cartography

degrees of longitude is only 69 miles where?

at the equator

good example of a plane projection?

azimuthal equidistant projection

Scale

earth to map relationship

Font?

family of text

nominal

name data that no quantity associated with it

3 types of developable surfaces?

planes, cylinders, and cones`

Rules for legends?

1. Don't need to put rivers, lat, long, and coastlines in legend. 2. Symbol first and then explanation 3. Do not put the world legend above legend. 4. most important things first.

Map can show one or more, but never all four!!!

1. true distances 2. true directions 3. true areas 4. true shapes

great circle?

1.any line that divides the Earth into two equal halves 2.shortest route between any two points

General rules for fonts and forms?

1.the fewer fonts and forms you use the better. 2. Do not use courier font.

good example of a reference map?

a road map

azimuthal projection

both distance and direction are accurate from the central point

elements of map design

clarity/legibility/contrast/balance/figure ground/hierchial orgnaization

Form?

complete range and style of characters of a given font.

robinson and miller cylindrical are good?

compromised projections

directional

coordinate system information or north arrow

Earth rotates?

counterclockwise on it's axis

ordinal

data distinguished by rank order

interval

data divided into equal intervals but zero is an arbitrary number. examples- time and temperature maps

ratio

data divided into equal intervals with zero having a value of none. example-census. P.S. most data is ratio

date

day you drew map

leading

describes the amount of space between lines of text. You can measure leading by obtaining the distance between two baselines. Leading is called line-height in CSS.

vvhen we take features on globe and convert it to a map, we call it a?

developable surface

graphic bar scale

easiest for measuring distances. Line or bar drawn on the map to represent actual distances.

legend

explains symbols/color

border

frame map

What is a map?

graphic device for storing and communicating info. about the Earth's surface, ranging in scale from the land parcel to the entire world.

all lines of longitude are?

great circles

opposite half of prime meridian?

international date line

origin of graticule

intersection of prime meridian and the equator

albers equal area conic

is a conic, equal area map projection that uses two standard parallels. Although scale and shape are not preserved, distortion is minimal between the standard parallels.one of the standard projections for British Columbia,[1] and is the sole standard projection used by the government of Yukon.[2] It is also used by the United States Geological Survey and the United States Census Bureau.[3]

Robinson projection

is a map projection of a world map which shows the entire world at once. It was specifically created in an attempt to find a good compromise to the problem of readily showing the whole globe as a flat image.[1] The Robinson projection was devised by Arthur H. Robinson in 1963 in response to an appeal from the Rand McNally company, which has used the projection in general purpose world maps since that time. Robinson published details of the projection's construction in 1974. The National Geographic Society (NGS) began using the Robinson projection for general purpose world maps in 1988, replacing the Van der Grinten projection.[2] In 1998 NGS abandoned the Robinson projection in favor of the Winkel tripel projection for that use as it "reduces the distortion of land masses as they near the poles".[3][4]

horizontal lines are called parallels or?

lines of latitude and measure distance from the equator

qualitative map/vs quantitative map

qualitative-separates types of geography. different colors but does not mean one is more important than the other. quantitative-values are assigned to colors

representative fraction

ratio between map distance and earth distance. example: 1:10,000. 1 foot on map is equal to 10,000 feet on earth.

3 important map categories?

reference, thematic, and globes

title

region, topic, data

globes-

scale models of the Earth. least distortion of all maps

albers equal area conic

shows area correctly but distorts shapes

scale

shows kilometers, miles, etc.

reference grid?

simplest type of map grid. abc/123 location system

tangent relation? secant relation?

tangent relation has 1 touching point. In a simple conic the tangent is called a standard parallel. Secant relation has 2 touching points. Secant creates 2 standard parallels.

geoid

the Earth's shape is actually "a slightly lump ellipsoid"

cartography

the art science and technology of making maps

the only great circle of the latitudes is?

the equator

baseline

the line that the text sits on

`north pole?

90 degrees north

any point on the earth moves through _______ degrees in 24 hours and ________ degrees in one hour?

360 degrees in 24 hours and 15 degrees in 1 hour

each degree contains

60 minutes

each minute contains

60 seconds

How many inches in a mile?

63,360

Latitudes are about how many miles apart per degree?

69 miles

south pole?

90 degrees south

compromise projection

Compromise projections give up the idea of perfectly preserving metric properties, seeking instead to strike a balance between distortions, or to simply make things "look right". Most of these types of projections distort shape in the polar regions more than at the equator.

descender

Descenders are the parts of characters that go below the baseline (such as the letters p and y). This line shows where the bottoms of the decenders are.

azimuthal equidistant projection

Distances and directions to all places are true only from the center point of projection.

kerning

Kerning describes the amount of space between two characters.

clues to a map not being a projection?

LAT/LONG/ lines are equallyspaced and no curve in countries.. flat

Reality

Physical and cultural dimensions of the Earth that cannot be changed

mercator

The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection presented by the Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569. It became the standard map projection for nautical purposes because of its ability to represent lines of constant course, known as rhumb lines or loxodromes, as straight segments that conserve the angles with the meridians. While the linear scale is equal in all directions around any point, thus preserving the angles and the shapes of small objects (which makes the projection conformal), the Mercator projection distorts the size of objects as the latitude increases from the Equator to the poles, where the scale becomes infinite. So, for example, landmasses such as Greenland and Antartica appear much larger than they actually are relative to land masses near the equator, such as Central Africa.

azimuthal equidistant projection

The azimuthal equidistant projection is an azimuthal map projection. It has the useful properties that all points on the map are at proportionately correct distances from the center point, and that all points on the map are at the correct azimuth (direction) from the center point. A useful application for this type of projection is a polar projection which shows all meridians (lines of longitude) as straight, with distances from the pole represented correctly. The flag of the United Nations contains an example of a polar azimuthal equidistant projection. This projection is used by the USGS in the National Atlas of the United States of America, and for large-scale mapping of Micronesia. It is useful for showing airline distances from center point of projection and for seismic and radio work. In the case of radio, this projection allows for directional antenna aiming, especially in the case of HF communications. An operator can point the antenna, usually by an electric rotator, simply locating the target in the map and rotating the antenna to the angle indicated by the map. The map should be centered as nearly as possible to the actual antenna location. Distances and directions to all places are true only from the center point of projection. Distances are correct between points along straight lines through the center. All other distances are incorrect. Distortion of areas and shapes increases with distance from center point. Some types of wide-angle camera lenses, known as "fisheye lenses" produce an azimuthal equidistant projection of the photographed scene onto the photographic medium. These lenses allow a much wider field of view than perspective lenses, which are limited to significantly less than 180 degrees.

ascender

This line shows where the top of letters such as k and h touch. Strangely, in a lot of cases, this line is slightly higher than the capital line. It took me a while to get this into my head because, intuitively, you would think that capital letters would be the tallest characters.

objective

What are you trying to show?

source

Where did you get the data?

audience

Who is going to look at it?

gutter

a band through the middle of the map where it is difficult to see text

good conic projection is?

albers equal area conic

what does a map projection portray?

all or part of the round Earth on a flat surface. Cannot be done without some distortion.

verbal

always a "map distance to earth distance". example: 1 inch equals 1 mile

sinusoidal projection

maintains equal area despite conformal distortion

reference-

many topics on one map

2 things cartographers do?

measure Earth's shape and features. collect and store information about terrain and place

good example of a conformal projection?

mercator

good projection for a cylindrical surface?

mercator

longitude lines are called?

meridians

Mercator projection is mainly used for?

navigation

types of ways we measure geography

nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

controls of map design?

objective, audience, reality, scale, and technical limits

General rules for open water and running water?

open water-ALL CAPS- LAKE LOUDON running water-Caps and LC- Wolf River

thematic-

patterns and distributions of a single topic

Texts on maps are vital in two respects-what are they?

they identify the map and act as an important visual display

how do cartographers transform features on a grid to a map?

through projections

Important map items?

title, legend, source, directional, scale, border, date, name

poles?

to offer a mean by which to specify points on the Earth's surface

3 common map scale types?

verbal, representative fraction, graphic bar scale.

technical limits

what do you have to work with?

robinson projection

world map which shows the entire world at once. It was specifically created in an attempt to find a good compromise to the problem of readily showing the whole globe as a flat image.