Cardiovascular system
1. The lining of the inner walls of the heart's chambers is termed the: a. visceral pericardium b. serous pericardium c. epicardium d. myocardium e. endocardium
Endocardium
_____ diastole is when the atria contract and another 20% of blood flows. This function is important during times of increased activity when the diastolic filling time is _______.
Late decreased
38. In a normal ECG/EKG, atrial depolarization occurs during the: a. P wave b. QRS complex c. T wave d. P-Q interval e. S-T segment
P wave
2. The outermost layer of the heart's serous pericardium is termed the: a. visceral pericardium b. parietal pericardium c. epicardium d. myocardium e. endocardium
Parietal pericardium
4. The heart's electrical conduction network found within the ventricular myocardium is termed the: a. sinoatrial node b. atrioventricular node c. bundle of His/atrioventricular bundle d. left and right bundle branches e. Purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers
30. On a normal ECG/EKG, atrial repolarization occurs during the: a. P wave b. QRS complex c. T wave d. P-Q interval e. S-T segment
QRS complex
31. On a normal ECG/EKG, ventricular depolarization occurs during the: a. P wave b. QRS complex c. T wave d. P-Q interval e. S-T segment
QRS complex
3. The heart's natural pacemaker is termed the: a. sinoatrial node b. atrioventricular node c. bundle of His/atrioventricular bundle d. left and right bundle branches e. Purkinje fibers
Sinoatrial node
39. On a normal ECG/EKG, ventricular repolarization occurs during the: a. P wave b. QRS complex c. T wave d. P-Q interval e. S-T segment
T wave
What are the four phases of the cardiac cycle?
The filling phase, isovolemic contraction, ejection phase and isovolumic relaxation.
53. A heart rate of 90 bpm (beats per minute) means the duration of one cardiac cycle is about _____ seconds. a. 0.67 b. 1.0 c. 1.5 d. there is not enough data given to determine an answer
0.67
70% of blood flows during the first ____ of systole, which is the period of _______. The remaining 30% of blood flows during the next _____, which is called the period of _____ ejection.
1/3rd rapid ejection 2/3rd slow
43. What is the pulse pressure of a person who has an arterial blood pressure of 160/100 mmHg: a. 160 b. 100 c. 130 d. 60
60
47.Sympathetic stimulation to the heart's natural pacemaker normally results in: a. a faster heart rate b. a greater force of myocardial contraction c. both choices (a) and (b) are correct d. the heart's natural pacemaker is not influenced by sympathetic stimulation
a faster heart rate
49. Following a motor vehicle accident, a large loss of blood will initially cause: a. a lowered BP due to a decreased cardiac output b. a higher BP due to an increased stroke volume c. no change in BP but a slower heart rate d. no change in BP but an increased respiration rate
a lowered BP due to a decreased cardiac output
18. Which of the following statements about the movement of materials at the 'systemic' capillary level is CORRECT? a. oxygen is actively transported up its concentration gradient b. waste products such as CO2 follow the same general pathway as O2 c. CO2 moves from its site of production into the interstitial fluid d. if capillary blood osmotic pressure is much greater than interstitial fluid osmotic pressure, tissue edema will likely result
CO2 moves from its site of production into the interstitial fluid
8. Which of the following statements best describes arteries? a. all arteries carry oxygenated blood towards the heart b. all arteries contain valves to prevent the back-flow of blood c. all arteries carry blood away from the heart d. only large arteries are lined with endothelium
all arteries carry blood away from the heart
44.Where in the body does blood flow travel the fastest? a. capillaries b. cerebral arteries c. coronary arteries d. aorta
aorta
56. Which blood vessel receives blood from the left ventricle during systole? a. superior vena cava b. pulmonary trunk c. aorta d. pulmonary veins
aorta
23. Closing of the _______ normally prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle: a. tricuspid atrioventricular valve b. bicuspid/mitral atrioventricular valve c. ileocecal valve d. pulmonary semilunar valve e. aortic semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve
32. Chordae tendineae: a. arise from papillary muscles in the ventricles b. attach to the undersurface of the semilunar valves c. get pulled taught immediately prior to ventricular systole d. remain slack to allow the normal retrograde flow of coronary blood
arise from papillary muscles in the ventricles
37. These structures are the major determinants of vascular resistance (where resistance to blood flow is greatest): a. arteries b. arterioles c. capillaries d. venules e. veins
arterioles
62.Which of the following statements about heart valves is CORRECT? a. the bicuspid/mitral valve is intermediate to the right atrium and right ventricle b. the tricuspid valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle c. semilunar valves regulate the flow of blood into the heart d. atrioventricular valves are anchored by chordae tendineae to help prevent retrograde movement into the atria during ventricular systole
atrioventricular valves are anchored by chordae tendineae to help prevent retrograde movement into the atria during ventricular systole
21. Blood leaving the left atrium normally immediately flows through the: a. tricuspid atrioventricular valve b. bicuspid/mitral atrioventricular valve c. ileocecal valve d. pulmonary semilunar valve e. aortic semilunar valve
bicuspid/mitral atrioventricular valve
7. The exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues is a major function of: a. arterioles b. arteries c. capillaries d. veins
capillaries
9. Immediately following strenuous and vigorous exercise, which of the following is most likely to occur? a. blood will be rapidly diverted to the digestive organs b. the skin will be cold and clammy c. capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood
capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood
12. The pulmonary veins: a. carry oxygenated blood away from the heart b. carry oxygenated blood towards the heart c. carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart d. carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
carry oxygenated blood towards the heart
Diastolic filling decrease could be caused by an increase in heart rate or heart disease. The ventricles are now full. All the valves are _____.
closed
During isovolumic relaxation, all the valves are _____
closed
During the period of isovolumic relaxation, all of the valves are _____ and the ventricles start _____.
closed relaxing
48. The normal heart sounds (lub and dup) are produced by which of the following events? a. sympathetic stimulation of the sinoatrial node b. closure of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves c. friction of blood flowing against the chamber walls d. ventricular systole
closure of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves
40. Papillary muscles of the heart: a. contract to pull the atrioventricular valves shut just prior to systole b. contract to pull the atrioventricular valves open during diastole c. contract to hold the atrioventricular valves shut during systole d. contract to hold the atrioventricular valves open during systole
contract to hold the atrioventricular valves shut during systole
50.The left ventricle's myocardium is thicker than the right ventricle's myocardium in order to: a. accommodate a greater volume of blood b. increase the size of the thoracic cavity during diastole c. contract with a greater pressure d. force blood through a smaller semilunar valve
contract with a greater pressure
66. The coronary vessel external to the heart that empties blood into the right atrium is the: a. superior vena cava b. inferior vena cava c. coronary sinus d. all of the above choices (a, b and c) are correct
coronary sinus
69. An excessively shortened PR-interval can have this effect on cardiac output (CO): a. decrease CO because it reduces ventricular contraction time b. decrease CO because it reduces ventricular fill time c. increase CO because it increases force of ventricular contraction d. increase CO because it increases end-diastolic volume
decrease CO because it reduces ventricular fill time
70. Increase in afterload in the aorta can have what affect on cardiac output (CO): a. increase CO because of increased blood pressure and blood volume b. increase CO because of increased elastic recoil of the aorta c. decrease CO because of increased backpressure opposing ventricular ejection of blood d. decrease CO because of increased hydrostatic pressure and increased stroke volume
decrease CO because of increased backpressure opposing ventricular ejection of blood
34. A long-term hypertensive person, whose BP is 200/120 mm Hg, is in risk of developing all of the following changes, EXCEPT: a. increased workload of the left ventricle b. increased risk of coronary artery disease c. increased risk of damage to the blood vessel's endothelium d. decreased size of the myocardium
decreased size of the myocardium
The filling phase occurs during _____. The AV are _____ and blood fills the ventricle
diastole open
During _______, there is a period of rapid filling, which occurs during the 1st 1/3 of diastole.
early-mid diastole
36. What is most responsible for propelling blood in the arterial system during cardiac diastole? a. skeletal muscle contraction and breathing b. hydrostatic blood pressure arising from ventricular contraction c. elastic recoil of conducting (elastic) arteries d. venous return of blood
elastic recoil of conducting (elastic) arteries
_____ occurs during diastole. The _____ are open and blood fills the ventricle. The AV valve open of course when the pressure in the _____ is ______ than the pressure ventricle
filling phase occurs AV atrium higher
54. A person whose heart rate is 70 bpm (beats per minute) and whose cardiac output is 4.9 L/min. (liters per minute): a. has abnormal values b. has a stroke volume of 7.0 ml. per beat c. has a stroke volume of 7.0 liters per beat d. has a stroke volume of 0.07 liters per beat
has a stroke volume of 0.07 liters per beat
22. Deoxygenated blood is normally found only: a. in the heart's atria b. in the heart's ventricles c. in the right side of the heart d. in the left side of the heart
in the right side of the heart
17. Peripheral resistance of blood vessels: a. decreases as the length of the blood vessel increases b. increases as the diameter of the blood vessel increases c. increases as the viscosity of blood increases d. does not play a major role in affecting one's blood pressure
increases as the viscosity of blood increases
63. If an abnormally increased amount of connective tissue were to form connecting together the serous visceral and parietal pericardium, which of the following events would most likely result? a. strengthening of the frail pericardial layers with an improvement of cardiac function b. decreased fluid production in the pericardial cavity since it is no longer necessary c. interference with the heart's normal mechanical activity d. decreased friction between the visceral and parietal pericardial layers
interference with the heart's normal mechanical activity
25. The influence of a blood vessel's diameter on peripheral resistance is: a. minimal since the diameter of a blood vessel's lumen only has a minor affect on peripheral resistance b. very large since peripheral resistance is directly influenced by the diameter of a blood vessel's lumen c. very small since the diameter of the lumen of a blood vessel does not vary d. very large since the greater the diameter of the lumen of a blood vessel, the greater amount of peripheral resistance will be present 7. When evaluating the dynamics of capillary blood flow, capillary blood hydrostatic pressure: a. does not play a role b. is generally greater at the arterial end of a capillary than its venous end c. forces fluid from the interstitial spaces into the capillary d. is usually equal to and canceled out by capillary blood osmotic pressure
is generally greater at the arterial end of a capillary than its venous end
26. When evaluating the dynamics of capillary blood flow, capillary blood hydrostatic pressure: a. does not play a role b. is generally greater at the arterial end of a capillary than its venous end c. forces fluid from the interstitial spaces into the capillary d. is usually equal to and canceled out by capillary blood osmotic pressure
is generally greater at the arterial end of a capillary than its venous end
11. Blood in the pulmonary arteries: a. enters the heart's right ventricle b. is heading towards the lungs c. leaves the left ventricle to enter the aorta d. flows from the lungs towards the heart's left atrium
is heading towards the lungs
15. Blood in the pulmonary arteries: a. enters the heart's right ventricle b. is heading towards the lungs c. leaves the left ventricle to enter the aorta d. flows from the lungs towards the heart's left atrium
is heading towards the lungs
The cardiac cycle ___
is the events that take place within a single heart beat
46. Excessively high heart rate (>180) can reduce cardiac output because: a. blood is moving too fast through the lungs to pick up enough oxygen b. it tires out the heart muscles and so they pump slower c. it reduces the time for ventricular filling which reduces stroke volume d. the PR-interval increases which leads to longer ventricular diastole and shorter ventricular systole
it reduces the time for ventricular filling which reduces stroke volume
28. Which of the following structures are directly involved in the "systemic circuit"? a. superior vena cava, right ventricle and left ventricle b. right ventricle, pulmonary arteries and left atrium c. left ventricle, aorta and inferior vena cava d. right atrium, pulmonary trunk and left ventricle
left ventricle, aorta and inferior vena cava
67. The left ventricle is serviced by all of the following coronary vessels, EXCEPT the: a. left coronary artery b. anterior interventricular artery, (also known as left anterior descending artery) c. marginal artery d. circumflex artery
marginal artery
During the _____ 1/3rd, a small amount of blood flows.
middle
68. Increased end-systolic volume results in: a. more blood ejected from the ventricle per beat b. higher cardiac output c. more blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction d. higher end-diastolic volume
more blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction
61. Select the CORRECT statement regarding the structure of the heart wall: a. the fibrous skeleton forms the majority of the heart's wall b. connective tissue in the heart's wall aids in the conduction of an action potential c. the heart's inner chambers are lined with endomysium d. myocardium is the layer of the heart's wall that actually contracts
myocardium is the layer of the heart's wall that actually contracts
59. You are viewing a heart dissected on a mid-frontal plane. All of the vessels leading into and away from the heart have been removed. The easiest way to determine the right and left sides is to: a. find the opening of the coronary sinus b. notice the difference in thickness of the ventricle walls c. locate the pulmonary semilunar valves d. trace the pattern of the serous visceral pericardium
notice the difference in thickness of the ventricle walls
64. Stenosis of the bicuspid/mitral atrioventricular valve may initially cause an increase of pressure in the: a. superior and inferior venae cavae b. left ventricle c. pulmonary circuit d. coronary circuit
pulmonary circuit
20.Normally, blood leaving the right ventricle immediately flows through the: a. tricuspid atrioventricular valve b. bicuspid/mitral atrioventricular valve c. ileocecal valve d. pulmonary semilunar valve e. aortic semilunar valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
24. Closing of the _______ normally prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle: a. tricuspid atrioventricular valve b. bicuspid/mitral atrioventricular valve c. ileocecal valve d. pulmonary semilunar valve e. aortic semilunar valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
55. Which blood vessel receives blood from the right ventricle during systole? a. superior vena cava b. pulmonary trunk c. aorta d. pulmonary veins
pulmonary trunk
10. Blood returning to the heart from the inferior vena cava would enter the: a. left atrium b. right atrium c. left ventricle d. right ventricle
right atrium
52. A thrombus in the first branch off the aortic arch would affect the flow of blood to the: a. left side of the head and neck, and left upper arm b. myocardium c. left upper arm d. right side of the head and neck, and right upper arm
right side of the head and neck, and right upper arm
27. Which of the following structures are directly involved in the "pulmonary circuit"? a. superior vena cava, right atrium and left ventricle b. right ventricle, pulmonary arteries and left atrium c. left ventricle, aorta and inferior vena cava d. right atrium, aorta and left ventricle
right ventricle, pulmonary arteries and left atrium
The left ventricle pressure rises about 80mm, (pressure in the ventricles is now higher than in the aorta) and the _________ open, and blood flows into the aorta
semilunar valves
45. What is most responsible for propelling blood in the venous system? a. skeletal muscle contraction and breathing b. hydrostatic blood pressure arising from ventricular contraction c. elastic recoil of large veins d. increased capillary resistance at the venous end
skeletal muscle contraction and breathing
65. Which of the following statements about cardiac output is CORRECT? a. stroke volume can increase when the end diastolic volume decreases b. if a semilunar valve was partially obstructed, then the end systolic volume in the affected ventricle would decrease c. a decreased venous return will cause an increased end diastolic volume d. a decreased heart rate will cause an increased end diastolic volume
stroke volume can increase when the end diastolic volume decreases
During cardiac cycle each chamber goes through _____ and _______.
systole and diastole
60.The deflection waves of an ECG/EKG include: a. the P-wave, which is only present in a person who had a heart attack b. the Q-T interval, which indicates the time of atrial contraction c. the PQRS complex, which immediately follows ventricular contraction d. the T-wave, which indicates ventricular repolarization
the T-wave, which indicates ventricular repolarization
33. When aortic pressure is greater than the ventricular pressure: a. the tricuspid atrioventricular valve opens b. the bicuspid/mitral atrioventricular valve closes c. the aortic semilunar valve closes d. the pulmonary semilunar valve opens
the aortic semilunar valve closes
41. When aortic pressure is less than ventricular pressure, this causes: a. the tricuspid atrioventricular valve to open b. the bicuspid/mitral atrioventricular valve to close c. the aortic semilunar valve to open d. the pulmonary semilunar valve to close
the aortic semilunar valve to open
16. Which of the following statements about veins is CORRECT? a. venous valves are an extension of the tunica media b. up to one third of the total blood volume is stored in the venous circulation at any given time c. veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of its wall d. the flow of venous blood is not a major result of one's blood pressure
the flow of venous blood is not a major result of one's blood pressure
14. Fetal blood would bypass the pulmonary circuit by flowing through this structure located in the fetal interatrial wall: a. the tricuspid atrioventricular valve b. the ductus arteriosus c. the foramen ovale d. the pulmonary semilunar valve e. the aortic semilunar valve
the foramen ovale
57. As the heart approaches the end of atrial diastole: a. the atrial myocardium contracts thereby opening the semilunar valves b. the ventricular myocardium contracts thereby opening the atrioventricular valves c. the majority of atrial blood has entered the ventricles via gravity and elastic recoil d. all of the heart's valves must remain opened in order for normal blood flow
the majority of atrial blood has entered the ventricles via gravity and elastic recoil
5. If the heart's natural pacemaker fails to fire, then: a. no blood would enter the atria b. no blood would enter the ventricles c. the node on the floor of the right atrium would act as a secondary pacemaker d. the node on the floor of the left ventricle would act as a secondary pacemaker e. the person would die within minutes
the node on the floor of the right atrium would act as a secondary pacemaker
35. The lowest venous blood pressure is found within: a. venules b. medium-sized veins c. large-sized veins d. the venae cavae
the venae cavae
42. Which of the following is generally true of veins compared to arteries: a. veins tend to have smaller diameter lumens than arteries b. veins tend to run deeper than arteries, closer to bones c. there tends to be more veins draining blood from a region than arteries supplying blood to that region d. there tends to be less blood located in the veins than in the arteries when the body is at rest
there tends to be more veins draining blood from a region than arteries supplying blood to that region
19. Which arterial tunic modification is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure? a. a thin tunica interna/intima b. a thick tunica media c. a thin tunica externa d. a thick tunica adventitia
thick tunica media
13. Located between the right atrium and right ventricle is the: a. tricuspid atrioventricular valve b. bicuspid/mitral atrioventricular valve c. fossa ovalis d. pulmonary semilunar valve e. aortic semilunar valve
tricuspid atrioventricular valve
29. Histologically, the _____ is simple squamous epithelium surrounded by a sparse connective tissue layer: a. tunica interna/intima b. tunica media c. tunica externa d. tunica adventitia
tunica interna/intima
6. Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium? a. tunica interna/intima b. tunica media c. tunica externa d. tunica adventitia
tunica interna/intima
The ______ are contracting but no emptying is taking place. Blood volume remains the same. This period is called _________ _______, which takes place in early ____. The period of ejection takes place in late systole.
ventricles isovolumic contraction systole
51. Which of the following is NOT generally considered part of the Circle of Willis? a. anterior cerebral artery b. posterior cerebral artery c. anterior communicating artery d. posterior communicating artery e. vertebral artery
vertebral artery
58. The tricuspid valve is normally closed: a. while the ventricles are in diastole b. while the ventricles are in systole c. while the atria are in systole d. during the movement of blood from the atria into the ventricles
while the ventricles are in systole