Cardiovascular Systems sg

the electrical impulses along these Purkinje fibers stimulate both ventricles to contract simultaneously

(systole)

select the following statements that are true

- although the heart is filled with blood all the time, the cells of the heart must receive their own blood supply to maintain function - the blood supply that maintains the heart's functioning comes from capillary networks - coronary arteries are blood vessels that branch off the aorta to take oxygen-rich blood to feed the tissues of the heart - the coronary sinus is a tough-like structure, formed by coronary veins, that opens into the right atrium

after the veins bring blood mixed with waste gas to the right atrium of the heart, the following blood circulation steps are completed in what order?

- blood flows into the right ventricle and then is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation via the pulmonary artery - oxygenation of blood takes place in the lung capillaries via exchange of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide into lung capillaries - oxygenated blood returns back to the heart via the pulmonary vein into the left atrium - oxygenated blood flows to the left ventricle - oxygenated blood is pumped to all body parts from left ventricle through the aorta

the following statements are true

- the measurement of pressure placed on arterial walls during systole and diastole is called blood pressure. - the timing of each cardiac cycle occurs automatically, without conscious thought

most beta blocker names end in the suffix

-lol

most CBB medication end with the suffix

-pine

most ACE inhibitor medications end with the suffix

-pril

most ARB medications end with the suffix

-sartan

Heart valves ensure that blood flows in only one direction while traveling through heart chambers.

Cardiac muscle isn't like the other muscles of the body. It doesn't depend on the nervous system to send impulses to contract and relax.

the bundle of His divides into two large branches, one going to the right ventricle and the other going to the left ventricle. these divide into smaller and smaller branches until they become the

Purkinje fibers

main control center of the heart

SA sinoatrial node

Pulmonary arteries deliver deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, and pulmonary veins deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.

The main function of our heart is to keep blood circulating throughout the body and supply oxygen and nutrients to the cells while removing waste.

hypertension is known as

a silent killer

coronary sinus

a tough like structure that opens into the right atrium

diastole

all heart muscles are in relaxation all heart valves are closed

the pulmonary semilunar valve and the _ semilunar valve guard the ventricles' exits

aortic

beta blockers

are beta receptor antagonists that act on the beta receptors in the heart. causes decreased heart rate and cardiac output and lower blood pressure.

all medications beginning with the prefix nitro-

are vasodilators

hypertension is a major risk factor for

atherosclerosis

atrial systole

atria in contraction

the tricuspid valve and the bicuspid valve are both types of

atrioventricular

the atrium and ventricle of each side are connected by an

atrioventricular valve (AV)

all arteries carry blood _ from the heart

away

SA node is the _ of this conducting system

beginning

on the left side, the AV valve going from the left atrium to the left ventricle is called

bicuspid valve aka mitral valve

blood flows into the right ventricle

blood is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation via the pulmonary artery

responsible for carrying blood around the body

blood vessels

a heart slower than 60 bpm indicates

bradycardia

heart rate slower than 60 bpm

bradycardia

the impulse travels from the AV node to the _ which lies in the septum between the two ventricles

bundle of His

transmits an impulse from the AV node to the ventricles

bundle of His

Atherosclerosis of the renal arteries

can lead to hypertension because the kidneys play a central role in blood pressure regulation

although the heart is filled with blood all the time, the cells of the heart must receive their own blood supply to maintain function. this blood supply comes from

capillary network

the superior and inferior vena cava

carry blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium

veins

collect waste gas, carbon dioxide, from the tissue and bring blood mixed with waste gas to the right atrium of the heart

of the heart pumps blood out of the heart and into the vessels

contraction

the blood vessels that branch off the aorta to take oxygen-rich blood to feed the tissues of the heart are the

coronary arteries

the process by which the heart receives its own blood supply is known as

coronary circulation

the veins that bring stale blood back to the right atrium to be oxygenated are the

coronary veins

vasodilators are commonly used to treat

dangerous high blood pressure in emergency situations due to their rapid effect on lowering blood pressure

Angiotension Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors

decrease the fluid volume and also cause peripheral vasodilation resulting in lower blood pressure

relaxation of the ventricles is called

diastole

the ventricles dilate to receive the blood from the atria, this process is

diastole

bottom number is the

diastolic pressure

the heart is made of three layers called

endocardium myocardium pericaridum

pericardium

has two layers of its own outer membrane

the _ collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and then distributes it to the body

heart

Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)

hinder the calcium ion influx in the vascular smooth muscle of the heart, resulting in heart muscle relaxation-decreasing blood pressure

most hypertensive people have

idiopathic hypertension (cause is unknown)

endocardium

inner lining of atria and ventricles

systolic blood pressure

is a measure of the amount of pressure that blood presses against the arteries and vessels as the ventricles of the heart contract

blood pressure

is actually a measurement of pressure placed on arterial walls during systole and diastole

hypertension

is determined only if the patient has had elevated blood pressure readings over a significant period and under varied conditions

Atherosclerosis

is the buildup of plaque in the arteries

disastolic blood pressure

is the measure of the same pressure when the heart is relaxed.

the timing of each cardiac cycle must be tightly controlled to

keep blood flowing smoothly through the lungs and the rest of the body (occurs automatically without conscious thought.)

oxygenated blood returns back to the heart via the pulmonary vein into the

left atrium

the heart is made up of the following chambers:

left atrium and right atrium (upper) left ventricle and right ventricle (lower)

which chamber of the heart is the largest, thickest, and strongest?

left ventricle

myocardium

makes up the bulk of the heart muscular wall

diastolic is the _ pressure

minimum

the bicuspid valve is more commonly known as the

mitral valve

aortic semilunar valve

opens from the left ventricle into the aorta, which is the main artery that takes blood to the rest of the body

pulmonary semilunar valve

opens from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, which takes blood to the lungs

blood flows to the left ventricle

oxygenated blood is pumped to all body parts from the left ventricle through the aorta

systolic is the _ pressure

peak

Angiotension II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

produce similar end results as ACE inhibitors to lower the blood pressure

the two major kinds of circulation are systemic and

pulmonary

pace of the heart rate that's set by the SA node

pulse rate

heart _ controls the contraction and relaxation to allow inflow and outflow of the blood

rate

body tissues

receive oxygen from oxygen rich blood flowing in the arteries

of the heart allows blood to fill in the heart and passively move from the atria to the ventricles

relaxation

the four chambers of the heart are divided by walls called

septa (singular, septum)

pulse rate

sets the pace of the heart rate

the main control of the heart is a tiny bundle of nervous tissue

sinoatrial node (SA) lies at the junction between the superior vena cava and the right atrium

diuretic medications

stop kidneys from reabsorbing water and electrolytes. leading to increases water loss and electrolytes in the form of urine.

Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to

strokes heart attacks peripheral vascular disease kidney disease retinal disease

SA node emits a signal to indicate a single cardiac cycle. This electrical signal spreads out over both of the atria, causing them to contract at the same time, this process is

systole

contractions of the ventricles (and relaxation of the atria) is called

systole

when a blood pressure reading is taken, the top number is called the

systolic pressure

heart faster than 100 bpm indicates

tachycardia

heart rate faster than 100 bpm

tachycardia

oxygenation of blood

takes place in the lung capillaries via exchange of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide into lung capillaries

the heart itself contains its own mechanism

that an isolated heart (removed from the body) can continue to beat

to allow blood to pass through the heart in one direction and prevent backflow into the chamber

the cusps "flap"

the right atrium sends blood from the superior and inferior vena cava into the right ventricle. the left atrium sends blood from the pulmonary veins into the left ventricle.

the electrical impulse from the SA node, now spread out over the atria, converges on the atrioventricular node (AV). this node is another bundle of nervous tissue located between the atria and ventricles.

a single cardiac cycle begins with the SA node and ends with what event?

the electrical impulses along the Purkinje fibers stimulate both ventricles to contract simultaneously (systole)

main organ responsible for keeping blood circulating made up of four chambers made up of muscular tissue that contracts and relaxes

the heart

the sinoatrial node is also known as

the pacemaker

a single cardiac cycle consists of the simultaneous contractions of both atria followed

the simultaneous contractions of both ventricles

one way to remember this is to realize that during diastole,

the ventricles dilate (relax) to recieve blood

ventricles can't contract until they receive the command from the conducting system.

this occurs as the AV node allows the electrical impulse to proceed forward

all veins carry blood _ the heart

toward

during systemic circulation, veins are carrying oxygen-depleted blood _ from the heart

toward

the right AV valve, which goes from the right atrium to the right ventricle is called

tricuspid valve

select the following statements that are true

valves open in only one direction the closing of valves after cardiac contractions makes the "lub dub" heartbeat sound you hear with a stethoscope

ventricular systole

ventricles in contraction semilunar valves are open

diuretics are also known as

water pills

increased water loss lowers the blood volume

which lowers the blood pressure

vasodilators

work by directly dilating the blood vessels to produce rapid and significant reduction in blood pressure