Caribbean Studies [Location & Definition of Caribbean Region, Caribbean Diaspora & Identity, Systems of Production, Movements Towards Independence]

Who were the Quakers?

* A group of Protestants that settled in Pennsylvania under the leadership of William Penn. • Practiced religious tolerance • Believed in the equality of all people [The Quakers and other humanitarian groups in England in bringing about the end of slavery.]

What are the five (5) ways in which the Caribbean can be defined?

1. Geographical 2. Geological 3. Historical 4. Political 5. Diasporical

List the different Caribbean Territories.

1. Greater Antilles 2. Lesser Antilles 3. The Leeward Islands 4. The Windward Islands 5. The Netherland Islands 6. Nothern Caribbean Islands 7. Mainland Territories

When was the earliest dated accounts of warfare for the Taino People?

1493, when they killed the men that Columbus had left at La Navidad in Hispaniola because of their ill-treatment of native women.

When did the Spaniards actually won the war for possession of Puerto Rico?

1513

In what year did the British take over Jamaica?

1655

In what year was Haiti declared a free republic?

1804

In what year did the Leonora Estate outbreak occur in Guyana?

1869

How many people died in the Haitian Revolution?

350 000

What is an archipelago?

A chain of islands that is usually closely related at a subterranean level

What is a republican form of government?

A form of governance is a form of governance where the head of state is not a monarch but a president. eg. Guyana

Define 'metropole'.

A metropole or metropolitan country is the country which dominated or has dominated a territory politically and/or culturally. [Mother/Parent country]

What is a diaspora?

A people or group of migrants who have a homeland in another part of the world to which they share and emotional attachment.

What is a département?

A unit of local government similar to a country or parish.

Differentiate between the different CARICOM members based on cultural/linguistic heritage.

ANGLOPHONE [Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, St Lucia, St Kitts and Nevis, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago; Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Is, Cayman Is, Turks and Caicos] FRANCOPHONE [Haiti] DUTCH [Suriname]

What is the fallow system?

After cultivation, cut down remaining stems & leaves to dry → Just before the rains, set fire to the dried plant reducing them to ashes, removing pests and releasing nutrients → Spread the ash across the land so rains leach nutrients into soil → Plant new seeds in the ground to take advantage of renewed nutrients

In what year did the British draft a peace treaty with the maroons?

After the second ware in 1796 [first being in 1739].

What is an offshore haven?

An offshore haven is a country (often an island) where taxes are low and which provides large companies and wealthy individuals with the opportunity to safeguard their money and thus avoid paying taxes on the mainland.

Which islands encompass the Netherland Antilles?

Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, St. Eustacius

Which islands make up the Northern Caribbean Islands?

Bahamas, Turks & Caicos, Cayman Islands.

Why was slavery considered a 'total institution'?

Because it determined all aspects of life, social, economic and political forming the basis of plantation society.

Which countries make up the Mainland Territories?

Belize, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana

What country is the oldest British colony?

Bermuda - 1609

In light of diversification on plantation economies, there was drift from monoculture to include what kinda of crops?

Cocoa, bananas, coffee, ginger, cotton, coconuts and arrowroot grown by peasant farmers on their smallholdings. They also grew food crops and reared farm animals. In so doing they developed a diversified local economy.

What happened to the Amerindians as a result of the Encomienda system.

Complete Genocide [from overwork, harsh conditions, suicide, punishments]

Who are the five (5) self-governing territories of the Dutch Antilles.

Curaçao, Bonaire, Saba, Sint Eustatius and Sint Maarten

How did Trade Unionism come about in the Caribbean?

Due to the 1930s economic conditions having deteriorated to a level that the region was wracked by labour riots, followed by violence and mayhem, the trade union movement was developed.

What is 'Economic Enfranchisement'?

Economic enfranchisement is the condition whereby a country or nation achieves the right to determine how it will develop its systems of production.

In what ways was indenturship seen as another form of slavery?

Even though the Chinese and Indians are not regarded as 'chattel', they were paid extremely low wages, accommodations often crowded and substandard. They were always in debt to companies they were forced to buy from, not able to walk freely. If caught the could be flogged, jailed, and charged exorbitant fines. Many died from disease and suicide.

How and when was Adult Suffrage granted in the Caribbean?

In 1944, as result of the findings of the Moyne Commission [West India Royal Commission], released after the Second World War, recommending social and political reform.

What is the encomienda system?

In Spanish colonies, the right to demand forced labor from native peoples in mining and plantation agriculture, in return for religious instruction in the Roman Catholic Faith.

How did the Cooperative and Credit Union Movement begin?

It began in the UK by the group called 'Rochdale Pioneers'; based on the ideas of Scottish Industrialist Robert Owen.

Which islands encompass the Greater Antilles?

Jamaica , Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico

What was the main focus of the Trade Union Movement?

Lead by the working -class, it was dedicated towards better working conditions for the poor, improvements in health and education.

How was the Plantation system organized?

On the basis of colour, the coloureds were the labourers, inclusive of different ethnic groups, who were encouraged to distrust one another and see Europeans and superior; the whites, who were the owners, supervisors and managers.

What is a 'diversified local economy'?

One that grows different types of cash crops, food crops, and livestock.

List the passive and active forms of resistance

P A S S I V E • damaging tools & equipment • malingering • prolonged breastfeeding • pregnancy A C T I V E • rebellions • riots • burning plantation

What is Political Enfranchisement?

Political enfranchisement refers to the right of a people or nation to determine their own affairs.

Define 'seismic activity'.

Refers to the earths movements that in pact and influence the surface of the Earth.

What is cultural assimilation?

Refers to the incorporation of a group of colnised people or migrants into the dominant culture of the metropolitan or host country.

What is acculturation?

Refers to the process whereby one culture influences another.

Define the 'Caribbean' politically and the countries that are included or excluded.

Refers to the region moving away from colonial dependence.

Explain the slash and burn cultivation system.

Slash and burn agriculture is the process of cutting down the vegetation in a particular plot of land, setting fire to the remaining foliage, and using the ashes to provide nutrients to the soil for the use of planting food crops.

What is socialism?

Socialism emphasises distribution of resources based on one's abilities and deeds, while communism is based on distribution according to needs.

Which islands encompass the Leeward Islands?

St. Martin, St. Kitts and Nevis, Montserrat, Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Antigua & Barbuda, St. Martin, St. Barthelemy, Anguilla, Saba, St. Eustacius.

The histography of the Caribbean were heavily influenced by Eurocentric views meaning what?

That scholars thought of Caribbean history beginning when Columbus arrived in the New World.

Define the 'Caribbean' geologically and the countries that are included or excluded.

The Caribbean tectonic plates has marked boundaries where it meets other plates. ✔ [columbia, venezuela] ✘ [cuba, bahamas, turks & caicos, guyana]

What was the Sugar Revolution?

The complete change to sugar cultivation in the 17th Century, mainly 1640-1650.

What is Cultural Resistance?

The continuation of use of their mother tongue where possible, hybridizing African religion into Christianity, telling Anansi stories & folklore, drumming.

How does 'Crown Colony Government' differ from the 'Old Representative System'.

The elected assembly was eliminated, therefore providing Britain with more direct control over many of the colonies. [The Governor had a legislative council with official and nominated unofficial members]

Define the 'Caribbean' historically and the countries that are included or excluded.

The socio-economic and historical area is characterized by migration, 'discovery', colonialism, european rivalry, enslavement, capitalism, plantation system and indenturship.

What is a colony?

The term colony describes a territory owned and administered by a metropolitan country - historically designated the mother country.

What was 'Internal Self-Government'?

The territories remained colonies with Britain's interests being overseen by a Governor General, but a chief minister and members of the legislature were now elected from the ranks of Caribbean people of all ethnicities

Explain the origins of the titles 'Leeward' and 'Windward' Islands.

The whole chain is subject to the prevailing north-east trade winds. The origin of these names lies in the islands' complex colonial past, the Spanish settlers called Puerto Rico and the islands to the east Islas das Barlovento, meaning 'windward islands', and the islands to the west, closer to mainland America, Sotavento or 'leeward islands'.

Define the 'Caribbean' geographically and the countries that are included or excluded.

These are islands that are washed by the Caribbean Sea, stretching from longitutue 60°W - 85°W and latitude 5°N - 25°N; sometimes extended to 30°N to include Bermuda. ✔ [panama, columbia, belize, venezuela, costa rica, nicaragua, honduras] ✘ [bahamas, suriname, french guiana, guyana]

What was 'The Reparations Movement'.

This is a form of resistance to slavery, or rather the aftermath, in the setting up of organizations and committees in different countries to publicize the intentions of seeking compensation.

What is an isthmus?

This is a narrow neck of land separating two water bodies.

What is a tectonic plate?

This is part of the earth's crust, underlying the land and oceans.

Define the 'Caribbean' diasporically and the countries that are included or excluded.

This is related to the movement of people or groups of migrants who have a homeland in another part of the world. They still practice their culture and traditions which may impact the extra-regional society.

Define 'migration'.

This is the movement of people from place to place, inclusive of the society and culture and their meeting and mixing with other societies and cultures.

What is system of production?

This refers to the ways in which an economy is organized to produce commodities to sustain society.

What is your ethnicity?

This refers to your membership in cultural groups, such as racial, religious, language, gender and even national groups.

What was the Triangular Trade? Explain the process.

This was the term that described the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade between the European colonies and The New World. European ships would bring goods, weapons, to West Africa in exchange for slaves [between the ages of 16 and 40]. The second leg of 'Middle Passage' they would endure a trip anywhere between 6 weeks and 3 months long to the Americas in destitute conditions to serve as slaves. The third leg, the finished products like sugar, rum cotton, and tobacco produced by the enslaved were exported to Europe.

By whom was the Haitian Revolution lead?

Toussaint L'Overture

Which islands encompass the Windward islands?

Trinidad & Tobago, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Barbados, Greneda.

Which islands encompass the Lesser Antilles?

[Netherland, Leeward, and Windward Islands] Trinidad & Tobago, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Martin, St. Vincent, Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, Guadeloupe, Dominica, British Virgin Islands, US Virgin Islands, Greneda, Montserrat

Who spearheaded the development of the Trade Union Movement?

[TRINIDAD & TOBAGO] • Uriah Buzz Butler, •Adrian Cola Rienzi • Captain A.A. Cipriani [JAMAICA] • Alexander Bustamante • Norman Washington Manley [BARBADOS] • Grantley Adams [GUYANA] • Nathaniel Crichlow

Outline the Chronology of the Historical Process.

• 11,000-12,000 Settlement of Eurasian groups in the Caribbean • 1200s - 1300s Migration of Tainos to the Greater Antilles and establishment of Kalinago settlements in the Lesser Antilles. • 1492 - 1492 Arrival of Columbus • 1500s Exertion of control of the indigenees. Establishment of colonies, systems of government, economic systems and systems of production [encomienda, repartimiento] • 1600s - 1700s S U G A R R E V O L U T I O N Migration of other Europen nations into the Americas. Establushment of plantation and labour systems. • 1791 - 1832 Triangular Trade/Slave Trade and Emancipation Movements • 1833 - 1838 1st - Haiti [1793] & Last - Cuba [1886] Emancipation of African slaves and introduction of indentureship. • 1818 - 1865 Continued recruitment of labour from India and China. • 1865 - 1930s Morant Bay Rebellion East India Indenturship ends Labour riots and disturbances • 1930s - Present Universal Adult Sufferage, Internal Self-Government, Independence Movements

In what ways did planters try to diminish the success of peasant farmers?

• Charged high rents for land • Frequently evicted • Refused to sell land

List some ways in which the Europeans attempted to dehumanize the Africans on the New World Plantations.

• Choosing Africans from different tribes to minimize communication • Giving european names and forbidding practice of their religions, customs and traditions • Harsh punishments, torture, death so as to force submission to the will of europeans • Playing African groups against one another, to promote European values. • Rigidly stratified society, distinguished by colour and race

List some factors that transcend geographical barriers.

• Long and continuous occupation over time • A sense of belonging to a place • The building of a way of life or culture

'The Reparations Movement' sought compensation for?

• The deaths of millions of Africans in the slave trade • The forced labour of Africans for hundreds of years • The value or resources taken out of Africa during colonial rule

How was the 'Old Representative System' set up?

• There was a governor, appointed from England that transmitted the dictates of the Colonial Office to the colonies. • The Governor rules over an elected assembly chosen by a nominated council.

Highlight the purpose of the diversification.

• This strategy of economic diversification attempted to make small farmers self-sufficient due to economic hardship. • Kept them independent of the planters and the low wages offered on the plantations. • Forced self-organization encouraging outward focus for the export market • Develop some sophistication in making trading connections with the wider world.

The success of the Haitian Revolution is credited to what?

• the role of Maroon communities in mounting guerrilla-type offensives against the Europeans; • Vodun religious beliefs and practices in providing a unifying force; • the genius of African leaders such as L'Ouverture, Christophe and Dessalines.

Like countries Barbados, Guyana, and The Bahamas, in the Atlantic, they share similar historical processes, what are they?

■ occupation of the area by the indigenous people; ■ European exploration and settlement; ■ genocide and war waged against the indigenes; ■ African slavery in all and Indian indentureship in some; ■ colonialism; ■ socioeconomic developments related to the plantation; ■ independence, and the forging of a free society based on these experiences