Cancer & Sickle-Cell Unit Test

What happens during anaphase?

1. The two centromeres of each chromosome come apart, separating the sister chromatids. 2. The spindle fibers pull apart the chromatids to form two nucleus of the cells.

Growth factors work as signaling molecules. When they bind to receptors on target cells, they function to

Activate proto-oncogenes, stimulating cell division.

Variations in genes are called _____. Examples of these variations include eye color. There are blue eyes, green eyes, brown eyes, and several combinations of these.

Alleles

What causes mutations in the body?

Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

What happens during metaphase?

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

What happens during telophase?

Chromosomes uncoil, spindle microtubules break down, nuclear envelope reforms.

What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides into the new strand?

DNA polymerase

Sickle-cell disease results in misshapen red blood cells. What impact does this have on their ability to carry oxygen in the bloodstream?

It reduces their ability to carry oxygen, resulting in anemia.

There are three major parts within each DNA nucleotide. Of these three, which is responsible for the storage of genetic information?

Its four nitrogen bases

What are the two major parts of the cell Cycle?

M phase and Interphase

What most accurately describes how sickle-cell disease impacts the body?

Red blood cells clump up, blocking capillaries within the alveoli, resulting in acute chest syndrome, marked by pain, fever, and shortness of breath.

Duplicated chromosomes result in two sister chromatids that are held together by a centromere. Which of the following statements best describes the location of genes along these sister chromatids?

Sister chromatids have identical alleles that are located in the same place along each sister chromatid.

Mendel crossed pea plants dominant for two different traits (tall and green pods) with pea plants recessive for those same two traits (short and yellow pods). This cross resulted in pea plants that had combinations of all four traits (tall with green pods, tall with yellow pods, short with green pods, and short with yellow pods). Which law of inheritance best describes why this happens?

The law of independent assortment

how do alkylating agents work as chemotherapy?

They work to prevent the cell from replicating its genetic material, preventing cell division.

T/F Mitosis stops if chromosomes are not properly aligned.

True

During gene therapy, bone marrow stem cells are removed from the individual. What must happen to those cells before they are injected back into the individual?

Viruses act as vectors to carry the normal gene into the genome of the stem cells.

What happens in prophase?

a cell's genetic material condenses, a spindle starts to form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down

The following list describes ways that CRISPR may be used to treat cancer. Which of the following describes immunotherapy instead of CRISPR therapy?

a. Mutated proto-oncogenes may have their previous function restored, allowing normal regulation of cell division. b. Cancer causing mutations within cells may be corrected, preventing cancer from occurring. c. Cytotoxic T cells may be stimulated, creating an immune response against cancer cells and shrinking tumors. d. Mutated tumor-suppressor genes may have their previous function restored, allowing normal regulation of cell division.

Angiogenesis contributes to carcinogenesis because it____

causes blood vessels to grow into the tumor

Although cancer may originate in many regions of the body, many patients die from cancerous growth in the lungs, lymph glands, or liver. This is most readily explained as

metastasis occurring more commonly in organs that have a filter effect.

Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their

rate of cell division

Meiosis is different from mitosis in that meiosis

results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse, whereas mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.

During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using a RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?

tRNA