Cardiovascular System: The Heart

4 principal tributaries of coronary sinus

1. great cardiac vein 2. middle cardiac vein 3. small cardiac vein 4. anterior cardiac vein

the right coronary artery divides into:

1. posterior interventricular branch 2. marginal branch

4 fibrous rings that surround the four heart valves

1. right atrioventricular fibrous ring 2. left atrioventricular fibrous ring 3. pulmonary fibrous ring 4. aortic fibrous ring

5 components of the conduction system

1. sinoatrial (SA) node 2. atrioventricular node 3. atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His 4. right and left bundle branches 5 purkinje fibers

4 surface projection landmarks

1. superior right point 2.superior left point 3.inferior left point 4.inferior right point

right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from three veins

1. superior vena cava 2.inferior vena cava 3.coronary sinus

the heart pumps blood into two closed circuits:

1. systemic circulation 2.pulmonary circulation

two major functions of autorhythmic cells

1.act as a pacemaker set the rhythm for contraction of the entire heart 2. form the conduction system to conduct action potentials throughout the myocardium

3 layers of the heart wall from most superficial to deepest

1.epicardium 2.myocardium 3.endocardium

dimensions of heart

12cm long 9cm wide 6 cm thick

about two thirds of the hearts mass lies to what side of the body's midline?

Left

the ascending aorta is continuous with the ____ of the aorta, which is followed by the ______ aorta (which consists of _____ aorta and the_____ aorta

arch descending thoracic abdominal

in tissues, arteries branch into _______ and subsequently into _____ _______ where nutrients, wastes, gases, etc. are exchanges between the blood and the surrounding cells

arterioles systemic capillaries

right and left coronary arteries which deliver oxygen and nutrients, are branches of the ______ _____

ascending aorta

during embryonic development about 1% of the cardiac muscle fibers become _____ _____

autorhythmic cells

location of heart

between the lungs in the mediastinum

the cusps of the semilunar valves permit ejection of _____ from the ventricles but prevent backflow of ___ into the heart

blood blood

bicuspid (mitral) valve (left atrioventricular valve)

blood in the left atrium flows into left ventricle through this valve

tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve)

blood in the right atrium flows into the right ventricle through this valve

inferior vena cava

brings blood from all parts of the body inferior to the diaphragm

superior vena cava

brings blood from most parts of the body superior to the heart

base of heart

broader upper portion

pulmonary pump

consisting of the right atrium and the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood toward the lungs

systemic pump

consists of left atrium and left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood toward the rest of the body

blood draining out of the myocardium has collected carbon dioxide and wastes and it flows into the ____ _______

coronary sinus

chordae tendinae & papillary muscles

ensure that the cups of the tricuspid valve permit blood to flow into the right & left ventricle but prevent backflow of blood into the right & left atrium

outer layer of pericardium

fibrous layer prevents over stretching of the heart provides protection anchors the heart in the mediastinum

left ventricle

forms the apex of the heart

right and left coronary arteries deliver blood where?

given rise by the ascending aorta deliver blood to the walls of the heart

shape and size of heart

hollow, cone-shaped organ size of persons closed fist.

interatrial septum

in the interior of the heart separates the atria has an oval depression called fossa ovails

mediastinum

mass of tissue that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and between the pluerae of the lungs, including the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and large blood vessels

the _____ system and various _______ may increase or decrease the pace of contractions (but the nervous system does not initiate contractions)

nervous hormones

in the left atrium there are two pulmonary veins draining from each lung

one superior one inferior

epicardium

outer layer of heart wall composed of mesothelium and connective tissue

fossa ovials

oval depression on interatrial septum

left side of the heart receives ______ blood from the lungs and then pumps this blood into the _______ which subsequently branches into _____ ______ that carry this blood to all organs except the lungs' alveoli

oxygenated aorta systemic arteries

left atrium

oxygenated blood returns from the lungs via 4 pulmonary veins that empty into the left atrium

outer layer of serous pericardium

parietal layer fused to the fibrous pericardium

what is between the parietal and visceral layer

pericardial cavity contains pericardial fluid lubricating fluid that reduces friction between the layers of the heart moves

functions of 4 valves

prevent backflow of blood in the heart and are composed of dense connective tissue covered by endocardium

the right ventricle pumps blood through the ______ valve into the ______ _____ which divides into right and left _______ _________

pulmonary pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries

the right side of the heart is the pump for the _____ _______

pulmonary circulation

2 semilunar valves

pulmonary valve aortic valve

coronary sinus

receives blood from most of the vessels draining the wall of the heart

electrocardiogram (EKG)

recording of the heart's electrical activity; during each cardiac cycle a P wave, QRS wave and T wave are recorded

surface projection

refers to the anterior surface of the chest by locating lankmarks

two superior chambers of the heart

right and left atria

two inferior chambers

right and left ventricles

the _____ border faces the right lung

right border

interventricular septum

separates the two ventricles

deeper layer of pericardium

serous layer has two sublayers

branches of the aorta deliver blood throughout the

systemic circulation.

coronary (cardiac) circulation

the flow of blood through the blood vessels that penetrate the myocardium

fibrous skeleton of the heart

the heart wall contains dense connective tissue that forms this. which consists primarily of 4 fibrous rings ( that surround the 4 heart valves)

apex

the lower pointed end of the left, 5th intercostal space

The heart

the pump of the cardiovascular system function: proper blood through the estimated 100,00km of blood vessels

pericardium

the sac that surrounds and protects the heart

cardiology

the study of the normal heart and diseases associated with it

myocardial thickness

the walls of the atria are relatively thin whereas the walls of the ventricles are relatively thick; the wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than that of the right ventricle

two atrioventricular valves

tricuspid valve bicuspid (mitral) valve

inner layer of serous pericardium

visceral layer or epicardium

surface of the heart has 3 major grooves

1. coronary sulcus 2.anterior interventricular sulcus 3. posterior interventricular sulcus

the left coronary artery divides into

1. anterior interventricular branch or ( left anterior descending artery) 2. circumflex branch

congestive heart failure (CHF) is caused by

1. coronary atherosclerosis 2. persistent high blood pressure 3. multiple myocardial infarcts 4.dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

the route of action potentials through the conduction system:

Sinoatrial (SA) node (in the right atrial wall, just inferior to the opening of the superior vena cava)------> atrioventricular (AV) node (in the interatrial septum) ---> atrioventricular (AV) bundle/bundle of His ---> right and left bundle of branches -----> purkinje fibers

myocardium

THICK middle layer of heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue

ligamentum arteriorsum

after ductus arteriosus closes, leaves this.

the myocardium contains many _______ that provide alternate routes, called ______ _____, for blood to reach a particular tissue

anastomoses collateral circuits

two surfaces of the heart

anterior inferior

the left ventricle pumps blood through the _____ valve into the ______ ______

aortic ascending aorta

the right side of the heart receives ______ blood returning from the systemic circulation and pumps it into the ______ _____ which subsequently branches into ____ _______ that carry this blood to the pulmonary capillaries where the blood becomes oxygenated

deoxygenated pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries

capillaries merge to deliver_____ blood into _____ ______ which subsequently merge to form ____ _____ that carry this blood to the right atrium of the heart

deoxygenated systemic venules systemic veins

ductus arteriosus

during fetal life: shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta; shortly after birth this blood vessel normally closes, leaving a remnant called the ligamentum arteriosum

auricle

each atrium has an anterior appendage that allows an atrium to hold a larger volume of blood.

endocardium

inner layer of heart wall composed of connective tissue covered by endothelium that is continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels

trabeculae carneae

inner surface of the right & Left ventricles has an irregular surface of ridges

pectinate muscles

internal muscular ridges in the anterior right atrial wall

the ____ side of the heart is the pump for the systemic circulation

left

the _____ border faces the left lung

left border

aortic valve

located between the aorta and the left ventricle

bicuspid (mitral) valve

located between the left atrium and left ventricle

pulmonary valve

located between the pulmonary trunk and the right ventricle

tricuspid valve

located between the right atrium and the right ventricle