CAS 100A Final PSB

a pause that occurs when a speaker fills silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh", "er" and "um"

vocalized pauses

the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice

volume

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

appeal to novelty

1. is the information communicated accurately? 2. is the information communicated clearly? 3. is the information made meaningful and interesting to the audience

3 general criteria for judging informative speeches

1. speeches about objects: anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in forms. may have moving parts or be alive 2. speeches about process: a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product. explain how something is made, how something is done, or how something works. 3. speeches about events: speeches about anything that happens or is regarded as happening 4. speeches about concepts: beliefs, theories, ideas, principles, or the like. they are more abstract that objects, processes, or events.

4 types of informative speeches

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers what is true for the first case is also true for the second

analogical reasoning

preparing for the q&a session and managing the q&a session

answering audience questions

competence: how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject characte: how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience

Factors of credibility

1. get attention and interest 2. reveal the topic of your speech 3. establish your credibility and goodwill 4. preview the body of the speech

Four objectives of introduction

Attention Need Satisfaction Visualization Action

Monroe's Motivated Sequence (5 steps)

positions that are accepted

latitudes if acceptance

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

ad hominem

as you are writing your speech think of possible questions the audience may ask and brainstorm answers

formulate answers to possible questions

A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body. usually come at the end of the introduction to prove a smooth lead-in to the body of the speech

preview statement (and purpose of)

repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjusting words

alliteration

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

antithesis

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

appeal to tradition

change language depending on the audience but don't assume what they know

appropriateness of the audience

language is appropriate for some occasions and not others

appropriateness of the occasion

each speaker develops their own style of language

appropriateness to the speaker

Know the language that goes well with your topic

appropriateness to the topic

People are curious draw them in with statements that make them more curious. It builds suspense as well.

arouse the curiosity of the audience

the physical production of particular speech sounds

articulation

the sound of a vowel in non-rhyming stressed syllables

assonance

use MLA or APA style

attach a bibliography

use descriptions: used to communicate internal feelings. it is statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness use comparisons: put your subject in concrete familiar terms. a statement of the similarities among 2 or more people, events, ideas, etc. use contrast: like comparison it can put an idea into concrete terms. a statement of the differences among 2 or more peoples, events, ideas, etc.

avoid abstractions use descriptions use comparisons use contrast

all of your points are important don't give one point more time than another

balance amount of time spent on each

a fallacy which assumes that beaches something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

bandwagon

be creative when contrasting your information

be creative

Start with an attention getting quotation but make sure to keep them short. long quotes will bore the audience

begin with a quotation

factors of credibility, types of credibility, and enhancing credibility

building credibility

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

casual reasoning

A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship

causal order

persuasion is complex and challenging. you will sometimes deal with controversial topics. you will face listeners who are strongly in favor of your position, some who are neutral, and some who are adamantly opposed

challenges of persuasive speaking

a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form

charts

choose them carefully make sure they relate directly to your specific purpose and central idea

choosing the main points

a method of speech organization in which the main points goalie a time pattern

chronological order

a trite or overused expression

cliché

fear compassion pride anger guilt reverence

common emotions evoked in public speaking

words that refer to tangible objects

concrete words

A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them

connectives

gives words their intensify and emotional power

connotative meaning of words specialized meaning that is largely contextual

presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

conversational quality

A conclusion in which the speech builds to the zenith of power and intensity

crescendo ending

denotive meaning is precise, literal and objective

denotative meaning of words dictionary meaning of words

only about 2 to 5 main points usually, if you have too many the audience will get lost and confused. if you have too many main points put them into categories to make them into less main points

determining the number of main points to use

they pull the interest of the audience

develop vivid examples

a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary

dialect

A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

dissolve ending

use language that a regular audience would understand

don't be too technical

it is easy to do this. make sure you explain everything throughly

don't overestimate what the audience knows

helps show the audience what exactly you are discussing

drawings

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between 2 alternatives when more than 2 alternatives exist

either-or

kinesics, personal appearance, movement, gestures, eye contact

elements relating to the speaker's body

volume, pitch, inflections, monotone, rate, pauses, vocal variety, vocalized pauses, pronunciation, articulation, dialect

elements relating to the speaker's voice

most common and effective way to end a speech. its urgency is exactly suited to end the speech.

end with a quotation

credibility: the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. a matter of being qualified and have the audience believe you are qualified. Doesn't have to be based off of first hand knowledge. goodwill: the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind.

establish credibility and good will

it isn't always possible to draw a line between reason and emotional appeal

ethics and emotional appeals

no matter the speaking situation you need to make sure your goals are ethically sound and that you can use ethical methods to communicate your ideas

ethics and persuasion

expert skill or knowledge in a particular field.

expertise

direct visual contât with the eyes of another person. the quickest way to establish a communicative bond with your listeners is to look at them personally and pleasantly. don't just look a the listeners how you look at them is important

eye contact

an error in reasoning

fallacies (errors in reasoning)

a fallacy on which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

false cause

keeping it the same will make it easier to prepare the speaking outline. it makes you know exactly where you are during the entire speech

follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotion appeal e

general emotional appeals (pathos)

motions if speaker's hands or arms during a speech. gesturing tends to work itself out just make sure your arms down upstage your ideas

gestures

initial audience is usually easy, after you are introduced the audience will usually give their attention. if they don't wait patiently don't worry and look directly at the audience. Listeners will be attentive. keeping the attention of the audience is a little more difficult

get attention and interest

have not only what you want to say but how you want to say it. delivery cues are directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wanted to deliver key parts of the speech

give yourself cues for delivering the speech

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation. don't panic if you have to do this, no one is expecting you to deliver a perfect speech with no preparation. if you a responding to a previous speaker: first state the point you are addressing, second state the point you want to make, third support you point with stats, ex., or testimony, fourth summarize your points. This takes practice

giving an impromptu speech

good delivery doesn't call attention to itself, it conveys ideas clearly, interestingly and without distracting the audience. It is an art not a science

good delivery of a speech

a visual aid used to show statistical trend and patterns line graph: a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in stats over time or space pie graph: a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns bar graph: a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bares to show comparisons around two or more items

graphs

1. don't overestimate what the audience knows 2. relate the subject directly to the audience 3. don't be too technical 4. avoid abstractions 5. personalize your ideas 6. be creative

guidelines for informative speaking

prepare in advance, keep them simple, make sure they are large enough, use a limited amount of text, use fonts effectively, use color effectively, use images strategically, display visual aids where listeners can see them, avoid passing visual aids to the audience, explain visual aids clearly/concisely, talk to your audience not to your visual aid, practice with your visual aid

guidelines for preparing visual aids

1. follow the visual framework 2. make sure the outline is legible 3. keep outline as brief as possible 4. give yourself cues for delivering the speech

guidelines for the speaking outline

1. state the specific purpose 2. identify the central idea 3. label the introduction, body, and conclusion 4. use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation 5. state main points and sub-points in full sentences 6. label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews 7. attach a bibliography 8. if you want give your speech a title

guidlines for the preparation outline

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

hasty generalization

how much people are about the topic, should be high for persuasion to occur

high saliency and persuasion

helps prove to the audience that your idea is true logos: the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of speaker. the 2 major elements go logos are evidence and reasoning

how evidence works (logos)

supporting materials: the material used to support a speakers ideas the 3 major kinds of supporting ideas are examples, statistics and testimony. make sure to organize them that they are supporting

how to organize supporting materials

sometimes professors like this in the outline others like it immediately after the specific purpose statement

identify the central idea

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions of ideas

imagery

changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice

inflections

a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

informative speech

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

internal previews

A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point(s)

internal summaries

an analogy in which the 2 cases being compared are not essentially alike

invalid analogy

if your notecards are too detailed you'll have a lot of trouble maintaining eye contact with your audience

keep outline as brief as possible

each main point should be clearly independent of the others

keep them separate

objects and models, photographs and drawings, graphs, charts, video, the speaker

kinds of visual aids

the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication

kinesics

if you label your introduction, body, and conclusion you will have all of those in your speech.

label the 3 primary parts of the speech

add them in the outline so they don't seem out of place if you add them later

label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews

gives meaning to events

language creates our reality

positions that are opposed

latitudes of rejection

unlike readers they cannot flip back to a previous page if they have trouble understanding what the speaker is saying. You need organization and to make sure the readers can follow the profession of the speech from beginning to end.

listeners demand coherence in speeches

The major points developed in the body of the speech. Most speeches contain from 2 to 5 main points

main points

devise your own dramatic statement. Use your own voice.

make a dramatic statement

if you can't read it is is worthless, it also can't be too cramped you have to be able to see and read it.

make sure the outline is legible

approach questions with a positive attitude listen carefully direct your answers to the entire audience be honest/straightforward stay on track (no tangents)

managing the Q&A session

the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

mental dialogue with audience

an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as", between 2 things that are essentially different yet have something in common

metaphor literal figurative

reading from a manuscript, reciting from memory, giving an impromptu speech, and speaking extemporaneously

methods of delivery

explain your competence: advertise your expertise on the speech topic establish common ground with your audience: a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience deliver you speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction: strongly affected by his or her delivery

methods to enhance your credibility

help inform the audience

models

a constant pitch or tone of voice

monotone

people rock back and forth, tap there feet, and just fidget this is mostly because of nervousness but try to stand calm and confident.

movement

communication based on the person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

nonverbal communication

mostly used to inform the audience, like if you are talking about ski equipment why not bring some

objects

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

parallelism

a momentary break in the local delivery of the speech

pauses

personal appearance plays an important role in speechmaking. listeners always see your appearance before they see you

personal appearance

personalize: to present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience

personalize your ideas

the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions. it is important because you are acting as an advocate

persuasion (and the importance of)

1. A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken 2. a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy 3. a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince audience to take action in support of a given policy 4. need: the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy burden of proof: the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change demo current policy is necessary plan: the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy practicality: the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy 5. promlem-solution order: a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point pretenses a solution to a problem problem-cause-solutsion order: a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem and the third main point resents a solution to the problem comparative advantages: a method of organizing speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions

persuasive speeches on question of policy what are they speeches to gain passive action speeches to gain immediate action analyzing questions of policy organizing speeches on questions of policy

a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion they are nonpartisan, speaker acts as an advocate organized topically

persuasive speeches on questions of fact what are they analyzing the questions of fact organizing speeches on questions of fact

1. a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action 2. making a statement of your personal taste 3. make sure to justify your judgement against some identifiable standards

persuasive speeches on questions of value what are they analyzing questions of value organizing speeches on question of value

helps show the audience what exactly you are discussing

photographs

the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice

pitch

helps get your ideas to the audience but in some cases people read of slides or focus too much on the visual aid it ruins the speech itself

plusses and minuses of presentation technology

rehearse having questions being asked and how you would present your answers. make answers brief

practice the deliver of your answers

1. go through you r creation outline aloud 2. prepare your speaking outline 3. practice your speech aloud several times using the speaking outline 4. begin to polish and refine your speech 5. give your speech a dress rehearsal similar to how you will be giving the speech

practicing the delivery of your speech (5 step method)

a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, sub-points, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech

preparation outline

formulate answers to possible questions and practice the deliver of your answers

preparing for Q&A

most people are poor listeners even good listeners need help sorting out the speakers ideas. in some types you may not what to reveal the central idea of your speech until later. can use your introduction to give specialized information that your audience needs to understand the rest of your speech.

preview the body of the speech

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

problem-solution order

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm of words in a given language

pronunciation

evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement

proof

add a rhetorical question to get the audience thinking about your speech. Be sure to pause after you say the question to give the audience time to think about it. the audience will answer mentally not our loud

question the audience

the speed at which a person speaks

rate

a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience. Certain speeches much be delivered word for word. This is actually hard to do even though it seems easy. practice speaking the speech aloud to make sure it sounds natural, work on establishing eye contact, make sure it is legible, and reach out to the audience like you would if you were speaking extemporaneously

reading from a manuscript (manuscript speech)

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

reasoning

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

reasoning from principle

reasoning tha toes from particular facts to a general conclusion

reasoning from specific instances

doesn't really happen anymore mostly in toasts, congratulatory remarks, acceptance speeches, introductions and the likes.

reciting from memory

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

red herring

refer to your ideas in your introduction

refer to the introduction

reinforce the audiences understanding or commitment to the central idea. 1. summarize the speech 2. end with a quotation 3. make a dramatic statement 4. refer to the introduction

reinforce the central ideal of the speech

make sure to bring your audience into the speech to continue their interest and make sure they understand

relate the subject directly to the audience

people pay attention to things that affect them directly. Even if your topic is super interesting you always need to relate the topic to your audience. Use vivid language.

relate the topic to the audience

reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

repetition

make sure to clearly state your topic, if you don't the audience will be confused

reveal the topic of the speech

the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words

rhythm

make sure the audience knows you are ending your speech instead of ending it abruptly. "In conclusion" or "My purpose has been". may let the audience know your at the end by the manner of delivery, conclusion is the climax. 2 ways: crescendo ending and dissolve ending

signal the end of the speech

A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

signposts

an explicit comparison introduced with the word "like" or "as" between things that are essentially deferent yet have something in common

simile

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

slippery slope

hasty generalization, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem, either-or, slippery slope, appeal to tradition, appeal to traction, appeal to novelty

some common fallacies

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

spatical order

all the examples and language will mean nothing if you don't feel the emotion yourself

speak with sincerity and conviction

ethos: the name used by Aristotle for what modern students communication refer to as credibility

speaker credibility (ethos)

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes. the exact wording is chosen at the delivery

speaking extemporaneously

a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation the a speech

speaking outline

startle the listeners with one arresting or intriguing statements. Highly ejective and easy to use, just make sure your startling statement relates directly to your audience.

startle the audience

a skimpy outline won those. stating them in full sentences will make sure your develop your ideas fully

state main points and sub-points in full sentences

You think your speech is important so tell our audience why they should think so too. Citing information in your intro helps emphasizes the importance. Make sure your information is clear

state the importance of your topic

should have specific purpose done before the outline. including it makes it easier to assess how well you have constructed the speech

state the specific purpose

the most effective order depends on 3 things: the topic the purpose, and the audience. Chronological, spatial, causal, problem-solution, and topical order

strategic ordering of main points

Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience. using a clear, specific method of speech organization can boost the confidence of the speaker to give a smoother speech.

strategic organization of speeches

restating the main points is the easiest way to end the speech.

summarize your speech

everyone enjoys stories especially when they are dramatic and suspenseful. telling a story can get the audience emotionally involved in the speech.

tell a story

depending on the topic this can be used in demonstrating skills

the body of the speaker

occurs in a situation where 2 or more points of view exist

the psychology of persuasion

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

the target audience

they can make the speech more interesting, enhance almost every aspect of the speech, make the speaker look more prepared, help deal with stage fright

the value of visual aids in public speaking

a book of synonyms

thesaurus

1. keep main points separate 2. try to use the same pattern of wording for main points 3. balance the amount of time devoted to main points

tips for preparing main points

1. keep your eye out for possible concluding materials 2. conclude with a bang not a whimper. 3. don't be long winded your conclusion should only make up 5-10% of your speech 4. Don't leave anything in your conclusion to chance. Work it out in detail

tips for preparing the conclusion (there are 4)

1. keep the introduction brief shouldn't constitute more than 10-20% of the speech 2. lookout for possible introductory materials are you research 3. be creative in devising your introduction, experiment with more than one opening 4. don't worry about the wording of your introduction until you finish your body 5. work out your introduction in detail 6. don't start talking right away, make sure the audience has quite down and focused then make eye contact with your audience

tips for preparing the introduction

use specific evidence use novel evidence use evidence from a credible source make clear the point of your evidence

tips for using evidence

this isn't common but if it is wanted add a title

titles your speech, if desired

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

topical order

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

transitions

1. signal the end of your speech 2. reinforce the central ideal of the speech

two primary functions of conclusions

One-sided messages: "A message that presents only those arguments in favor of a particular position." Two-sided messages: "A message that that presents the arguments in favor of a proposition but also considers the opposing arguments."

two sided arguments vs .one sided arguments

initial credibility: the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak derived credibility: the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech terminal credibility: the credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech

types of credibility

preview the main points in the introduction and summarize them in the conclusion

typical organizational patterns for each of the 4 types of informative speeches

have the audience understand the topic better vs. having the audience perform the process themselves

understanding vs. perforate objectives of processes speeches

main points are identified by roman numerals, sub-points capital letters, sup-sub-points with numbers, sub-sub-sub-points with lowercase letters

use consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation

emotion-laden words, strong emotional power

use emotional language

they should all be the same style

use the same wording pattern

supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

using evidence in your speech

inclusive language: language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people o the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors avoid the generic "he" avoid using "man" for both man and women avoid stereotyping jobs or social roles by gender use names that groups use to identify themselves

using inclusive language

vital to a speaker because if you use the wrong word it can mess up your entire speech

using language accurately

appropriateness of the occasion, to the audience, to the topic and to the speaker

using language appropriately

people are different don't assume what is clear to you is clear to them use familiar words: use short, sharp words choose concrete words: words that refer to tangible objects rather than abstract words that refer to ideas and concepts eliminate cluttered speech: cluttered speech makes the audience tangle through everything being said to find the main point.

using language clearly using familiar words choose concrete (vs. abstract) words Eliminate cluttered speech

move people with your speeches, use vivid, animated language

using language vividly

don't use a long video

video

the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speakers ideas

visual framework

changes on a speaker's rate, pitch and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness

vocal variety