.
Which one of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
It was too vague
Which of the following is a shortcoming of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
Its clinical method of gathering evidence is suspect.
Psychological disorders are:
sometimes associated
Anterograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effect of the trauma, while retrograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the trauma.
True
In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling?
Whether the words used in the question suggested greater speeds (e.g. contacted vs. smashed)
Bettina has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Bettina exhibits __________.
Book
A feature of crystallized intelligence is that it does not increase throughout the life span.
False
In sensory memory, the memory traces of visual stimuli last many times longer than the traces of auditory stimuli.
False
Recall is the easiest type of memory task, making multiple-choice tests easier than fill-in-the-blank.
False
Research shows that children of authoritarian parents have greater self-reliance, self-esteem, social competence, and achievement motivation than other children.
False
Research shows that cultural issues do not play a significant role in an individual's psychology.
False
The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions cause our behavioral responses to events.
False
Which of the following is true of Carl Jung's psychodynamic theory, analytical psychology?
It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes.
These neurons fire when an animal observes the behavior of another animal and that behavior stimulates imitative behavior in the first animal.
Mirror neurons
Which of the following statements best describes psychodynamic therapies?
Psychodynamic therapies, based on the thinking of Sigmund Freud, assume that psychological problems reflect early childhood experiences and internal conflicts.
Which of the following statements is true of chemistry involved in aggression?
Testosterone appears to affect the tendencies to dominate and control other people.
Physical needs give rise to drives like hunger and thirst.
True
Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for cancer of the throat.
True
The Hering-Helmholtz illusion is a visual illusion.
True
Vygotsky's theory emphasizes ________.
cultural variations
Observational learning is one of the foundations of __________.
social cognitive theory
Which of the following forms a fringe around the cerebrum, and is only fully evolved in mammals?
the limbic system
Which of the following proposes reasons for relationships among events and allow us to derive explanations and predictions?
theories
Men tend to emphasize the following in a romantic partner: consideration, kindness, and thrift.
False
In a research setting when people exhibited pain through facial expressions they rated electric shocks as more painful. This is an example of the facial-feedback hypothesis.
True
In classical conditioning, extinction is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur.
True
In observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a model.
True
Tom was suffering from severe anxiety. However, with the help of his therapist, he noticed that his cheek would start to "twitch" prior to an anxiety attack. This technique is most similar to ________.
biofeedback training
Which of the following is a specific type of somatoform disorder?
conversion disorder
Type A behavior, job strain, chronic fatigue, and having an inactive physical lifestyle are all risk factors for _________.
coronary heart disease
A participant's agreement to participate in research after receiving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments is referred to as ________.
informed consent
Which set of twins will have the greatest correlation in their IQ scores?
monozygotic twins raised together
Cruz, a teenager, exhibits erratic behavior. He is very happy at times and at other times he shows signs of extreme depression. Cruz's mother thinks he is possessed and takes him to an exorcist. In this scenario and her actions, Cruz's mother seems to be supporting which model of psychological disorders?
Book
Which theory offers a possible explanation for why we dream about memories or problems from our day?
Continuity Hypothesis
Which of the following are memories of events that happen to a person or that take place in the person's presence?
Episodic memories
A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses is known as a fixed interval schedule.
False
According to research, intelligence quotient (IQ) scores tend to increase during the summer vacation.
False
Client-centered therapists focus on telling clients what to do, instead of helping them arrive at their own decisions.
False
Dizygotic twins are formed when a zygote divides into two cells that share the same genetic code.
False
Karen Horney believed Freud placed too much emphasis on sex; spoke of psychosocial development, not psychosexual development; labeled stages of development according to traits, not erogenous zones; and argued that ego identity, not genital sexuality, was the key goal of adolescence.
False
Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed, and negative reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied.
False
Short-term memory is also known as semantic memory.
False
Which of the following is a feature of the Thematic Apperception Test?
It contains cards with drawings that are subject to various interpretations.
Which of the following is consistent with Erikson's stage of ego integrity versus despair?
People focus on letting go and accepting their place in the sweep of history.
Why did Fritz Perls adopt the term Gestalt to name the therapy originated by him?
Perls used the term Gestalt to signify his interest in giving the conflicting parts of the personality an integrated form or shape.
In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following helps organisms adapt to situations that recur from time to time?
Spontaneous Recovery
Which of the following statements is true about REM sleep?
There is an inhibition of activation of the reticular formation.
Which of the following statements is true about secondary reinforcers?
They acquire their value through association with established reinforcers.
In the context of the drive-reduction theory, which of the following is true of acquired drives?
They are developed through experience.
Ainsworth and her colleagues identified three major types of attachment: secure attachment, avoidant attachment, and ambiguous/resistant attachment.
True
B.F. Skinner was known for training animals in operant conditioning.
True
In Pavlov's famous experiment, the dog salivated in response to the tone because the tone became mentally connected with the meat powder. The meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
True
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is defined as the ordering of needs from most basic (physiological needs such as hunger and thirst) to most elaborate and sophisticated (self-actualization).
True
Psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.
True
Short-term memory and working memory mean the same thing.
True
Some stress is healthful and necessary to keep us alert and occupied.
True
Which of the following is true of Weber's constant?
Weber's constant for light is inaccurate when extremely bright or dull lights are compared.
The _______ theory of dreaming holds that dreams mean nothing, and that we dream only because synapses fire at random during the night, and the visual cortex 'creates' pictures that are based only on what is held there.
activation synthesis
People withdrawing from chronic alcohol use may experience heavy sweating, restlessness, disorientation, and frightening hallucinations, which are all traits of
delirium tremens
When prejudice is associated with negative feelings such as fear, dislike, or hatred, what level of processing is this?
emotional
Which one of these form a fatty substance called myelin?
glial cells
Jessie, who suffers from episodes of depression, shares her personal experiences with a few people with similar problems. They meet every week under the supervision of a therapist to discuss their problems. In which of the following therapies is Jessie most likely participating?
group therapy
Fear appeal is a type of persuasive communication that ________.
influences behavior on the basis of arousing fear instead of rational analysis of the issues
Which of the following hassles is an example of environmental hassles?
noise
Antidepressant medication tends to increase the concentration of which neurotransmitter in the brain?
norepinephrine
Darby was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as _________.
savings
The feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved is called the ______________.
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuineness are the hallmarks of client-centered therapy.
true
Erikson labeled the first stage of psychosocial development in his theory of personality development as the stage of __________.
trust versus mistrust
Which of the following is a new basic taste that was recently added to the primary taste qualities?
umami
Prior to six months of age, infants realize that objects removed from sight still exist and try to find them. They show object permanence, which makes it possible to play peekaboo.
False
Psychodynamic and client-centered therapies appear to be most effective with well-educated, verbal, strongly motivated clients who report problems with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.
False
Dr. Watson wants to study the attitudes of people who live in big cities on their political beliefs. She sends out a questionnaire asking them about their voting habits and favored candidates. Dr. Watson is using the _____ method of research.
Survey
Humans can detect the odor of 1 one-millionth of a milligram of vanilla in a liter of air.
True
Kinesthesis is about motion and perception. In kinesthesis, sensory information is fed back to the brain from sensory organs in the joints, tendons, and muscles.
True
Episodic memory is also referred to as ________.
autobiographical memory
Mental representations of an auditory stimulus that are held briefly in sensory memory are called ____________.
echoes
Which of the following psychologists might treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes?
forensic psychologists
According to Carl Rogers, psychological problems arise ________.
from roadblocks placed in the path of self-actualization
Feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least six months' duration are characteristics of which disorder?
generalized anxiety disorder
Sujay is conducting research on a group of factory machinists as part of a study on workplace stress and heart disease. Before conducting his study, he explains the objective of the study to the subjects and tells them what they would need to do. He gives them the opportunity to choose if they want to participate or not. In other words, Sujay is seeking ________.informed consent
informed consent
In the context of the nativist approach to language development, which one of the following prepares the nervous system to learn grammar?
language acquisition device
According to your text, older adults sleep less because
of physical discomfort.
Nadar was at work when he suddenly felt as if he was choking, was going numb, and was having the chills. He most likely is suffering from a ____________.
panic disorder
In the context of the human eye, the size of which structure is sensitive to an individual's emotions?
pupil
What is the term for the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series?
serial-position effect
During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, the ________.
sex organs start to differentiate
Dreams experienced during REM tend to be
vivid
Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development states that:
human development involves the transfer of libidinal energy from one erogenous zone to another.
The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that events are first processed by the brain. Body patterns of arousal, action, and our emotional responses are then triggered simultaneously.
False
Odors trigger firing of receptor neurons in the olfactory membrane high in each nostril.
True
One's gender identity refers to one's sense of whether a person sees herself or himself as being female, male, or somewhere in between
True
A source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study is called a ________.
selection factor
Hudson was pretty depressed because, after receiving some world news updates on his cell phone, he believed that the world was a violent place. His friends were surprised by his mood because Hudson worked with wonderful people at his place of worship. According to Beck, what type of cognitive error is this?
selective perception
According to Freud, the id follows the _________.
pleasure principle
Which of the following statements is true of changing attitudes through persuasion?
Agreement and praise are more effective ways to encourage others to embrace one's views.
Monozygotic twins are important in the study of the relative influences of nature and nurture because differences between monozygotic twins are the result of nurture.
True
Messages from the brain or spinal cord are transmitted to muscles or glands through ________.
motor neurons
Which gland is sometimes called the "master gland" or "gland champion" because it controls other glands?
pituitary
Researchers have shown that sexual orientation is ________.
primarily genetic
Which heuristic assumes that the more similar something is to our expectations, the more likely the entity belongs to that category?
representativeness heuristic
A hypothesis is a ________.
statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research
What is a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced?
Continuous reinforcement
Cones allow us to see in black and white, while rods provide color vision. Cones are more sensitive to dim light than rods are.
False
Correlations allow us to determine causality.
False
Discrimination is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.
False
Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping.
False
Telegraphic speech is brief and grammatically incorrect.
False
The two main divisions of the central nervous system are the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
False
Which of the following is true of collectivists?
They are more likely to conform to group judgments.
According to Freud, we are motivated to forget painful memories and unacceptable ideas because they produce anxiety, guilt, and shame.
True
Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.
True
Many psychologists suggest that the Little Albert experiment was unethical, partially due to the infant never being counter-conditioned.
True
Memory may be defined as the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
True
Most antianxiety drugs belong to the chemical class known as ________.
benzodiazepines
The colors across from one another on the color wheel are labeled ________.
complementary colors
Which of the following is a behavior-therapy technique in which a client observes and imitates a person who approaches and copes with feared objects or situations?
modeling
After surviving a horrific car accident, Jesus has experienced intense fear and avoids driving a car. He most likely is suffering from __________.
posttraumatic stress disorder
According to which theory, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences and the inborn tendency to acquire language?
psycholinguistic theory
According to Selye's theory, if the alarm reaction mobilizes the body and the related stressor is not removed, which stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?
resistance
In collectivist cultures that stress interdependence, such as Asian cultures, people are more likely to attribute another person's behavior to that person's ________.
social roles and obligations
Jessica wants to find out how many people believe in UFOs. She develops a questionnaire on this topic and sends it out to a large sample of people. Jessica is conducting a(n):
survey
Which of the following statements is true of somatoform disorders?
tendencies toward
A number of people with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations that sever the ________.
the corpus callosum
Behavior-therapy methods for reducing fears include ________.
virtual therapy
In cognitive-dissonance theory, the tendency of people to seek explanations for their own behavior in such a way that unpleasant undertakings seem worth it, as seen in the famous Festinger study, is called ________.
Book
Females are more likely than males to behave aggressively because males empathize with the victim.
False
In operant conditioning, voluntary responses cannot be conditioned.
False
Most parents suffer from empty-nest syndrome when their youngest child leaves home.
False
Which of the following is an advantage of group therapy used by psychotherapists?
It allows the therapist to work with several clients at once.
Which of the following statements is true about a schema?
It is a way of mentally representing the world, which can influence perceptions.
Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold?
It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found.
Which of the following statements best defines meditation?
It refers to various ways of focusing one's consciousness to alter one's relationship to the world.
Miley is attracted to people of all gender identities. Which term best describes Miley's romantic interests?
Pansexual
It's normal for adolescents to see themselves as the center of attention and assume that other people are also preoccupied with their appearance and behavior. This is termed an imaginary audience.
True
Researchers historically agreed on four primary taste qualities: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.
True
According to Ainsworth, when an infant exhibits minimal distressed by their mother's departure, play by themselves without fuss, and ignore their mothers when they return, they are showing signs of which type of attachment?
avoidant attachment
Since 15 percent of a university is comprised of Asian-American students, a sample for a study was chosen in such a way that it, too, consisted of 15 percent Asian Americans. This kind of sample would be an example of a ________.
crowd sample
Lisa is a single parent of three children. Every day, she cooks, prepares her children for school, and takes care of the household. She also has a demanding job that she does not like, but cannot quit as she is concerned about meeting the household expenses. Lisa's condition best exemplifies ________.
daily hassles
Schizophrenia is characterized by ___________.
disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood
Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of ________
dopamine
Which type of cells remove dead neurons and for myelin to support living neurons?
glial cells
Excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights describe which of the following?
specific phobias
According to your text, if you are American you are most likely stressed about ________.
the future of the nation
Another term for modeling is ____________________.
observational learning
Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease?
overeating
Which best characterizes Howard Gardner's view of intelligence?
"There are multiple intelligences which are influenced by different areas in the brain."
What type of persuasive communication if exemplified with the fact that women who are warned of the dire risk they run if they fail to be screened for breast cancer are more likely to obtain mammograms than women who are informed of the benefits of mammography?
Book
Ivan Pavlov proved that reflexes cannot be learned by association.
False
The human ability to store information is limited.
False
Asha has a fear of darkness. To extinguish this fear, she is placed in a dark room ensuring that she suffers no harm in the process. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce Asha's fear of the dark?
Flooding
Kevin is in the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued.
Which of the following is a drawback of case studies?
Interviewers may influence participants to give responses that suit their expectations.
Which of the following statements is true about retroactive interference?
It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.
The Gestalt rule of perception that causes us to 'fill in the blanks' in our minds and perceive images as complete, even if we can't see the entire object is called ____________.
closure
As it relates to attitude formation, which perspective proposed that we are motivated to understand the environment so that they can make predictions and exercise some control over it while also having the ability to change our attitudes when new information is presented?
cognitive appraisal
In client-centered therapy, which of these refers to the recognition of a client's experiences and feelings?
empathy
Ivan is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this scenario, Ivan's payment is based on the ________.
fixed-interval schedule
Erica is part of a research group that is studying a group of software executives. She is trying to determine the relationship between workplace stress and cancer. As part of the same study, she also advises her subjects on ways to counter workplace stress. Erica is most likely a ________.
health psychologist
Knowing how to play a piano without much conscious effort illustrates ________.
implicit memory
Explicit memory is:
information that can be clearly stated.
The ________ refers to the smallest possible stimulus that can be detected half the time, or the minimum level of stimuli that we can detect.
just noticeable difference
Despite being blind, Sanjay has never had a problem with performing day-to-day activities. He has been able to accurately judge the position and motion of his body parts, and thus, he is able to perform activities such as walking and eating quite normally. Which of the following senses is illustrated in the scenario?
kinesthesis
In the manic phase of bipolar disorder, a person may ____________.
make huge contributions
People with mood disorders:
may become severely depressed when things are going well or when they encounter mildly upsetting events.
Max's three-year-old typically says things like, "I seed it" and "Mommy sitted down." These examples illustrate ________.
overregularization
Nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall are ____________.
paired associates
In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called __________.
self-actualization
Which technique is associated with client-centered therapy?
unconditioned positive regard
Your friend Adelina tells you that she is red-green color blind. This means that she sees things in ________.
all colors except either red or green
Which of the following statements about punishment is TRUE?
Punishment is not another term for negative reinforcement.
What is the primary difference between reinforcement and punishment?
Reinforcement involves presenting a stimulus and punishment involves removing a stimulus.
Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research?
The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect.
Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking are all deep sleep disorders that occur during deep (stage 3 or 4) sleep.
True
When your instructor turns off the light in the classroom in order to make the PowerPoint slides easier to see, it may look like the projector suddenly got more powerful. You know that the appearance hasn't actually changed due to which concept?
brightness constancy
Which of these minimizes leakage of the electrical current being carried along the axon, thereby allowing messages to be conducted more efficiently?
myelin sheath
Which of the following theories proposed that there are three types of color receptors, but they are not sensitive only to red, green, and blue?
the opponent-process theory
According to Piaget's stages of development, when children are in the concrete operational stage, they are more egocentric than when they are in the preoperational stage.
False
According to the general adaptation syndrome, in the resistance stage, levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity are higher than in the alarm reaction stage.
False
Among adolescents, your text discusses several contributing factors to suicide behavior, including participation in athletic activities.
False
Response set theory suggests that you can be hypnotized against your will.
False
Studies generally suggest that the heritability of intelligence is less than 20%.
False
The attraction-similarity hypothesis states that people with opposite natures find each other attractive.
False
Unlike babbling, crying and cooing are inborn and prelinguistic.
False
With age, there are very large declines in memory function, and these changes can never be reversed.
False
According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego?
It begins to develop during the first year of life.
Which of the following is true of the attraction-similarity hypothesis?
It theorizes that reciprocity is a powerful determinant of attraction.
Who was the founder of behaviorism?
John B. Watson
In the context of pain, which of the following statements is true?
Pain is usually sharpest where nerve endings are densely packed.
According to cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following is true of people?
People try to eliminate inconsistencies or discrepancies in information.
Under which category do memories of past events, activities, and learning experiences, as shown by explicit and implicit memories, fall under?
Retrospective memory
Which of the following is true of stereotyping?
Stereotypes about physically attractive people are positive.
Prior to conditioning, Kofi salivates in response to lasagna being placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, which is the correct labeling of stimuli and responses in this situation?
The food is the unconditioned stimulus; Kofi salivating is the unconditioned response.
According to Robert Sternberg, there are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.
True
All prejudices involve stereotyping but not all stereotypes lead to prejudices.
True
As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined.
True
By the end of the first trimester of fetal development during pregnancy, formation of all the major organ systems is complete.
True
If you have an internal locus of control, it means you feel you have control over the direction of your life.
True
Sheryl is suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Her doctor prescribes her a drug. Which of the following drugs is she most likely taking?
an antidepressant
The part of a neuron that extends like a trunk from the cell body is called a ________.
axon
Ophelia is 51-years-old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety. Since Ophelia is in middle adulthood, what is she most likely experiencing?
climacteric phase
Which aspect of attraction and love involves making the decision to enhance and maintain the relationship?
commitment
Which of the following is one of the three components in Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love?
commitment
Delmar believes that he has been sent to earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to a female is doomed to be a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are absurd. Delmar's behavior best exemplifies _________.
delusions
What is the term for a hostile behavior directed against groups toward whom one is prejudiced?
discrimination
Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?
germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage
Riley is obsessed with collecting chocolate wrappers. He pick up wrappers from the road and stacks them at his house. Over the years, these wrappers have piled up to such an extent that Riley is left with only a narrow pathway that leads from the entrance of his house to his bedroom. Although Riley has been advised by many to get rid of the clutter, he refuses to do so. Riley is most likely suffering from __________.
hoarding disorder
Some animals become attached to the first moving object they encounter. The formation of an attachment in this manner is therefore called __________.
imprinting
Lim, a 26-year-old man, often falls asleep suddenly. During these sleep attacks, he falls asleep for around 15 minutes and wakes up feeling refreshed. He also hallucinates that a person is sitting on his chest. In this scenario, Lim is likely suffering from _________
narcolepsy
Extreme, irrational fears of objects and situations, such as hypodermic needles and public speaking are examples of __________.
phobias
Which disorder typically follows an upsetting event outside the range of normal human experience and is characterized by features such as intense fear and avoidance?
posttraumatic stress disorder
In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a _________.
random amount of time has passed
The stage of sleep that is thought to help with learning, and which becomes more frequent toward morning is called __________ sleep.
rapid eye movement
According to Freud, the ego is guided by the ___________.
reality principle
Which hue has the longest wavelength?
red
In the context of operant conditioning, when you keep posting comments in social media to receive more "likes," this is an example of _________.
reinforcement
After telling the police officer everything he could recall about when they went into the bank, Desi got to the point that he no longer could recall any more information. At that point, Desi was most likely experiencing ____________.
retrieval cue failure
Alexi wants to be physically fit. As he cannot workout effectively at his home, he goes to a gym with his friends. At the gym, he works out better when his friends work out along with him. In the context of group behavior, this is the result of ________.
social facilitation
Katherine is terrified of dogs. To help alleviate her fear, her therapist first teaches her how to relax her muscles. Next, the therapist uses virtual therapy to expose Katherine to different dogs and asks her to stay relaxed. Which of the following is the basis for the virtual therapy used by Katherine's therapist?
systematic desensitization
Which midbrain structure acts as relay station for sensory information?
thalamus
Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?
the exhaustion stage
According to the representativeness heuristic, people make judgments about events according to ________.
the populations of events that they appear to depict
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
money
Which of the following statements is true of aggression?
Electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals.
What role does the somatic nervous system play?
It transmits messages about sights, sounds, smells, and so on, to the central nervous system.
The difference between sensation and perception is that sensation, or the stimulation of our senses, is an automated process resulting from sources of energy (light and sound) or the presence of chemicals (as in taste and smell), while perception is an active process in which sensations are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world.
True
The anchoring and adjustment heuristic is a decision-making heuristic in which ________.
a presumption or first estimate serves as a cognitive bias
The best individuals for hypnosis are people who ________.
are prone to fantasy
Which model or perspective of conversion disorders holds that people with the condition are susceptible to being hypnotized?
biopsychosocial perspective
The variable in a research study that is manipulated by the researcher in order to determine its effects on other variables is called the _______________ variable.
independent
Ava, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating ________.
infinite creativity
Salma angrily tells her therapist, John, "I should have won the beauty contest. It is not fair." John confronts Salma's belief by asking, "Wasn't the winner more talented and articulate than you?" John is most likely using ________.
rational emotive behavior therapy
A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep is called _______.
sleep apnea
According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage of intimacy versus isolation is associated with which stage of life?
young adulthood
A person who is colorblind is most likely what?
Male
During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which of the following tends to inhibit activity?
Neurotransmitters
Which of the following statements is true of stimulants?
They increase the activity of the nervous system.
Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?
They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed.
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, achievement, prestige, and status are included under esteem needs.
True
In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response.
True
Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on _________.
Western cultural prejudice
Concerning dissociative identity disorders, which of the following is inaccurate about their identities?
The identities must not be aware of the others.