Cancer Grading, Stages and Treatment

N1 to N_) reflects the extent to which a cancer has spread to lymph nodes (and how many it's spread to).

3

___ _____ staging is used to classify lymphomas.

Ann Arbor

The Breslow scale and ______'_ _____ are both used to classify melanomas.

Clark's level

Dukes classification is used to classify _____ cancer.

Colon

Cancer can be graded using the following tumour grades: -__ (Grade cannot be determined) -Grade 1 (Cancer cells resemble normal tissue, are growing/dividing slowly and are well-differentiated) -Grade 2 (Cancer cells don't resemble normal tissue and are growing/dividing faster than normal cells) -Grade 3 (Cancer cells look very abnormal and poorly differentiated and may be growing/dividing rapidly) -Grade 4 (Cancer cells look very abnormal and undifferentiated and may be growing/dividing rapidly)

GX

The following are the stages of cancer spread: -Stage 1 = Locally confined to the organ of origin -Stage 2 = Cancer has _____ but hasn't spread -Stage 3 = Cancer has spread to lymph nodes and/or surrounding tissues -Stage 4 = Cancer has spread to at least one other organ

Grown

__ indicates that the metastasis of a cancer cannot be evaluated.

MX

The Breslow scale and Clark's level are both used to classify __________.

Melanoma(s)

The histologic grade and _______ grade of a tumour/cancer determine the cancer's tumour grade.

Nuclear

The nuclear grade of cancer refers to the size and shape of the ______ of dividing or growing tumour cells in comparison to normal cells.

Nuclei

The following are the stages of cancer spread: -Stage 1 = Locally confined to the organ of origin -Stage 2 = Cancer has grown but hasn't spread -Stage 3 = Cancer has spread to lymph nodes and/or surrounding tissues -Stage 4 = Cancer has spread to at least ___ other organ

One

The following are the stages of cancer spread: -Stage 1 = Locally confined to the _____ of origin -Stage 2 = Cancer has grown but hasn't spread -Stage 3 = Cancer has spread to lymph nodes and/or surrounding tissues -Stage 4 = Cancer has spread to at least one other organ

Organ

The following are the stages of cancer spread: -Stage 1 = Locally confined to the organ of origin -Stage 2 = Cancer has grown but hasn't spread -Stage 3 = Cancer has spread to lymph nodes and/or surrounding tissues -Stage 4 = Cancer has spread to at least one other _____

Organ

_____________ using ionising radiation to damage the DNA of targeted (cancer) cells in order to prevent their growth and replication and to initiate their destruction.

Radiotherapy

The TNM model of cancer grading has been widely accepted: T = ____/extent of tumour N = Extent of the spread to the lymph nodes M = Presence of metastasis (spread to different parts of the body)

Size

The nuclear grade of cancer refers to the ____ and shape of the nuclei of dividing or growing tumour cells in comparison to normal cells.

Size

__ means that the size of a tumour cannot be evaluated.

TX

The following are the stages of cancer spread: -Stage 1 = Locally confined to the organ of origin -Stage 2 = Cancer has grown but hasn't spread -Stage 3 = Cancer has spread to lymph nodes and/or surrounding _______ -Stage 4 = Cancer has spread to at least one other organ

Tissue(s)

Cancer can be graded using the following ______ grades: -GX (Grade cannot be determined) -Grade 1 (Cancer cells resemble normal tissue, are growing/dividing slowly and are well-differentiated) -Grade 2 (Cancer cells don't resemble normal tissue and are growing/dividing faster than normal cells) -Grade 3 (Cancer cells look very abnormal and poorly differentiated and may be growing/dividing rapidly) -Grade 4 (Cancer cells look very abnormal and undifferentiated and may be growing/dividing rapidly)

Tumour

The histologic grade and nuclear grade of a tumour/cancer determine the cancer's ______ grade.

Tumour

Cancer can be graded using the following tumour grades: -GX (Grade cannot be determined) -Grade 1 (Cancer cells resemble normal tissue, are growing/dividing slowly and are well-differentiated) -Grade 2 (Cancer cells don't resemble normal tissue and are growing/dividing faster than normal cells) -Grade 3 (Cancer cells look very abnormal and poorly differentiated and may be growing/dividing rapidly) -Grade 4 (Cancer cells look very abnormal and ________________ and may be growing/dividing rapidly)

Undifferentiated

Cancer can be graded using the following tumour grades: -GX (Grade cannot be determined) -Grade 1 (Cancer cells resemble normal tissue, are growing/dividing slowly and are ____-______________) -Grade 2 (Cancer cells don't resemble normal tissue and are growing/dividing faster than normal cells) -Grade 3 (Cancer cells look very abnormal and poorly differentiated and may be growing/dividing rapidly) -Grade 4 (Cancer cells look very abnormal and undifferentiated and may be growing/dividing rapidly)

Well-differentiated

Does chemotherapy affect normal (non-cancer) cells?

Yes

T1 to T_ reflects the size of a tumour.

4

In ______ cancer, sentinel nodes can be removed (via surgery) as these are the first lymph nodes which breast cancer usually spreads to. This can improve the prognosis of a patient.

Breast

The _______ _____ and Clark's level are both used to classify melanomas.

Breslow scale

Tis indicates there is a _________ in situ (it has not spread).

Carcinoma

____________ is the use of non-selective cytotoxic drugs which target cellular machinery and pathways in order to inhibit cell growth and replication. This applies to both non-cancer and cancer cells.

Chemotherapy

_________ surgery can be undertaken to remove most of a tumour.

Debulking

_____ ______________ is used to classify colon cancer.

Dukes classification

The __________ grade and nuclear grade of a tumour/cancer determine the cancer's tumour grade.

Histologic

The __________ grade of cancer is refers to resemblance of tumour cells in comparison to normal cells.

Histologic

Cancer _____________ is when medication is taken to make the immune system to prevent, control, and eliminate cancer.

Immunotherapy

In breast cancer, sentinel nodes can be removed (via surgery) as these are the first _____ nodes which breast cancer usually spreads to. This can improve the prognosis of a patient.

Lymph

The TNM model of cancer grading has been widely accepted: T = Size/extent of tumour N = Extent of the spread to the _____ _____ M = Presence of metastasis (spread to different parts of the body)

Lymph nodes

The following are the stages of cancer spread: -Stage 1 = Locally confined to the organ of origin -Stage 2 = Cancer has grown but hasn't spread -Stage 3 = Cancer has spread to _____ _____ and/or surrounding tissues -Stage 4 = Cancer has spread to at least one other organ

Lymph nodes

Ann Arbor staging is used to classify _________.

Lymphomas

__ indicates that a cancer has not directly metastasised.

M0

__ indicates that a cancer has directly metastasised (spread to other parts of the body).

M1

The TNM model of cancer grading has been widely accepted: T = Size/extent of tumour N = Extent of the spread to the lymph nodes M = Presence of __________ (spread to different parts of the body)

Metastasis

__ indicates that a cancer has not spread to regional lymph nodes.

N0

NX means that the spread of a cancer to lymph nodes cannot be evaluated.

NX

Does radiotherapy affect normal (non-cancer) cells?

No

The _______ grade of cancer refers to the size and shape of the nuclei of dividing or growing tumour cells in comparison to normal cells.

Nuclear

__________ surgery is surgical intervention targeted to make a patient's symptoms less severe and consequently make the patient's quality of life better despite negligible impact on the patient's survival.

Palliative

In breast cancer, ________ nodes can be removed (via surgery) as these are the first lymph nodes which ______ cancer usually spreads to. This can improve the prognosis of a patient.

Sentinel

The nuclear grade of cancer refers to the size and _____ of the nuclei of dividing or growing tumour cells in comparison to normal cells.

Shape

The following are the stages of cancer spread: -Stage 1 = Locally confined to the organ of origin -Stage 2 = Cancer has grown but hasn't ______ -Stage 3 = Cancer has spread to lymph nodes and/or surrounding tissues -Stage 4 = Cancer has spread to at least one other organ

Spread

Palliative surgery is surgical intervention targeted to make a patient's symptoms less severe and consequently make the patient's quality of life better despite negligible impact on the patient's ________.

Survival

Palliative surgery is surgical intervention targeted to make a patient's ________ less severe and consequently make the patient's quality of life better despite negligible impact on the patient's survival.

Symptoms

__ indicates that there is no evidence of a primary tumour being present.

T0

The ___ model of cancer grading has been widely accepted: T = Size/extent of tumour N = Extent of the spread to the lymph nodes M = Presence of metastasis (spread to different parts of the body)

TNM

___ indicates there is a carcinoma in situ (it has not spread).

Tis

The nuclear grade of cancer refers to the size and shape of the nuclei of dividing or growing ______ cells in comparison to normal cells.

Tumour