CA Midterm 2

Three questions to ask in judging their reliability

1. Are the stats representative? 2. Are statistical measures used correctly? 3. Are the statistics from a reliable source?

5 Steps in Monroe's

1. Attention- first gain the attention of your audience by using one or more attention getting methods; such as, making a startling statement, posing a question, telling a story, showing the importance of the topic, relating to the audience, etc. 2. Need- make the audience feel the need for a change, show there is a serious problem with the existing situation, make the listeners feel concerned about the topic 3. Satisfaction- after arousing a sense of need, provide a solution to the problem 4. Visualization- intensify desire for the solution by having the audience visualize its benefits, use vivid imagery to show listeners how they will profit from your policy 4. Action- once the audience is convinced of the benefits, you are ready to call for action, tell the audience what you want them to do and how you want them to do it, reinforce the commitment to act

List the four key reasons listeners are persuaded by speakers

1. Because they perceive the speaker as having high credibility 2. Because they are won over by the speaker's evidence 3. Because they are convinced by the speaker's reasoning 4. Because their emotions are touched by the speaker's ideas or language

List and differentiate among the three types of examples

1. Brief example- a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point 2. Extended example- a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point 3. Hypothetical example- an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

The two major factors that affect credibility

1. Character- how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience 2. Competence- how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise and knowledge of the subject

Three ways a speaker can enhance credibility

1. Explain your competence 2. Establish common ground with your audience 3. Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction

Three types of credibility

1. Initial- credibility of a speaker before he/she starts to speak, first impression of speaker 2. Derived- credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during a speech 3. Terminal- credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech, the take away and what the audience will remember

Explain the proper use of testimony in a speech

1. Quote or paraphrase accurately 2. Use testimony from qualified sources 3. Use testimony from unbiased sources 4. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase By using testimony in your speeches, you can give your ideas greater strength and impact. Audiences tend to respect the opinions of people who have special knowledge or experience on a topic

Identify, apply, and evaluate the use of the four basic methods of reasoning

1. Reasoning from specific instances- reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion 2. Reasoning from principles- reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion 3. Causal reasoning- reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects 4. Analogical reasoning- reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second. Reasoning is the process of drawing a conclusion based on evidence, you must make sure your reasoning is strong and sound and you must try to get your audience to agree with your reasoning.

Describe three methods a speaker can use to generate emotional appeal

1. Use emotional language 2. Develop vivid examples, use imagery 3. Speak with sincerity and conviction

What strategies should a speaker follow to use evidence effectively

1. Use specific evidence 2. Use novel evidence (new) 3. Use evidence from credible sources 4. Make clear the point of your evidence

Discuss the use of statistics

1. Use statistics to quantify your ideas 2. Use them sparingly, don't overwhelm the audience with math 3. Identify sources of your stats 4. Explain your stats and why they are important to your case 5. Round off complicated stats 6. Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

Identification

A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences

Questions of fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion, can be answered with absolute certainty, answers are either right or wrong, speaker of these types of speeches acts as an advocate for or against a certain issue, try not to be impartial but present it as persuasively as possible, organized topically

Questions of value

A question about the worth, rightness, or morality of an idea or action, must justify your claims and argue why your values are the way they are. Must establish base lines such as "what is the best mode of transportation", do this by establishing what transportation is and why bike riding is the best form (cheap, easy, good exercise), organized topically, first establish your main point by listing the standards of your judgment and the second main point is applying those standards to your subject

Questions of policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken, you are seeking some form of action from your audience, go beyond fact and value and establish what should or should not be done, uses the word "should" in question!

Passive agreement

A speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy, you don't encourage the audience to act in support of the policy, you just want their support

Immediate action

A speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

Identify the major demographic and situational traits of audiences

Demographic: 1. Age 2. Gender 3. Religion 4. Ethnicity and cultural background 5. Sexual orientation 6. Group membership Situational: 1. Size 2. Physical setting 3. Disposition towards topic: a. Interest b. Attitudes c. Knowledge 4. Disposition towards the speaker 5. Disposition towards the occasion

Discuss the role of emotional appeals in persuasive speeches

Emotional appeals (pathos-emotion), are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, happy, proud, afraid, sympathetic, reverent, or guilty Using these will get the audience to back your topic more ad support your case.

Identify and describe the eight major logical fallacies which speakers should guard against

Fallacy- an error in reasoning 1. Hasty generalization- a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence 2. False cause-a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second 3. Invalid analogy- an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike 4. Bandwagon- assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore correct, good, or desirable 5. Red herring- introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion 6. Ad hominem- attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute 7. Either-or- forces the listener to chose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist 8. Slippery slope- assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented 9. Appeal to tradition- assumes that because something is old it is better than something new 10. Appeal to novelty- assumes that because something is new it is better than something old

Why do persuasive speakers need to use evidence

In order to get audience backing, especially if they are skeptics towards a certain topic, you use evidence to enhance your views and ideas. This will enhance your credibility and give the audience more reasons to support your idea.

Explain the difference between an informative speech and persuasive speech

Informative- a speech designed to convey knowledge and information Persuasive- a process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

Practicality of Monroe's sequence

More detailed than problem solution order, follows the process of human thinking, leads the listener to a step by step action plan, use this method when you want an audience to take action

Explain the basic issue of need, plan, and practicality and their importance in persuasive speeches on question of poilcy

Need-the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy? Burden of proof- the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary Plan- does the speaker have a plan to fix the problem? Practicality- does the plan seem practical or do-able. will it solve the problem or create more/ new problems? These ideas are key to the success of a speech. In order to get audience backing, your solution needs to follow these guidelines. Whenever you advocate for a new policy, you must demonstrate that this solution is workable, listeners usually want some assurance that a speaker's plan will actually solve the problem.

Monroe's motivated sequence

Organization method that uses five steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action

Explain the difference between passive agreement and immediate action as goals for persuasive speeches on questions of policy

Passive agreement is a speech in which you want the audience to back your policy but you don't necessarily want them to take action for it; you are merely telling them your view. In an immediate action speech, you want the audience to feel moved enough to take action in support of your policy. You want them to ACT!!

Explain why speakers must be audience-centered

Persuasive speaking is designed to gain a desired response from listeners. You do this by keeping the audience in mind at every step of the speech making process, you topics and solutions should be designed to benefit the audience and not just yourself. Think about your audiences backgrounds and their values, their attitudes regarding a topic, and their interests in such a topic. 1. To whom as I speaking? 2. What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? 3. What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish my aim?

Discuss the four methods of organization used in persuasive speeches on questions of policy

Problem-solution order- the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem Problem-cause-solution order- the first main point deals with the existence of a problem, the second main point deals with the causes of the problem, and the third main point deals with a solution to the problem Comparative advantage order- each main point explains why the speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions (the audience already knows that a problem exists) Monroe's motivated sequence- seek immediate action. Use five steps

Define, identify, and give examples of question of fact, value, and policy (give an example of a specific purpose statement)

Question of fact- a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion, speaker acts as an advocate, draw conclusions from known facts and convert listeners to his/her point of view Question of value- a question about the worth, rightfulness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action, organized topically, must make sure to justify your judgment against some identifiable standards Question of policy- a question about whether a specific course of action should or shouldn't be taken, you goal is to gain passive agreement or to motivate immediate action, discussed through a need, a plan, and a created policy

Discuss testimony

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

Explain how to use examples effectively in a speech

Research shows that examples have a strong impact on listeners' beliefs and actions 1. Use examples to clarify your ideas 2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas 3. Use them to personalize your ideas 4. Make your examples vivid and richly textured 5. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

Discuss evidence, what is it

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something, consists of examples, stats, and testimony, if you wish to persuade an audience to support your case or change their views on a topic, you must use supporting evidence in order to enhance your credibility

Explain the concept of the target audience and its role in persuasive speaking

Target audience is the portion of the whole audience that the speaker wants to persuade. This is the part of the audience that you know you will be able to persuade. In an audience, there are already people who are for or firmly against your idea. These people do not need persuading because you will most likely not be able to persuade them. Your goal in persuasive speaking is to reach out to this part of the audience that is undecided.

Egocentric

Tendency for a speaker to be centered around their own personal beliefs, morals, and values, and not respectful of the values of others. They are concerned above all about their own well-being

Peer testimony

Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on the topic

Expert testimony

Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

Describe credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing credibility are character and competence

Explain what it means to say that audiences engage in a mental dialogue with speakers

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech (the possible questions that the audience may raise), you must anticipate possible objections the audience will raise to your point of view and answer them in your speech. Must deal with skepticism in order to convert skeptics.

Burden of proof

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary, this issue rests with the speaker who advocates for change

Explain why speaking to persuade is especially challenging

You have to deal with controversial topics that touch on listener's basic attitudes, values, and beliefs. You must persuade and move an audience to accept your case, which may go against your listener's values. You must tailor your message well to fit their beliefs