CB 39 Final Exam Terms

YHWH (17)

(Tetragrammaton), God's proper name. Translated "Lord God." Derives from the Hebrew Adonai, or Greek Kyrios, which were substitutions Jews used when reading "YHWH" to avoid pronouncing the name _. The vocalization _ is the work of a nineteenth-century German philologist. Gen 2-3: YHWH Elohim, translated "Lord God"; chapter 4 simply YHWH, "Lord." YHWH seems to mean "the being one" or "the one who causes [things to come into] being"; another possibility: "the one causes disaster." not sure. Meaning of YHWH has something to do with being. The one who causes things to exist.

Satan (23)

-In the book of Job, the "adversary" makes a bet with God as to whether Job will remain true to God if he is made to suffer. -With God's permission, the adversary puts Job through immense suffering in attempt to lure him away from God. -This adversary is not the devil, the Satan of later Christianity and Judaism (God's adversary), but rather one of the "sons of God." -God's cosmic dual: "the accuser" -Personifies evil and temptation. -Especially big in Christianity. -In the Hebrew Bible he is viewed more as the "adversary" and not necessarily evil. In the Hebrew Bible, Satan is not a name but a title. The title is "accuser" = prosecutor job Traditionally translated as "the accuser," or "the adversary," personifies evil and temptation, and is known as the deceiver that leads humanity astray. Book of Job -- Satan -- this is not the Satan who will go on to be the leader of cosmic forces against God -- not yet the cosmic Satan who represents bad -- cosmic monism is later questioned and replaced by cosmic dualism, but we are not yet there

"curse God and die" (23)

-Job 2:9 -Job's wife says this to Job out of frustration with God when things go badly. -Job does not follow his wife's command and instead maintains his faith in God, showing his unwavering commitment to God. After Satan inflicts Job with painful sores, Job's wife prompts him to "_ _ _ _" as he is sitting in a pile of ashes Job's wife said to him, "Are you still maintaining your integrity? Curse God and die!"

Ecclesiastes (23)

-Means gatherer or teacher -Book written in the Ketuvim (Writings) -Traditionalists believe it was written by Solomon -MBS counter that the book was probably written later, and that Solomon's name does not appear. -AKA Qohelet -Book is about the vanity of life and the reality of death -If you do good things, good things will happen to you Author: Qohelet Wisdom book --Speculative/negative wisdom Q and Job share characteristics of wisdom literature, but Q is about the vanity of life and the reality of death, realistic The book of Ecclesiastes contains Proverbs, maxims, sayings, and is largely an autobiographical story. Solomon wrote it late in his life, approximately 935 B.C. He had become aware of the mistakes that he made throughout his life and began to document them. The purpose of Ecclesiastes is to spare future generations the suffering and misery of seeking after foolish, meaningless, materialistic emptiness, and to offer wisdom by discovering truth in seeking after God. A book of nonstandard or negative wisdom literature; author is Qohelet; traditionalists believe this to be Solomon; MBS do not believe this to be the case due to the appearance of certain Persian words (dating the book to a time later than Solomon)

Ark of the Covenant (12)

-Most central and thus holiest part of the Tabernacle -Contains the Ten Commandments, which symbolized God's law at the heart of the sanctuary (as opposed to the images in non-Israelite ones) -Had two cherubium, symbolizing that the cover was God's throne and the Ark His footstool D knows the ark of the covenant. The ark -Book of Deuteronomy - ark is the main thing -Golden calf story - tablets smashed by Moses in his fury, pieces are put into the ark -The ark is a fancy box -The tabernacle tradition put the ark in a context - i.e. the ark is surrounded by a tent/mysterious structure (referring to the tabernacle) -Deuteronomy - you just have an ark; later - the ark is the centerpiece of a mysterious tent structure, that is where god is

Priests (12)

-Religious officials -Levites (of the tribe of Levi) -Lineage of Aaron, according to source P -Performed worship and sacrificial ritual at the Tabernacle -Leviticus details instruction for the priests -Source D: Levites can be priests as well According to P, in the Tabernacle only the priests of the tribe of Levi (Aaron and his sons) officiate; other Levites (members of other clans from the same tribe) pack and unpack the Tabernacle but otherwise do not officiate. Priests officiate, Levites assist

Ritual impurity (12)

-State of uncleanliness by which an Israelite may not participate in any sort of ritual before purification -Related to illness, death, excretion, sexual relations, etc. -Aspects of life build up over time, sin, and have to be cleaned/purified The sacred must be protected from impurity; no one may enter the sacred sanctuary or partake of sacred foods when in a state of impurity. • Sources of Impurity: human corpse (Numbers 19); (dead) impure animals (Lev 11); childbirth (Lev 12); sexual discharges (Lev 15); skin maladies (Lev 13-14). • Removal of impurity can be effected by different means: wait until sunset; wait seven days; wash clothes/bathe the body; be sprinkled with the waters of the red heifer (Numbers 19). • This impurity (sometimes called "levitical impurity" or "ritual impurity") has nothing to do with sin; these impurities are inevitable and transient; as long as one does not enter upon the sacred in an impure state, the impurity does not imperil the relationship of God to the people of Israel. • But some passages metaphorically associate the impurity with sin

Profane/secular slaughter (12)

-When the Israelites would kill without pouring the blood out -In Leviticus, it was required that the Israelites pour the blood on the altar, else not holy -In Deuteronomy, ok for the Israelites to pour the blood on the ground -P does not envision secular slaughter Lev 17 does not allow profane/secular slaughter, but Deut 12 does. Lev 17: any slaughter of cattle, sheep, and goats is to take place at the tabernacle; that is, all slaughter is by definition sacred slaughter, and all slaughter belongs on the altar (only place you can dispose of the blood that belongs to god). P prohibits local slaughter. This is a centralization of the cult, but seems thoroughly impractical; contrast Deuteronomy 12 which permits secular slaughter.

Goliath (18)

1 Samuel 17 -- story of David and Goliath A Philistine giant, according to one tradition slain by David (1 Sam. 17), but according to another slain by Elhanan (2 Sam. 21:19) Who slew Goliath? David or Elhanan ben Yaarei orgim? A famous giant of Gath, who for forty days openly defied the armies of Israel, but was at length slain by David with a stone from a sling (1 Sam. 17:4)

Vineyard of Naboth (19)

1 kings 21 -- story of Naboth the Jezreelite; Elijah forecasts doom to Jezebel and Ahab; theme of social justice Comes from a short narrative found in Chapter 21 of 1 Kings. King Ahab demands that _ sell his vineyard to him. When _ refuses on the basis that it is his vineyard by birthright, Ahab has _ killed in public and goes to seize the vineyard. God proclaims because of his evil Ahab's line of males will end. Ahab tried to steal it, Naboth said no - so Jezebel told Ahab to kill Naboth and steal it so he did

Hezekiah (19)

13th (righteous) king of Judah (southern kingdom) and father of Manasseh (terrible king). Reigned during the time of the Assyrian invasion in the north. He cleaned the temple of any other deities and restored Yahweh as the God of the temple. Forced to pay tribute to Assyria. King Hezekiah is contemporary with the fall of northern kingdom Along with Josiah, he was an example of a righteous king in the Southern Kingdom from 715-686 BCE. Although he was King during the Assyrian destruction of the Northern Kingdom, he found favor with God by enacting religious reforms that prohibited the worship of any God except Yahweh. Second Kings 18:5 says he "trusted in the Lord the God of Israel; so that there was no one like him among all the kings of Judah after him, or among those who were before him." He is important for exemplifying the behavior of a "good king," especially when contrasted with other kings like Manasseh and Jeroboam The southern kingdom -- 2 Kings 18:1-16 (good king Hezekiah; forced to pay tribute to Assyria); 18:17-19:37 (the Assyrians threaten J'lm and insult the Lord; prophecy of Isaiah, prayer of Hezekiah; deliverance of J'lm); 20 (illness of Hezekiah; Hezekiah and the emissaries of Babylon) Southern kingdom -- some kings were righteous (notably Hezekiah and Josiah), but most were not; God protects his city, king, and temple: Hezekiah -- 2 Kings 18:14-16 Hezekiah must pay tribute to the king of Assyria (confirmed by Assyrian records)

Absalom (18)

2 Samuel 15-19 (19:11) (David and Absalom) -- David's son Absalom rebels against David -- Absalom fails and is killed -- David laments Absalom's death Revolt of Absalom shows tensions within society Absalom was the third son of David, who rebelled against his father and was slain by Joab In the Bible, a son of David who staged a revolt against his father's kingship and was killed in the ensuing battle

"build you a house" (18)

2 Samuel 7: interplay in this chapter between David wanting to build God a "house"/temple; then God says he will build David a "house" (kingship); ultimately David's son Solomon builds God a "house" (temple) This verse establishes the Davidic dynasty. God builds a "house" for David and tells him that he will hold onto the throne forever

Josiah, Josianic reform (19)

2 kings 22-23 -- southern kingdom -- good king Josiah, cleansing of the temple, God's fury endures King who instituted religious reforms that, for example, mandated all ritual sacrifice to take place in the central temple; this religious reform was motivated by the discovery of "a book of the law" during temple renovations in 621 BCE; MBS believe this book to be Deuteronomy Youngest king, became king of Judah at age 8. Son of King Amon; it was while he was king that the "book of the law," probably D, was found in the temple; this was the main impetus behind his religious reforms. Southern kingdom -- some kings were righteous (notably Hezekiah and Josiah), but most were not -- we have king Josiah with the Deuteronomic reform -- re-cleaning up the temple

Divided Monarchy (19)

931 BCE. After the death of Solomon, the United Kingdom is split into 2. In the north you had ten tribes under Jeroboam. They split because of the taxes or labor laws set by Solomon and reinforced by his successor Rehoboam. In the south you had the kingdom of Judah which stayed loyal, with the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. After death of Solomon the original kingdom is split in two - Northern (israel) and Southern (judah) Narrative of Dtr: David founded a divinely approved royal dynasty; his son Solomon built the divinely approved temple; Reign of Solomon: height of fame, power, glory, wisdom (marries daughter of Pharaoh; Queen of Sheba; "cut the baby in half!"); after Solomon's death the kingdom split in two: Jeroboam in the north (chief tribe is Ephraim), Rehoboam continuing the Davidic dynasty in the south (chief tribe is Judah)

Apocrypha (24)

???

Baal (19)

A Northwest Semitic title meaning "master" or "lord"; can refer to any god or even a human official False god often praised by other nations, or Israelites when they were not following God 1 kings 18 -- confrontation between Elijah and priests of Baal on Mt. Carmel -- YHWH vs. Baal -- which god can send fire and rain? Dtr frequently accuses the northern kingdom of idolatry (worship of foreign gods, notably Baal), thus rejecting the Deuteronomic ideal of monolatry Baal was the name of the supreme god worshiped in ancient Canaan and Phoenicia. The practice of Baal worship infiltrated Jewish religious life during the time of the Judges (Judges 3:7), became widespread in Israel during the reign of Ahab (1 Kings 16:31-33) and also affected Judah (2 Chronicles 28:1-2). The word baal means "lord."

Behemoth (23)

A beast mentioned in Job 40:15-24. In the book, the _ and the leviathan are creatures mentioned to demonstrate Job's futility in questioning God. It shows God's power and divinity. A beast found in Job 40 Demonstrates to Job the futility of questioning God, who alone has created these beings and who alone can capture them Chaos monster -Mythical creature described in Job 40:15-24. -Portrayed as a massive ox-like animal with bones like bronze and limbs like iron. -Described as one of the first works of God. -Symbolizes something extremely large and powerful -Under the control of God -Demonstrates God's infinite power as compared to Job's tiny grievances against God.

Beth El (or Bethel) (19)

A border city in Israel located between Benjamin and Ephraim. Following the breakup of the united kingdom of David and Solomon, Bethel became a cult center for the Israelites. For instance, King Jeroboam I set up centers for his Golden Calf cult at this place Although the split was divinely ordained and is punishment for Solomon's sin, according to Dtr the northern kingdom was inherently sinful ("sin of Jeroboam"), when Jeroboam set up two altars and golden calves in Bethel and Dan, thus rejecting the Deuteronomic ideal of one temple for the one God bethel -- a holy place -- "a place where God is worshipped"

Lection, lectionary cycle (24)

A cycle of biblical readings for the church year. it is read out loud ritually in community (synagogue/church). each day has a specific reading assigned to it. The Bible is read aloud ritually in community (synagogue/church): lectionary cycle in both synagogue and church. Synagogue -- the entire Torah is read aloud (actually, sung, chanted) in the course of one year (in some customs: three years). Church -- excerpts from the HB are read daily in the Mass. Juxtaposed to excerpts from the NT (which is read entire in the course of the liturgical year). -A piece of the Hebrew Bible (often from the Torah) that would be read in a synagogue and followed up with an explanation given by a Jewish scholar. -There would be a particular order of scripture readings that would be cycled over the course of a specified time period. -Continuous cycle -Jewish cycle is 1 year, christian is 1 (?)

Ruth (16)

A domestic drama. Plot turns on the relationship of two women - unique in the Bible. Theme: loyalty and goodness are rewarded. Heroine is _ the Moabite, the embodiment of domestic virtue. God is behind the scenes. A Moabite woman famous for her loyalty, revealed to be King David's great-grandmother. Book of Ruth -- a relevant narrative text (i.e. relevant to Genesis 38 -- story of Judah and Tamar). The custom of levirate marriage in Gen 38 matches the law precisely in Deut 25:5-10; the custom in Ruth seems to be different. As unmarried women Ruth and Tamar are anomalous in Israelite society; Ruth marries Boaz, what happens to Tamar (and to Dinah) is not stated.

Pilgrimage (13)

A journey undertaken in search of meaning, often to a shrine or significant/sacred site for worship. One who undertakes this journey is a pilgrim. Deuteronomy 16:16-17 says: "Three times a year—on the Feast of Unleavened Bread (passover), on the Feast of Weeks (Shavuot), and on the Feast of Booths (Sukkot)—all your males shall appear before the LORD your God in the place that He will choose. They shall not appear before the LORD empty‐handed, but each with his own gift, according to the blessing that the LORD your God has bestowed upon you." 3 holidays were set aside in biblical times for people to travel to the ancient Temple in Jerusalem (Passover, Shavuot, and Sukkot) (Lecture 13)

Manasseh (19)

A king of Southern Kingdom, supporter of idolatry to such an extent that Dtr says he doomed the kingdom. Example of diachronic punishment, since he was long dead when the southern kingdom was defeated by the Babylonians 2 kings 21 -- southern kingdom -- reign and sins of Manasseh; doom for Jerusalem Southern kingdom -- some kings were righteous (notably Hezekiah and Josiah), but most were not, because "the high places were not removed." Worst idolater was Manasseh (687-642) (although he also reigned the longest!!) Idolatry of Manasseh might perhaps be explained as Assyrian loyalty (cf Ahaz 2 K 16:10-18) or perhaps seeking more divine protection against the Assyrians (cf Jeremiah 44:15ff) Manasseh -- absolute worst king of the southern kingdom -- most sinful of the sinful -- son of Hezekiah, grandfather of Josiah The southern kingdom falls because of the sin of Manasseh; problem -- Manasseh is living 2-3 generations before actual downfall of kingdom (that does not quite line up); that is okay because according to author of kings, diachronic punishment is okay -- perfectly just and reasonable for children to suffer for sins of parents; temple falls in 587 bce, but Manasseh is a full 60-70 years earlier

Elijah (19)

A non-literary Israelite prophet that has a contest at Mount Carmel with the priests of Baal to see who has a more powerful God. _ also forecasts doom over King Ahab's household after he steals Naboth's vineyard (1 kings 21). Prophet and miracle worker, defended worshipping God over the Canaanite idol Baal Elijah and Elisha are pre-literary prophets -- holy men -- men who are endowed with some mysterious power Elijah -- this cycle of stories has been heavily moralized in the book of kings -- i.e. the display of power is not simply the power of a holy man impressing the crowd but rather it is a holy man doing something in the name of the lord in order to bring about desired, ethical, or religious change Elijah's stories have a strong moral component Among the Elijah stories, 2 fantastic stories -- One is the story of Naboth in 1 kings 21 (confrontation between Elijah and Ahab of the northern kingdom; King Ahab covets this man Naboth's vineyard; Elijah comes to king Ahab and accuses him of murder in order to acquire the vineyard of Naboth; King Ahab does not kill Elijah; he is contrite, says that Elijah is right) -- Other story is 1 kings 18 (Confrontation between Elijah, sole man loyal to god, against the 450 priests of Baal -- Which god is more powerful? -- We learn not just that Elijah is a powerful holy man not to be trifled with but also we learn that god is a real god -- God is powerful -- Israelites yell out in the end that God is the lord, YHWH is the lord, not Baal -- scream in affirmation -- take those priests of Baal and slaughter them -- Story has deep moral lesson of affirmation of the true god versus the false gods)

End of days (20-21)

A phrase that appears several times throughout the Tanakh; refers to end times (incorporating a future messianic age) - a prominent notion of Jewish thought The prophets routinely speak of the future. This is referring to the indefinite future. the other future the prophets talk about is the near term (for example Babylon is coming) Theme from the prophetic books -- the future, wonderful and dreadful -- the standard view is that gloom and doom are just about to descend upon us, but look beyond and you will see a different kind of future; you have both kinds of prophecies - gloom and doom in immediate future, and also golden age further into the future

Bamot (high places) (19)

A raised space on an elevation devoted to and equipped for the sacrificial cult of a deity. Were found and used throughout Israel until Josiah and his reforms destroyed these altars. Altars to Baal set up by bad Israelites, aka people who worship Baal; King is good if he tears down high places and shitty if he rebuilds the bad places ???

Leviathan (23)

A sea monster described in Job 41. In the book, the behemoth and the _ are creatures mentioned to demonstrate Job's futility in questioning God. It shows God's power and divinity. In modern Hebrew, the term means whale. Demonstrates to Job the futility of questioning God, who alone has created these beings and who alone can capture them Chaos monster Identified figuratively with both the primeval sea and in apocalyptic literature (end of time) -- the devil from before creation who will finally be defeated -- humans cannot control these creatures (Behemoth too) -Sea monster referenced in Job -Could refer to a crocodile -God created Leviathan and describes its might in vivid detail in order to prove to Job that He is all-powerful and that Job's undeserved suffering is not the result of some evil force usurping or overpowering God. -Example of God's infinite power

Levi (16)

A son of Jacob (and Leah) and the traditional eponymous ancestor of the priestly tribe of Levi. Simeon and Levi (brothers of Dinah; sons of Jacob) kill all the males of Shechem and then the rest of the brothers seize women and children and flocks as booty (massacre at Shechem). Due to rape of Dinah (Genesis 34).

Suzerain (13)

A sovereign having some control over another state that is internally autonomous (a.k.a. God) God is the Suzerain and the Israelites are the Vassals in the Book of Deuteronomy. Deuteronomy says nothing about suzerain/vassal treaty; scholars have just noticed similarities between Hittite treaties and the covenant between God and Israel. (Lecture 13)

Allegory, allegorical interpretation (24)

A symbolic representation of one thing by another. Justin Martyr (ca. 160 CE) argues that the laws of the Torah are true only in a metaphorical sense, as _ or typology. Christians are not to observe their literal sense. Christians are famous for reading the laws allegorically or metaphorically (see Enslin), but they too can sometimes uphold the authority and the literal meaning of Torah laws when they want/need to. E.g. prohibition of eating blood (Genesis 9; Leviticus 17; Deuteronomy 12) observed by many early Christians.

Ideologically motivated narrative (18)

A term used to describe a story which is told/written not simply for the content it holds, but for its purpose. For example, the purpose of the Dtr narrative is to show divine justice. It may look like a history, but it is not. Story told to further some religious purpose, tries to perpetuate a theme, interprets the facts to promote a particular idea

Midrash (24)

A way of reading the bible; a fanciful reading of one verse in the light of other verses, by departing from the plain sense of words. Jewish commentary on the Bible -A method of interpreting biblical passages, "filling in the blanks" in regards to the narrative structure and character personalities. -Its purpose is to resolve problems with conflicting interpretations, as well as apply Rabbinic ethical and religious principles with the biblical text. -These interpretations, often done very early on, intrinsically affect how many aspects of the bible are viewed both by traditionalists and modern biblical scholars. A Jewish method of interpreting Biblical passages in order to fill in any gaps in the stories. Part of the oral torah- not a law code- it is exegetical- it's interpretive. How to solve problems in the Bible. The rabbis are most famous for reading verses midrashically, that is, by a fanciful reading of one verse in the light of other verses, by departing from the plain sense of the words (see article by David Stern). Most conspicuously Exodus 23:19 -- You shall not boil a kid in its mother's milk.

Cherubim (17)

A winged angelic being described in biblical tradition as attending on God. It is represented in ancient Middle Eastern art as a lion or bull with eagles' wings and a human face. A cherub is one of the unearthly beings who directly attend to God according to Abrahamic religions. The numerous depictions of cherubim assign to them many different roles; their original duty having been the protection of the Garden of Eden. Two golden figures of the cherubim are featured on the ark of the covenant.

Witch of Endor (18)

A witch who summoned the spirit of Samuel in 1 Samuel 28:3-25 (strictly forbidden by Dtr, though it seems to work). After Samuel died, King Saul was apparently receiving no response from God about his battle plans anymore (He usually consults with the oracle that gives yes or no responses), and so called upon the _ _ _ to summon Samuel, who then tells Saul that he has disobeyed God, and predicts Saul and his sons' downfall in battle. Saul later commits suicide to avoid being captured. The medium whom Saul talked to in order to contact a dead Samuel

"God of Old" (17)

According to Kugel, this is the God in the narratives of Genesis and Exodus (usually attributed to J by MBS) in which God is anthropomorphic, anthropopathic, with a body, located in time and space as opposed to the God of Judaism/Christianity in which God doesn't have a body (incorporeal) since having a body is finite and corruptible. God depicted in Genesis and Exodus. This God is anthropomorphic, anthropopathic, with a body, located in time and space.

Central highlands (18)

According to MBS, who do not accept the historicity of the Israelite conquest story, the Israelites' homeland was not the coast, but the _ _. This suggests that Israelites were probably Canaanites originally. Their evidence: no pig bones have been discovered in the settlements of the _ _. Earliest archaeological evidence of Israelite settlements - the heartland of ancient Israel MBS do not accept the historicity of the Israelite conquest story -- MBS instead suggest a series of possibilities -- common denominator: the central highlands, not the coast and not the plains, is the Israelite homeland (Judges 1:19 The Lord was with [the tribe of] Judah, and he took possession of the hill country, but could not drive out the inhabitants of the plain, because they had chariots of iron; cf. 4:3) -- in the new settlements in the central highlands the material culture is Canaanite, but there are signs of an emerging "Israelite" identity

Sin of Jeroboam (19)

Although the split of the northern and southern kingdoms was divinely ordained and is punishment for Solomon's sin, according to Dtr the northern kingdom was inherently sinful ("sin of Jeroboam"), when Jeroboam set up two altars and golden calves in Bethel and Dan, thus rejecting the Deuteronomic ideal of one temple for the one God The "_ of _" was to construct two golden calves for the people of the Northern Kingdom to worship, thus promoting idolatry. The reason why the northern kingdom falls. The act of idolatry practiced by King Jereboam in 1 Kings 12; he builds shrines with golden calves. God, via the prophet Ahijah, promises that the House of Jereboam will be destroyed and the Israelites will be scattered. Jereboam's actions are particularly harmful because God had previously made a covenant with David. This is consistent with Dtr's theme of the northern kingdom being sinful In the book of kings, the kings come and go in the north (not a dynastic group like in the south, the south is dynastic), but what unites them all is that they are all tainted by the sin of Jeroboam -- rejection of the house of David, rejection of the house of Jerusalem (temple), and ultimately a rejection of god Northern kingdom falls (conquered by the Assyrians in 721/722 BCE) because of the sin of Jeroboam

Second Isaiah (II Isaiah) (20-21)

An anonymous prophet whose work is preserved in Isaiah 40-66. Post-exilic b/c mentions Cyrus (king of Persia, conqueror of Babylon); Mid sixth century BCE. Has thematic and literary connections with Isaiah I: centrality of Zion, God is the "holy one of Israel", divine punishment for pride. We understand why the two collections were juxtaposed. Isaiah chapters 40-55. Written by an anonymous prophet(s) whose work is preserved in Isaiah. Mid sixth century BCE. Cyrus king of Persia, conqueror of Babylon. No Assyrians anywhere. No Judean king. Prophet of restoration. During 3rd of 3 main periods of activity of literary prophets -- Period of Persian domination: mid-sixth century BCE (key dates: 539 BCE Persia conquers Babylon; 516 BCE dedication of second temple) The great prophet of cosmic monism is Second Isaiah. "I am the Lord and there is no other" (Isaiah 45:5) - a common theme in Isaiah II; God's universal power; anti-dualistic statement in 45:7. God is the only god; brilliant satire of idolatry (Isaiah 44); the stupidity and uselessness of image worship. Isaiah II: God gave Cyrus an empire, so that he can benefit Israel (45:4); Cyrus is "my shepherd" (44:28), the "anointed one" (45:1). Nations of the world are part of god's plan. The great prophets of end-time prophecies are Isaiah I and Isaiah II - they have wondrous depictions of future time

Transjordan (18)

An area of land east of the Jordan River allocated in the Bible to the tribes of Reuben and Gad and half the tribe of Manasseh. Across the Jordan: land to the east of the Jordan river.

Day of the Lord (20-21)

Another way of describing the end of times. Isaiah, both I and II, was a great prophet of end time prophecies, and he uses the phrase the "_ _ _ _" to describe the day of judgement and of cosmic upheaval. Isaiah 13 -- this is considered to be the judgment day for the wicked Prophecies of (immediate) gloom and doom are offset by prophecies of (ultimate) restoration and "golden age." The great prophets of end-time prophecies are Isaiah I and Isaiah II. Gloom and doom: Isaiah 13 "6 Howl! For the day of the LORD is near; it shall come like havoc from Shaddai. 7 Therefore all hands shall grow limp, And all men's hearts shall sink; 8 And, overcome by terror, they shall be seized by pangs and throes, Writhe like a woman in travail. They shall gaze at each other in horror, Their faces livid with fright...."

Centralization of the cult (19)

At the heart of the Deuteronomistic theology is the belief that God has chosen one specific place, the Jerusalem temple, as the only site for valid sacrifice, and that this command was transmitted by God to Moses. Creation of a worshipping place for all Israelites for the purpose of sacrifices. Main religious reform we see in D is centralization of the cult (which is why local shrines/high places are condemned in D). P assumes the centralization of the cult--D commands it. This is why scholars think P is later than D.

Centralization of the cult (13)

At the heart of the Deuteronomistic theology is the belief that God has chosen one specific place, the Jerusalem temple, as the only site for valid sacrifice, and that this command was transmitted by God to Moses. Creation of a worshipping place for all Israelites for the purpose of sacrifices. Main religious reform we see in D is centralization of the cult (which is why local shrines/high places are condemned in D). P assumes the centralization of the cult--D commands it. This is why scholars think P is later than D. (Lecture 13)

Nebuchadnezzar (20-21)

Babylonian king who conquered the temple of Jerusalem in 587/586 BCE The Babylonian king who conquered the Israelites and destroyed the First Temple God is using Nebuchadnezzar for his own ends - to punish Israel (cf. Isaiah 10 re Assyrians) -- in order to allow this to happen God is giving N. who is "my servant" or "my subject" (25.9, 27:6), an empire of 70 years (25:11, 29:10) -- this reflects the theme of "Israel and the nations" found in the prophetic books

Cosmic monism (24)

Basically another way of saying monotheism. -The idea that God is solely in power and in charge of everything -However, the later apocalyptic style leans more towards cosmic dualism, referencing the existence of a second adversarial force which will eventually be overthrown. -Cosmic monism is more characteristic of Judaism. Prevalent in Daniel, but some Jews will develop the notions of satan and Evil, which will lead to cosmic dualism

"the patience (endurance) of Job" (22)

Book of Job -- Job stays loyal to God after all of his misfortune, is rewarded in the end In the Book of Job, Job demonstrated faith and patience with God while suffering many severe trials, Bible refers to this in other parts Patience of Job -- patience in the sense of suffering -- Job suffers, endures, remains faithful in the end Like Qohelet (Eccesiastes), Job too is ambiguous -- narrative frame (chapters 1,2, 42) reflects a prior-existing folk-tale ("patience of Job" James 5:11) (we call it a folk-tale because of the happy ending)

The lord is my shepherd (22)

Book of psalms -- hymns of praise -- beautiful poetry in Hebrew Bible Psalm 23 -- "the lord is my shepherd; I shall not want" -- stunning image of walking through valley of shadow of death -- psalmist seems happy about something -- content with things the way they are At the end of psalm 23 -- "I will dwell in the house of the lord forever" -- many psalms have a temple focus -- the house of the lord is the temple -- yearning to dwell with the lord, to be with god in the temple

YHWH-alone theology (20-21)

Both the Torah and DTR endorse the YHWH-alone position and see other approaches as sinful. The YHWH-alone theology means that Israel is not to worship any other Gods other than YHWH Theme in literary prophets -- divine exclusivity, monolatry, monotheism. Dtr shows a clash in ancient Israel between a "YHWH-alone" theology and a theology that permits combining the worship of YHWH with other gods. The YHWH-alone theology triumphed. Both the Torah and Dtr endorse the "YHWH alone" position and see the other approach as sinful ("idolatry"). Israel is not to worship any God other than YHWH. But many Israelites for a long time were not convinced. One of the five major themes of the literary prophets. In the clash between monolatry and monotheism and a theology that permits the worshiping of other gods, like Baal, the _-_ _ wins. The Torah and the Deuteronomist both endorse this approach and often claim that punishment is a result of idolatry and the worship of other gods. MBS believe that the literary prophets were the champions of this movement, such as Hosea's marriage metaphor and Second Isaiah's promotion of cosmic monism.

Tabernacle (12)

Carried by the Israelites during Exodus and into Canaan. It housed the spirit of God and the arc of the covenant. E describes it as a tent. P describes a much more elaborate shrine. Still used today. Known as God's dwelling place/ tent of meetings. Where the Israelites kept the covenant with God. MBS would say that the tabernacle did not exist and think that it is an invention, a stand in for the temple.

New Testament (24)

Christian holy document, focuses on life of Jesus and his apostles. God comes off as much kinder than he does in the Hebrew Bible. Christians use the _ _as a lens through which they view the Hebrew Bible. Christians read the Bible in terms of life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Christ as set forth in the New Testament. Our NT consists of 27 books composed in Greek in the second half of the first century CE and the early decades of the second century CE. They were collected and canonized in stages from the end of the second century CE to the fourth century CE. Christians, like Jews, argue that they are authentic and understand true meaning of HB, but they say that what they are doing is also new. We have a New Testament, a new covenant, etc. -- and the new replaces the old. Christians offset their notion of continuity and sameness, with the notion of newness.

"Shoot from the stump of Jesse" (20-21)

Comes from Isaiah 11. This shoot from the stump of Jesse refers to the fact that Jesse was the father of David who became king of the Israelites. A line from Isaiah 11:1 referring to Jesse, King David's father and signaling that the Davidic line is the righteous line. This is significant because it is a metaphor that there is hope of restoration after the exile/judgment.

Cult (20-21)

Cult refer to a mode of worship. Refers to the sacrificial system of sacrifices and offerings. So, the ancient Israelite cult refers to their rituals and sacrifices and the cult of Baal refers to the same thing, just offered to Baal. ???

721 BCE (20-21)

Date in which Assyrian empire conquers Northern kingdom of Israel. (date) Assyrians conquer Israel (Northern Kingdom) - the end of the Northern Kingdom Period of Assyrian domination: eighth century BCE: (key date: 721 BCE fall of northern kingdom) 2 Kings -- stories of northern and southern monarchy; northern kingdom - worshipping at Bethel and Dan, worshipping golden calf, they are idolatrous, rebelled against god's chosen city and temple and dynasty - they are crushed by the Assyrians in 722/721 BCE - Assyrians come by and wipe out northern kingdom Dtr: in both kingdoms the effects of sin carry through the generations; the northern kingdom falls because of the sin of Jeroboam (southern because of the sin of Manasseh)

621 BCE (13)

Date of the discovery of the Deuteronomic scroll in the walls of the Temple in Jerusalem. Josiah was ruling the kingdom at this point, and many of his reforms were said to have come from the influence of these scrolls (centralization of sacrifice,etc). Account can be found in the book of Kings. (This is a date) in the book of Deuteronomy (called "the book of the law" in the biblical account), is discovered in the Temple during King Josiah's temple remodeling program (Lecture 13)

New Covenant (20-21)

Described by God in Jeremiah 31 as different from the original _ made with the Israelites. Now, God asserts that his teachings will affect the innermost beings of his people and be "inscribed upon their hearts." HIs people will not break the _ this time around, and God claims that he will only reject the Israelites again when the laws of the heavenly bodies are violated (never). God explains that Jerusalem will be rebuilt, never to be destroyed again. Christians have interpreted this passage as a prophecy of a _ _through Jesus. However, here it refers to the return of Israel after Babylonian exile and the reconstruction of the temple. (In Jeremiah 31) In this, the Israelites will have a covenant that is inscribed in their hearts so that they automatically and naturally observe it. The content of the new covenant is not the issue; it is the obedience of the covenanters. The old covenant that God had established with His people required obedience to the Old Testament Mosaic law.

Vassal treaty (13)

Deut 4:13, 10.4: Treaty between God and Israelites in which God establishes himself as Lord over the Israelites, under the authority of the suzerain, and lists his requirements and commandments. Israelites will worship and obey God, and God will protect and care for them. Part of the Decalogue. A kingdom who entered into a contractual relationship with a more powerful king to who they pay homage and fealty in return for protection. Israelites were the vassals in the covenant between them and God. (Lecture 13)

Hittite(s) (13)

Deuteronomy 7:1-6: Israelites are commanded to kill one of these "seven nations mightier and more numerous than you" upon entering Canaan; one of the seven nations conquered by Israel in Palestine

621 BCE (19)

Discovery of the Deuteronomic scroll in the walls of the Temple in Jerusalem. Josiah was ruling the kingdom at this point, and many of his reforms were said to have come from the influence of these scrolls (centralization of sacrifice,etc). Account can be found in the book of Kings. (This is a date) in the book of Deuteronomy (called "the book of the law" in the biblical account), is discovered in the Temple during King Josiah's temple remodeling program

Dtr (18)

Dtr = the Deuteronomist = the narrator of Joshua-Judges-Samuel-Kings The Deuteronomist, who is the narrator of Joshua-Judges-Samuel-Kings and the books known as "Former Prophets" as well as the book Deuteronomy (beginning of _), product of one editorial school. The main emphasis of _ is reward and punishment by God, focusing on punishment and especially the sin of worshipping other gods. _ also believes in collective punishment by God, both synchronic (of the same time, when the entire people are punished for the sin of a few), and diachronic (across time, between parents and children). The _ narrative is an ideologically motivated narrative to show divine justice. Historian who compiled accounts of Israelite history and tells the narrative of that story in an ideologically motivated manner accounting to the standards/sensibilities of D (Lecture 15)

Golden calf (17)

Exod. 32: The Israelites asked Aaron to make them an Idol that they could worship after their Exodus from Egypt. He melted their gold into a _. They worshipped. Moses and God not happy! An idol made by the Israelites when Moses went up to Mt. Sinai, broke God's covenant/10 commandments. Makes Aaron look bad; ends up being a polemical text against Aaron and his descendants. Also, Jeroboam's golden calves at Bethel and Dan -- sin of Jeroboam -- Jeroboam was the first king of divided Israel (northern kingdom). In 1 Kings 14:9, the prophet Ahijah clearly states the sins of Jeroboam: "You have done more evil than all who lived before you. You have made for yourself other gods, idols made of metal; you have aroused my anger and turned your back on [God]." Jeroboam's sin was idolatry. He created and worshiped gods other than the Lord.

"You shall not boil a kid in its mother's milk" (24)

Exodus 23:19; most commonly read midrashically; Meat boiled in sour milk ("leben") was probably considered a delicacy -Exodus 23:19 first occurrence of 3 or 4 -Classic example of Rabbinic Judaism taking directives literally and then expanding upon the interpretation. -Traditionalists do not mix milk products and meat products to make sure they are adhering to this very specific rule. -Example of the oral tradition (Mishnah) This phrase is seen 3 times in the Hebrew Bible; taken literally, it constitutes a very narrow restriction. however, it has been interpreted to mean that Jews cannot eat meat and dairy together "Kid" refers to baby goat. Rabbis say this means not to mix dairy with meat -- e.g. cheeseburger is prohibited. Not a literal interpretation. It is fanciful. This shows that rabbis can read verses un-literally.

Valley of dry bones (20-21)

Ezekiel 37: the prophet Ezekiel sees the dead rise again. Signifies the restoration of the purified Israel (reunification of Judah and Israel). Ezekiel talks about this as metaphor for resurrection of the people/nation Restoration of Judah (southern kingdom) and Ephraim (northern kingdom); Ezekiel 37, Valley of dry bones; reunification of Judah and Ephraim under Davidic king (David himself? 37:24) Ezekiel's vision of the valley of dry bones (Ezekiel 37:1-14) came to him after God had directed him to prophesy the rebirth of Israel in chapter 36. God announced, through the prophet, that Israel will be restored to her land in blessing under the leadership of "David, My servant [who] shall be king over them" (Ezekiel 37:24) God transported Ezekiel—probably not literally, but in a vision—to a valley full of dry bones and directed him to speak to the bones. Ezekiel was to tell the bones that God would make breath enter the bones and they would come to life.

Jeroboam (18)

First king of the Northern Kingdom [Israel] after the revolt of the 10 northern Israelite tribes against Rehoboam. _ erected two golden-calf shrines and told the people not to go up to worship at the temple anymore, but to focus worship on these two shrines, thus rejecting the Deuteronomic ideal of one temple for the one God. MBS say _ and his successors did not see themselves as sinners. Led the split of the Northern Kingdom from the Southern Kingdom; First king of the Northern kingdom; set up golden calves for worship in Bethel and Dan Remember that Jeroboam jumps to the north and Rehoboam remains in the south

Jeroboam I (19)

First king of the northern kingdom of Israel (922-901 BC); distinguished as "the man who made Israel to sin"; set up golden calves at Dan and Bethel; perpetuated divide with Southern Kingdom. The northern kingdom was inherently sinful because of the "sin of _" The ruler of the Northern Kingdom after the split of the United Kingdom. According to Dtr, he set up two altars and golden calves in the Northern Kingdom locations of Bethel and Dan, causing the Northern Kingdom to be cursed (condemned by Dtr) ; MBS believe that this condemnation was ideologically motivated (since Dtr was southern) Jeroboam jumps to the northern kingdom

"Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of Hosts" (20-21)

Found in Isaiah 6, this is how the seraphs, or angels attending to God, praised him. This is important for instructing how to best address and worship God. A line from Isaiah 6:3, during one of his visions of eventual divine glory ???

Shechem (16)

Genesis 34 -- rape of Dinah. A Hivite man who raped Dinah. Not clear why the brothers reject Shechem's offer; according to Deut 22:28-29, Shechem is doing everything in order to set matters right -- he offers to marry Dinah and to reimburse the family for their financial loss. Perhaps it is the issue of intermarriage? Cannot allow Shechem to marry Dinah because he is a Hivite (Canaanite). Shechem also refers to the city. Canaanite city. (northern Israel?)

Dinah (16)

Genesis 34 -- story of the rape of Dinah. Dinah is the daughter of Jacob; sister of many brothers, including Simon and Levi (massacre of Shechem). She was raped by Shechem. Gen 34 -- a Hivite man with an Israelite woman -- a rape (some philological uncertainty) -- Dinah never speaks during chapter. Dinah was the daughter of Jacob, one of the patriarchs of the Israelites, and Leah, his first wife. The episode of her violation by Shechem, son of a Canaanite or Hivite prince, and the subsequent vengeance of her brothers Simeon and Levi, commonly referred to as the rape of Dinah, is told in Genesis 34.

Tamar (16)

Genesis 38 -- story of Judah and Tamar. Daughter in law of Judah. Gen 38 -- an Israelite man (Judah) with a Canaanite woman (Bat-Shua), with a woman (Tamar) who is the wife of his son and therefore prohibited (Leviticus 18); Tamar's own origin not given probably because there was a reason to keep it hidden (i.e. Tamar is probably a Canaanite woman -- Judah does not want to tell us because he is embarrassed). Judah and Tamar, a woman of unstated origin; whether she is a Canaanite or not, she is prohibited to Judah because she is his daughter in law. Tamar tricks Judah into having sex with her by pretending to be a prostitute. She becomes pregnant with his child. Puzzling: Gen 38:15 Judah thought Tamar to be a prostitute because she had covered her face. Sexual double standard: Tamar faces execution for getting pregnant, Judah faces no penalty for sleeping with a prostitute (as he thinks). Judah appears to be monogamous (38:12)

Conditional covenant (18)

God promises to grant blessings to man provided man fulfills certain conditions. Failure to do so results in punishment. This covenant is not forever- a way of explaining how to reconcile the cessation of Davidic dynasty with the eternal covenant. Covenant that depends on certain actions or circumstances (Mosaic covenant promising Canaan to the Israelites) The failure of the Davidic monarchy impels the creation of a new theory (no longer eternal covenant, now conditional covenant): conditional character of the dynasty (1 Kings 9:4-9; Ps. 132)

Rehoboam (18)

He was the king of the United Monarchy of Israel, but after the 10 Northern tribes rebelled in 932/931 BCE he continued the Davidic dynasty and became king of the Southern Kingdom. He was the son of Solomon and the grandson of David. First king of the Southern Kingdom. Son of Solomon, harsher than his father, led to the 10 Northern tribes breaking away

Marriage metaphor (20-21)

Hosea 2-3: Like a husband, God demands exclusivity of his wife Israel. Israel is to put aside her harlotries (worship of other Gods) Heart and soul of Hosea; Israel is referred to as the bride of God Hosea has classic exposition of the marriage metaphor (Hosea 2-3); like a husband, God demands exclusivity of his "wife" Israel Hosea attacks Baal worship; God is not to be Israel's baal but her husband

Cosmic dualism (24)

Idea that there are two opposing higher beings (God = good, Satan = evil) Refers to the ongoing battle between Good and Evil within the universe Some Jews develop the notions of satan and evil, this is where this comes in Overwhelming sense of sin (Original Sin), of this world being under the control of evil forces antagonistic to God (Satan, the devil, the great dragon: Revelation 12:9), of the necessity of salvation to escape the dominion of sin and the torments of the final judgment, of a great battle with the forces of evil. Mostly a Christian idea.

The Lord out of the whirlwind (or tempest or storm) (23)

Image of god as he speaks to Job -Phrase used to describe God's power over storm and his use of these storms to display anger. -Frequently in the bible God is referenced with storms and his ability to use them to destroy. -When God addresses Job out of a storm and says, "Who is this that darkens my counsel with words of knowledge?" (Job 38:1) -He is responding to Job's questioning Job 38: 1-4 "Then the Lord answered Job out of the storm and said: who is this who darkens counsel with words of ignorance? gird up your loins now, like a man; I will question you, and you tell me the answers. Where were you when I founded the earth? Tell me, if you have understanding." For the humbling of Job, God here shows him his ignorance

Seven Canaanite nations (18)

In Deuteronomy 7:1-6, the Israelites are commanded to "clear away" the seven nations that inhabit the land of _. According to MBS, D's and Dtr's attitude of intolerance towards the _ _ _ is the result of closeness with them. (Othering the other in order to define the Self.) In Deuteronomy (written by the same source (D) as Judges and Joshua), the Israelites are commanded by God to slaughter these people, which they proceed to do in Judges. However, according to MBS, this action represents genocide neither on the part of God nor on the part of the Israelites. The 7 Canaanite nations are the following: the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Girgashites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites. Deut 7:1 -- "1 When the LORD your God brings you into the land where you are entering to possess it, and clears away many nations before you, the Hittites and the Girgashites and the Amorites and the Canaanites and the Perizzites and the Hivites and the Jebusites, seven nations greater and stronger than you, 2 and when the LORD your God delivers them before you and you defeat them, then you shall utterly destroy them."

Eternal covenant (18)

In reference to David's dynasty, that his Seed should rule Israel forever Unconditional covenant that is promised to be forever, no matter what (Davidic covenant, Noahic covenant) 2 Sam 7 the charter of the Davidic dynasty: the king is God's son; eternal kingship; God may punish a wayward king but will never reject him completely; God will build a house for David

Suffering servant (20-21)

In the Book of Isaiah, four poems have been identified as "Songs of the _ _." These poems speak of a _ of YHWH, called to lead the nations, who eventually sacrifices himself for others, and is rewarded. The_ _ is often interpreted as a prediction of Jesus Christ in the Christian Tradition. Jewish interpreters, on the other hand, have seen in the figure of the _ _ a metaphor for the Jewish people. Isaiah 53. Vicarious suffering - one man suffers for the sins of the nation. Rare in the Hebrew Bible - Christians think it refers to Christ The suffering servant songs of II Isaiah, most famously Isaiah 53, depict someone who suffers for the sins of others, who "takes away the sins of the many." Endless debate about who this figure is and his significance (see Kugel). Probably not a Davidic king since Isaiah II (unlike Isaiah I) has nothing to say about future ideal Davidic king. The people of Israel? The prophet?

"And seek the welfare of the city to which I have exiled you and pray to the LORD in its behalf; for in its prosperity you shall prosper." (20-21)

Jeremiah 29:7 Jeremiah urges the Israelites to not fight against the Babylonians but to join its middle class and try to prosper. God has chosen this for the Israelites, so resistance is futile. An attitude of complacency in diaspora. ?????

Every seventh year (septennial) (15)

Justice and Charity in D (main theme in D). D has laws providing for the poor. E.g. Every seven years, land is left fallow and the poor granted access to collect whatever grows of its own accord (Ex. 23:10-11; cf. Lev. 25:6) - D seems to lack this system, instead having septennial loan forgiveness (Deut. 15:1-3). Loans are the system here. Loans -- not charity! -- are to be given to the poor. Deut. 15:1 -- "1 At the end of every seven years you shall grant a remission of debts. 2 This is the manner of remission: every creditor shall release what he has loaned to his neighbor; he shall not exact it of his neighbor and his brother, because the LORD'S remission has been proclaimed...."

Corner of the field (15)

Justice and Charity in D (main theme in D). D has laws providing for the poor. E.g. The corners of fields must be left unharvested; produce dropped or forgotten during collection must be left for collection by the poor (Lev. 19:9-10; Deut. 24:19-22).

Jeroboam II (19)

King of ancient Israel from approximately 786-746 BC. Period of rule coincided with prophets Hosea, Joel, Jonah, and Amos - all of whom criticized the Israelite elite for their materialism. The book of Kings condemns _ for "doing evil in the eyes of the Lord". The 14th king of Israel who was greatly criticized by prophets Hosea, Amos, Jonah, and Joel for his oppression of the poor Under Jeroboam II Israel enjoyed one of its most happy periods of political and economic security 2 kings 14:23-29 -- prosperous reign of Jeroboam II -- Deuteronomic cover-up! long and prosperous reign of Jeroboam II (786-746) -- right before the end of northern kingdom, long and prosperous reign of Jeroboam II, but the author (Dtr, hates the northern kingdom) can't admit that we have a long and prosperous reign so he takes care of it in one paragraph

King Josiah (13)

King who instituted religious reforms that, for example, mandated all ritual sacrifice to take place in the central temple; this religious reform was motivated by the discovery of "a book of the law" during temple renovations in 621 BCE; MBS believe this book to be Deuteronomy. Youngest king, became king of Judah at age 8. Son of King Amon; it was while he was king that the "book of the law," probably D, was found in the temple; this was the main impetus behind his religious reforms. (Lecture 13)

Sacrificial cult (12)

Lev 17. Any slaughter of cattle, sheep, and goats is to take place at the tabernacle (sacred). This is a centralization of the cult, but seems thoroughly impractical. Jerusalem priests: centralization of sacrificial cult in "the place in which God shall cause his name to dwell." (contrast Deuteronomy 12 which permits secular slaughter)

Levir, levirate marriage (16)

Levi in Latin means brother in law, levirate marriage means that a woman marries her brother in law -- if a man dies childless, then his widow is to marry his brother and to bear children fathered by the brother -- the children will be recognized as though they are the children of deceased father. The custom of levirate marriage in Gen 38 (story of Judah and Tamar) matches the law precisely in Deut 25:5-10; the custom in Ruth seems to be different. Deut. 25:5 -- "5 When brothers live together and one of them dies and has no son, the wife of the deceased shall not be married outside the family to a strange man. Her husband's brother shall go in to her and take her to himself as wife and perform the duty of a husband's brother to her. 6 It shall be that the firstborn whom she bears shall assume the name of his dead brother, so that his name will not be blotted out from Israel...." In context spilling seed by Onan is wicked because it defeats the purpose of levirate marriage; onanism came to be the name for male masturbation; what Er did that was wicked in God's eyes is not explained.

Day of Atonement (12)

Leviticus 16. God designates the tenth day of the seventh month to be a Day of Atonement for one's sins. One must not eat or work. Evolved into Yom Kippur. Leviticus 16: annual "wiping clean" of the central sanctuary from impurity which is here understood to be like contagion or pollution. This cultic cleansing at some point becomes "Day of Atonement" (Lev 16:30 For on this day atonement [ lit. wiping clean] shall be made for you, to cleanse [lit. to purify] you; from all your sins you shall be clean [lit. pure] before the Lord. An annual "cleansing the central shrine of accumulated impurity" has become an annual "cleansing the people of Israel from their sins."

Scapegoat (12)

Leviticus 16:8. Goat upon which Aaron is to put all of the Israelites' sins before sending it into the wilderness. Part of the Day of Atonement

"Love the alien" (12)

Leviticus. God commands the Israelites to treat foreigners among their lands with decency. They are to love the strangers as they love themselves, since they too were once strangers in Egypt.

Amalekites (14)

Like the Canaanites, they are part of the anti-elect. The anti-elect are those individuals and nations that are doomed to annihilation, according to Deuteronomy 7. A member of an ancient nomadic people of Canaan said in the Bible to be descendants of Esau's grandson Amalek. In the HB, the Amalekites were a nomadic, or seminomadic people who inhabited ancient Israel. They are commonly considered to be Amalek's descendants through the genealogy of Esau. As a people, the Amalekites are identified as a recurrent enemy of the Israelites.

12 Minor Prophets (20-21)

Literary prophets -- have books ascribed to them, named after and supposedly written by them in the Hebrew Bible In addition to the 3 main literary prophets (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel), we also have a collection of 12 minor prophets - minor in the sense that they are small - Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi Prophets that are not minor in message or importance, just in size, since they are much shorter than Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel -- some seemed to be part of the push toward monolatry and monotheism MBS believe most of the prophetic books in this collection were composed or edited during the Persian period. Important exceptions are Hosea and Amos, literary prophets, who were active during the Assyrian period. The designation "_" refers to the length of their texts, which collectively is much shorter than any of the other prophets' books found in the Hebrew Bible.

Dynastic monarchy (18)

Monarchy is inherited; ruling family of royalty. In reference to David (dad) and Solomon (son). David monarchy -- David is not just a one generation phenomenon - he will be a king and establish a dynasty Kings anointed by God, transfers down bloodline to Solomon, son of David

Jericho (14)

Most scholars are in agreement that anti-Canaanite texts are more imaginative than historical. Several factors contribute to this conclusion: There is no archaeological evidence for a large invasion of Canaan by an outside population around 1300-1200 BCE (no evidence of large scale destruction). Specific sites like Jericho do not support invasion/conquest. A city in the Palestinian Territories and is located near the Jordan River in the West Bank. A village in Palestine near the north end of the Dead Sea; in the Old Testament it was the first place taken by the Israelites under Joshua as they entered the Promised Land. Site of Battle of _, in which Israelites triumphed over the city during their conquest of Canaan. The Book of Joshua states the walls of the city fell when Joshua marched the Israelites around the city for several days, blowing their horns and shouting. The only people spared were a woman named Rahab and her family, because she sheltered two Israelite spies. Possibly the oldest continuously occupied city in the world. MBS say no evidence for the Battle of _ having happened. The stories of _ show different aspects of divine control of history/providence- God does miracles for his people (In Joshua) the Israelites walk around the walls of this city until they fall down and the city is destroyed; no archaeological evidence though. Show different aspects of divine control of history/providence: God does miracles for his people. Over miracles relatively uncommon in DTR

Samaria (20-21)

Mountainous region in the Southern Levant, based on the borders of the biblical Northern Kingdom of Israel. The name "_" derives from the ancient city _, the capital of the Kingdom of Israel. Capital city of Israel (Northern Kingdom), the Assyrians' conquest marks the end of the Northern Kingdom A name for the mountainous, central region of the ancient Eastern Mediterranean, based on the borders of the biblical Northern Kingdom of Israel

The Writings (22)

Often called the Ketuvim, is part three of the Hebrew Bible. Also called Hagiographa (hagios sacred + grapha writings). There are 11 books in the Writings section but no theme connects them. The Ketuvim are subdivided by ancient Jews: -Psalms, Proverbs, Job -Five Scrolls: Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther -Everything else: Chronicles, Ezra-Nehemiah, Daniel The Christian canons are 4-part, not 3-part, and do not have Ketuvim. They have: law, historical books, wisdom literature, and prophecy. The relationship between the Jewish and Christian arrangements is much debated.

Urim and T(h)ummim (15)

On what basis did judges and priests adjudicate cases? In the Covenant Code, when physical evidence couldn't be produced, it seems that a Divine oracle would be consulted (Ex. 22:6-8); P, too, had a Divine oracle, called the Urim and T(h)umim (Ex. 28:29-30). D, by contrast, focuses on the need for witnesses (Deut. 17:6; 19:15; but cf. Num. 35:30 - a later gloss inserted into a P text?). D also characteristically focuses on the wisdom of its judges (Deut. 1:13, 16:19). A priestly device for obtaining oracles. The Urim ("lights") and Thummim ("perfections") were gemstones that were carried by the high priest of Israel on the ephod / priestly garments. They were used by the high priest to determine God's will in some situations. Some propose that God would cause the Urim and Thummim to light up in varying patterns to reveal His decision. Others propose that the Urim and Thummim were kept in a pouch and were engraved with symbols identifying yes / no and true / false.

Book of Proverbs (22)

One of the books of Wisdom. The main message of standard or positive Wisdom is clear and consistent in the book of Proverbs: the wise prosper, fools suffer. The wise person uses prudence and good judgment to make everyday decisions and lives a prosperous life as a result. The fool lacks wisdom and his life comes to ruin. Greed, anger, lust, sloth lead to ruin; proper speech, generosity, diligence, humility, industry lead to happiness. God is the guarantor of this system. Attributed to King Solomon, this book's main message is that the wise prosper and fools suffer.

Amos (20-21)

One of the earliest literary prophets, active in the north during the reign of King Jeroboam II (r. 786-746 BCE). Known as the great prophet of social justice, _ criticizes the well-to-do and proclaims that God demands justice in society. Amos during 1st of 3 main periods of activity of literary prophets -- i.e. period of Assyrian domination, 8th century BCE A prophet in the Northern Kingdom. He is a country farm boy—amazing vocabulary. He speaks well. Social justice is a theme in his prophecies. He and Hosea are the earliest prophets. Both rules in period of Assyrian domination (eighth century BCE). He is the great prophet of social justice; God demands justice in society; criticism of the well to do. Book of Amos emphasizes injustices in society such that God will not tolerate these injustices Amos -- theme of ritual and ethics, social justice Amos is the great prophet of social justice; God demands justice in society; criticism of the well-to-do (Amos 4:1-2; 6) Amos -- theme of Israel and the nations Amos reflects on the meaning of "the election of Israel" -- according to the prophets, god is a universal god but god has a moral code such that god can punish not just Israel but also the nations -- "(3:2) You alone have I singled out Of all the families of the earth— That is why I will call you to account For all your iniquities" -- God supposedly treats all equally, but Israel is singled out

Hosea (20-21)

One of the earliest literary prophets, active in the north during the reign of King Jeroboam II (r. 786-746 BCE). The book that bears his name has classic exposition of the marriage metaphor: like a husband, God demands exclusivity of his "wife" Israel. He was an eighth century BCE prophet in Israel (northern kingdom) who wrote the book titled Hosea. He is one of the 12 minor literary prophets in the HB. Extensively uses the metaphor of husband and wife to describe God's relationship with Israel (reflects monolatry) Hosea attacks Baal worship; God is not to be Israel's baal but her husband Hosea -- during 1st of 3 main periods of activity of literary prophets -- i.e. period of Assyrian domination, 8th century BCE -- contemporary of Amos

"Love your neighbor as yourself" (12)

Originates in Leviticus 19 :18. Part of a series of duties that God instructed the people of Israel to follow. As a "holy nation" they have responsibilities beyond simple common law. Golden Rule. It is one of 2 commandments Jesus says when asked what is the most important commandment to keep.

Canaanites (14)

Part of the anti-elect, supposedly doomed to annihilation according to Deuteronomy 7. ??????

Jezebel (19)

Princess in 1st and 2nd Kings, married to King Ahab (the King of north Israel). She is associated with false prophets because she incited her husband to abandon worship of Yahweh in favor of other deities, and persecuted prophets of Yahweh. For her transgressions, _ met a terrible end (thrown out of a window and eaten by stray dogs). Elijah forecasted this doom in 1 Kings 21. King Ahab's wife, de facto ruler, killer of prophets, daughter of King Ethbaal. Big support of Baal worship in the Northern Kingdom 1 kings 21 -- Naboth the Jezreelite; Elijah forecasts doom to Jezebel and Ahab; confrontation between Elijah and Ahab of the northern kingdom (King Ahab covets this man Naboth's vineyard -- Ahab's wife Jezebel takes care of it, has Naboth framed for cursing god, Naboth gets killed as criminal executed by the state)

Seventy years (20-21)

Prophet Jeremiah says the exile in Babylon will be for 70 years - Daniel interprets this differently Jeremiah 25: "8 Assuredly, thus said the LORD of Hosts: Because you would not listen to My words, 9 I am going to send for all the peoples of the north—declares the LORD—and for My servant, King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon, and bring them against this land and its inhabitants, and against all those nations roundabout... 11 This whole land shall be a desolate ruin. And those nations shall serve the king of Babylon seventy years. 12 When the seventy years are over, I will punish the king of Babylon and that nation and the land of the Chaldeans for their sins—declares the LORD—and I will make it a desolation for all time..." God is using Nebuchadnezzar for his own ends - to punish Israel (cf. Isaiah 10 re Assyrians) -- in order to allow this to happen God is giving N. who is "my servant" or "my subject" (25.9, 27:6), an empire of 70 years (25:11, 29:10)

Psalms of Lament (22)

Psalms (the book of Psalms sometimes called the Psalter): anthology (collection) of hymns and prayers to God. All the Psalms are directed to, or are about, God. Two basic types of Psalms: thank you (including hymns of praise) and please (including prayers, and laments). Please psalms -- Life is terrible, we are in real trouble here God, if you do not help us out soon, we are screwed. Psalms of Lament (prayers) -- God the Creator can do anything, even deliver the pray-er from death. Hence the passion and pathos of psalms of lament. Psalm 79 -- a psalm of Asaph -- this poem focuses on the nations -- a national calamity

Hymns of Praise (22)

Psalms (the book of Psalms sometimes called the Psalter): anthology (collection) of hymns and prayers to God. All the Psalms are directed to, or are about, God. Two basic types of Psalms: thank you (including hymns of praise) and please (including prayers, and laments). Thank you psalms -- Thank you, God, for X, Y, Z. Thank you for doing all these wonderful things for me. Hymns of praise -- book of Psalms is a collection of beautiful poetry. Overwhelming sense of trust in God, of God's reality and presence, not only in the temple but also in the life of the Psalmist. E.g. Psalms 23: "The Lord if my shepherd; I shall not want..." E.g. Psalms 46 -- cheery psalm, author of psalm thinks everything is right with the world -- "Hallelujah. Praise the LORD, O my soul! I will praise the LORD all my life, sing hymns to my God while I exist..."

Pure/clean animals, impure/unclean animals (12)

Pure/clean animals are those animals that God deemed fit for sacrifice, and the impure/unclean are those deemed not fit for sacrifice. Leviticus 11 -- pure and impure animals. Source P. Impure animals Leviticus 11 Impure means dead Do not become impure by touching living pig, but you become impure if you touch a dead pig

Pre-exilic period (20-21)

Referring to the duration of time before the exile of the Israelites to Babylon in 587 BCE Being or occurring prior to the exile of the Jews in Babylonia 587 BCE ????

The Conquest (18)

Refers to "_ _ " of Canaan found in the Book of Joshua. It opens with the Battle of Jericho, which culminated with the walls of Jericho falling after Joshua's Israelite army marched around the city blowing their ram's horns, which allowed the Israelites to enter and completely destroy the city. Israelites from here were victorious in other battles until they occupied much of the land of Canaan. God told Joshua to apportion Canaan to the tribes that had not received land yet. Although they conquered much of the land, the Israelites struggled to fully remove the native population. There is no historical evidence that this happened. Joshua leads the 7 years of the conquest of the Canaanites and 7 years of settlement of the Land of Israel. In the book of Joshua, it is an orderly conquest, whereas in the book of Judges, what we see is a lot more messy

Tetragrammaton (17)

Refers to four Hebrew letters, it is transliterated as YHWH, a verb that means "to be". In Scripture, it helps the Modern Bible Scholars identify which pieces of scripture were written by the J (Jahwist) source. YHWH--proper name of God, called Yahweh by the Germans The Hebrew name of God transliterated in four letters as YHWH and articulated as Yahweh

First Isaiah (or Isaiah of Jerusalem) (20-21)

Refers to the first half of the book of Isaiah (approximately from chapter 1-33) which predicts judgement and restoration for Judah and Jerusalem. Stands in contrast to the second half of the book of Isaiah, which assumes that this judgement and restoration has already occurred. Refers to the first half of Isaiah (approximately chapters 1-40) which predicts judgement and restoration for Judah and Jerusalem During the first of three main periods of activity of literary prophets. Period of Assyrian domination: eighth century BCE: (key date: 721 BCE fall of northern kingdom). End of eighth century BCE: Isaiah of Jerusalem, contemporary with King Hezekiah. First Isaiah or Isaiah of Jerusalem: Isaiah 1-39; second half of the 8th cent BCE. The great prophets of end-time prophecies are Isaiah I and Isaiah II - they have wondrous depictions of future time. Isaiah is also the prophet of restoration: Ideal Davidic king: 9:1-6 (9:2-7).

2 Samuel 7 (18)

Royal ideology of Davidic kingship: 2 Samuel 7 (God builds David a house) 2 Sam 7 the charter of the Davidic dynasty: the king is God's son; eternal kingship; God may punish a wayward king but will never reject him completely; God will build a house for David Southern tribes - they have the line of David, 2 Samuel 7 - covenant between god and house of David - they may sin but god will still be with them But Davidic monarchy does come to an end - a problem, contradicting 2 Samuel 7

"Anointed one" (20-21)

Second Isaiah is referring to Cyrus, king of Persia and conqueror of Babylon. Allowed the exiled Israelites in Babylon to go back and rebuild the temple. Isaiah II -- Here is an example of when God is using another nation but this time to Israel's benefit. The anointed one refers to Cyrus the Great. God gave Cyrus an empire so that Israel could benefit. Isaiah II: God gave Cyrus an empire, so that he can benefit Israel (45:4); Cyrus is "my shepherd" (44:28), the "anointed one" (45:1)

David (18)

Second king of the united monarchy; portrayed as a righteous king but not perfect; also traditionally thought to have written the book of Psalms. _ is also considered a charismatic king plus is the founder of a dynasty, the _ dynasty. Dtr seems interested in covering up or minimizing _'s misdeeds- he is a flawed hero. King of Israel who replaced Saul; began the hereditary Davidic monarchy/dynasty

587 BCE (20-21)

Siege of Jerusalem by Babylonians and destruction of the Second Temple Destruction of the temple by the Babylonians and the exile of the Jews to Babylon The second great golden age of prophecy is the destruction of the temple in 587 BCE - the so called exilic period - here we have the prophecies of Jeremiah and Ezekiel - they are contemporaries of the destruction of the temple and Babylonian exile Period of Babylonian domination: late seventh - early sixth century BCE (key date: 587 BCE destruction of the temple of Jerusalem); Jeremiah (in the land of Israel), Ezekiel (in Babylon)

A prophet like Moses (15)

So what does the Moses-like prophet do according to D? Deut. 18 continues: "16This is just what you asked of the LORD your God at Horeb, on the day of the Assembly, saying, "Let me not hear the voice of the LORD my God any longer or see this wondrous fire any more, lest I die." 17Whereupon the LORD said to me, "They have done well in speaking thus. 18I will raise up a prophet for them from among their own people, like yourself: ***I will put My words in his mouth and he will speak to them all that I command him.***" Prophets do not fix things within the judicial system. They fix things by being outside of it. The prophet, therefore, seems to stand outside the judicial hierarchy, mediating God's word directly. The prophetic books tend to present prophets as outsiders, criticizing injustice perpetrated by corrupt officials; e.g., the prophet Elisha protects an economically-oppressed from her creditors through a miracle, not by judicially cancelling her debts (2 Kings 4:1-7). Furthermore, prophets tended to have antagonistic relationships with other governmental officials, and in particular, kings (e.g., Nathan's rebuke of David: 2 Samuel 12).

Elisha (19)

Successor of Elijah. He is just a miracle worker- has no moral or ethical content except Naaman story 2 Kings when he revives a seemingly dead boy. (remember: Elijah is just, Elisha is for show) A non-literary prophet of the Northern Kingdom, carried on the mission of Elijah and performed many works of wonders and becomes known for his healing power. 2 Kings 2-13 Elijah and Elisha are pre-literary prophets -- holy men -- men who are endowed with some mysterious power Elisha -- just a miracle worker -- resurrecting dead children -- multiplying oil and loaves of bread -- usual stuff in the trade of a holy magic man/miracle worker -- very little moral content to what he is doing Elisha stories have not been moralized -- simply a holy man doing magic

Angels (17)

Superman or heavenly being who serves as God's messenger, also act decisively in fulfilling God's will in the world. Usually appear to humans in the form of a normal man, but then transform into somewhat of a theophany (a visible manifestation to humankind of God or a god). God speaks to people through them.

Synchronic and diachronic punishment (18)

Synchronic punishment -- D and DTR - "of the same time": the entire people are punished by God for the sin of a few, esp. the king (e.g. 2 Samuel 24, David's sinful census) Diachronic punishment -- D and DTR - "across time": Parents sin and their children are punished by God -- refer to the following proverb, "The parents eat sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge"

Mishnah (24)

The "Oral Torah"; in addition to the Hebrew Bible, another foundation of Rabbinic Judaism; traditionalists believe that Moses came down from Mt. Sinai with the Torah and the Oral Torah. Law code. About what to do. After 70 CE, Jews read the Bible in terms of rabbinic culture and tradition, also known as the Oral Torah. The earliest literary expression of rabbinic culture is the Mishnah, a book of laws, customs, practices, rituals, and the like. Ca. 200 CE, in Hebrew, produced in the land of Israel. -Considered the "Oral Torah" -It's the first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions. -A lens through which people can read the Torah. -Laws take on a new life within the Mishnah -ie. separate meat and milk derived from the literal law of not boiling a child in his mother's milk ???

Sin of Manasseh (19)

The "_ _ _": this southern king reinstituted pagan worship/idolatry and reversed the religious reforms of his father, Hezekiah (who was a righteous king). The reason why the southern kingdom falls. An illustration in 2 Kings of how the effects of sins are experienced by multiple generations. Manasseh overturned reforms put into place by his father, Hezekiah, and encouraged the worship of foreign Gods. He sacrificed his own son and erected altars to other Gods within the Temple at Jerusalem. Because of his sins, the prophet declared a long defeat and exile Dtr: in both kingdoms the effects of sin carry through the generations: the northern kingdom falls because of the sin of Jeroboam, while the southern kingdom falls because of the sin of Manasseh (the main sin of the south is the violation of the principle of monolatry)

Dtr (13)

The Deuteronomist, who is the narrator of Joshua-Judges-Samuel-Kings and the books known as "Former Prophets" as well as the book Deuteronomy (beginning of _), product of one editorial school. The main emphasis of _ is reward and punishment by God, focusing on punishment and especially the sin of worshipping other gods. _ also believes in collective punishment by God, both synchronic (of the same time, when the entire people are punished for the sin of a few), and diachronic (across time, between parents and children). The _ narrative is an ideologically motivated narrative to show divine justice. Traditionalists think Moses is the author, while MBS don't believe that because the book was discovered in the temple so they know exactly when it came to being. Deuteronomistic historian, interprets Israelites history through the lens of D, the narrator of Joshua-Judges-Samuel-Kings; written after the exile (Lecture 13)

Cyrus the Great (20-21)

The Persian king who conquered Babylonia in 539 BCE. The following year, his famous edict gave permission to the Judeans to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their temple. Persian ruler, allowed the exiled Israelites in Babylon to go back and rebuild the temple Period of Persian domination: mid-sixth century BCE : (key dates: 539 BCE Persia conquers Babylon; 516 BCE dedication of second temple); Cyrus king of Persia, conqueror of Babylon, mentioned by name in Isaiah (second) 44:28 and 45:1 Isaiah II: God gave Cyrus an empire, so that he can benefit Israel (45:4); Cyrus is "my shepherd" (44:28), the "anointed one" (45:1).

The anti-elect (14)

The anti-elect are those individuals and nations that are doomed to annihilation. Primarily Canaanites and Amalekites (but cf. Midianites in Numbers 31). The Israelites are commanded to kill man, woman, and child in a brutal military campaign. Programmatic statement in Deuteronomy 7: "...and when the Lord your God gives them over to you and you defeat them, then you must utterly destroy them. Make no covenant with them and show them no mercy..."

Qohelet (23)

The author of Ecclesiastes; traditionally said to be Solomon He and Job share characteristics of wisdom literature, but Q is about the vanity of life and the reality of death, realistic Both are ambiguous International, cosmopolitan Q rejects any notion of reward/punishment in the hereafter Speculative/negative wisdom -- Qohelet (Ecclesiastes) and Job are part of wisdom literature but attack standard wisdom -- classic, standard, orthodox wisdom is wrong -- leading a good life does not help -Hebrew name for the Book of Ecclesiastes (author) -Roughly translated to teacher or preacher, is the supposed author of the book -Although the author claims to be "son of David, King of Jerusalem (Solomon)," the works are anonymous and many modern biblical scholars believe they were transcribed during the 3rd century BCE. -The book is in the form of an autobiography, and many scholars believe it reflects Hellenistic influence, as the author focuses much attention on the philosophical meaning of life. -Unable to ascribe meaning to life

D (13)

The book of Deuteronomy (meaning second law) and the _ source, is one of the sources underlying the Hebrew Bible according to the documentary hypothesis. It is found in the book of Deuteronomy, in the books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, and Jeremiah. It is generally agreed that _ originated independently from the first four books of the Torah and the history of the books of Chronicles; most scholars trace it to the Babylonian exile (6th century BCE) and associate it with editorial reworking of both the Tetrateuch and Jeremiah. D source--in most of but not all of Deuteronomy (refers to literary source), cares a lot about idolatry and centralization of the cult (Lecture 13)

Joshua (18)

The book of Joshua is 1 of the 4 books that form the Former Prophets (1 of 2 sub-groups of the 2nd main division of the HB, the Prophets/Nevi'im). One of the twelve spies sent by Moses to explore Canaan; leader of Israelite tribes after death of Moses and led conquest of Canaan; divided Canaan among twelve tribes thereafter. Successor of Moses who led the orderly conquest of the land of Canaan and distributed the land among the different tribes of the Israelites, according to the book of Joshua.

Latter Prophets (18)

The books in the Nev'im after the 4 Deuteronomist accredited books; these include the 3 major prophets (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel), and the 12 minor prophets (including Hosea and Amos) 3 Major Prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel; and 12 minor books/prophets

Former Prophets (18)

The first 4 books of Nev'im (Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings); attributed to the Deuteronomist school/source, as opposed to the name of the book identifying the author (as in the latter prophets) Historical accounts: Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings Nev'im is the 2nd main division of the Hebrew Bible; it contains 2 sub-groups, the former prophets (the narrative groups of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings) and the latter prophets (the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel and the 12 minor prophets)

Old Testament (24)

The first part of the Christian Bible, comprising thirty-nine books and corresponding approximately to the Hebrew Bible. What makes the Hebrew Bible Jewish is Jewish interpretation; what makes the Old Testament Christian is Christian interpretation. Christians read the Old Testament in Greek and Latin (etc.) and use codices (new technology). Within the history of Christianity there have been voices in favor of jettisoning (throwing/dropping) entirely the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament), notably Marcion; hard to imagine such a move in Judaism. The Old Testament is the first section of the Christian Bible, based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible, a collection of religious writings by ancient Israelites believed by most Christians and religious Jews to be the sacred Word of God.

Literary prophets (20-21)

The majority of the writing of the these people is self-attributed to just three individuals - Isaiah (the Book of Isaiah), Jeremiah (the Book of Jeremiah), and Ezekiel (the Book of Ezekiel). But there are the 12 minor prophets as well There are fifteen _ _s in the Jewish Bible; three major _ (Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel) and the Twelve _ _s. _ _s are so named because they have a Biblical book ascribed in their name. (they do not necessarily predict the future... they are forth tellers not foretellers) Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel - literary prophets, we have books on them - they opened their mouth and spoke and people wrote down what they said - big 3 literary prophets 3 distinct periods when the literary prophets are active: 1) Period of Assyrian domination -- 8th century BCE - fall of northern kingdom - gives us Isaiah 2) Period of Babylonian domination -- destruction of northern kingdom and Babylonian exile 3) Period of Persian domination -- exile period itself - 6th century BCE - 550s/540s/520s - period of restoration

Aniconism (17)

The practice or belief in the avoiding or shunning of images of divine beings, prophets, or other religious figures. Absence of material representations of the natural and supernatural world, opposition to the use of idols and images. Aniconism, in religion, opposition to the use of icons or visual images to depict living creatures or religious figures. Such opposition is particularly relevant to the Jewish traditions.

Jeremiah (20/21)

The second of the major prophets in the land of Israel; when Nebuchadnezzar seized Jerusalem in 587 BC, he ordered that this prophet be freed from prison and treated well A Southern prophet, said the 70 year Babylonian exile was due to the Israelites' sin. One of the major prophets of the Hebrew Bible. Jeremiah is traditionally credited with authoring the Book of Jeremiah. He is a literary prophet. The second great golden age of prophecy is the destruction of the temple in 587 BCE - the so called exilic period - here we have the prophecy of Jeremiah - he is a contemporary of the destruction of the temple and Babylonian exile - period of Babylonian domination (late seventh - early sixth century BCE) included Jeremiah (in the land of Israel) Jeremiah, a faithful, God-fearing man, was called to tell Israel that, because of their unrepentant sin, their God had turned against them and was now prepared to remove them from the land at the hands of a pagan king (King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon) whom He called "My servant" (Jeremiah 27:6).

Ahab (19)

The seventh king of Israel since Jeroboam I. His reign faced opposition from several prophets due to his marriage to Jezebel and worship of Baal. 7th king of the Northern Kingdom since Jeroboam, had Naboth killed for his vineyard, "more evil than all the kings before him" (1 Kings 16:30) 1 kings 21 -- Naboth the Jezreelite; Elijah forecasts doom to Jezebel and Ahab; confrontation between Elijah and Ahab of the northern kingdom

Ketuvim (22)

The third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), after Torah (instruction) and Nevi'im (prophets). In English translations of the Hebrew Bible, this section is usually entitled "Writings". Refer above to "The Writings" term.

Davidic Monarchy (18)

The treatment of David and his bloodline as the true kings of Israel; after Solomon's death, the _ monarchy would continue in the Southern Kingdom. The king is God's son; eternal kingship; God will build a house for _ The line of rulers descended from David (i.e. it continues with Solomon). In 2 Samuel 7 God promises that the this will continue forever and that God will never abandon them (even though the monarchy does eventually fall). According to MBS this is probably part of an ideologically motivated narrative in favor of this The emergence of dynastic monarchy came with David and Solomon The failure of the Davidic monarchy impels the creation of a new theory: conditional character of the dynasty (1 Kings 9:4-9; Ps. 132)

The non-elect (14)

The vast majority of foreign individuals and nations are members of the non-elect. They are not doomed for destruction. Many biblical texts view non-Israelites quite positively. Some examples: 1. Abimelech, King of Gerar, is portrayed as more pious and God-fearing than Abraham (Genesis 20). 2. Deuteronomy and Leviticus contain repeated injunctions to "love" resident aliens and protect them (e.g. Deut. 10:19 and 24:17-22; Lev.19:33-34). 3. The anonymous author of Third Isaiah presents a view of foreigners (Isaiah 56:3-7) that is more positive than his view of certain sinful Israelites (Isaiah 65:11-16).

"The parents have eaten sour grapes and the children's teeth are blunted/set on edge." (20-21)

Theme of the prophetic books -- reward and punishment This is mentioned both in Ezekiel 18 and Jeremiah 31 Doctrine of individual responsibility and repentance: people complain that "the parents have eaten sour grapes but it is the children whose teeth are set on edge" (Ezekiel 18:2, Jeremiah 31:28-29). For Jeremiah, a day will come when people will see that this is not true; for Ezekiel it simply is not true. "Each person dies for his own sin." Idea that parents eat the raw food but children get unpleasant mouth sensation - i.e. parents have sinned, and we (the children) are left stuck holding the burden of blame -- according to Dtr historian, it is perfectly reasonable and just for children to suffer for sins of the parents; What do prophets say in response? -- Jeremiah and Ezekiel says it (parent to child) is not true - Ezekiel says explicitly that this is not the case, while Jeremiah says that a day will eventually come when this is not the case In Ezekiel 18, it is said that a person who sins shall die, and that a righteous person shall not be punished for their parents' mistake, nor shall a wicked person be excused by their parents' righteousness

Charismatic monarchy (18)

This is the type of monarchy that was present in Judges and the pre-monarchy of Israel. The people were in a state of sin and disorder. A leader would arrive by solving a crisis that occurred amongst the people. Each chief had no prior claim to rule. None were able to establish lasting or extensive control. This was a monarchy based on the leader Saul and not a dynasty. Refers to someone becoming king by popular acclaim. EX.: Saul was everything the people were looking for in a king Saul is charismatic king - tall, strong, a military leader, an ecstatic -- but Saul is not the chosen one, dies on battlefield

"Staff of my anger" (20-21)

This refers to Isaiah 10, in which God states that Assyria shall be used as the "_ _ _ _". This fits with the prophetic theme of God using other nations to punish Israel. Assyria is like a morally neutral force (compare to the flood) that God uses to punish Israel. God punishes Israel by having Assyrians conquer them. An example of when God is using other nations to punish Israel. One of the themes of the literary prophets -- Israel and the nations -- God uses the nations to punish/benefact Israel -- Most striking in Isaiah 10: Assyria is God's staff of anger but Assyria will in turn be punished (same point made in Deuteronomy 32:27ff) Isaiah 10 -- Northern kingdom has fallen into hands of Assyrians and is conquered -- God wanted Assyrians to conquer northern kingdom -- his goal was to wipe out idolatrous, sinful Israel -- Assyrians are simply a tool in god's hands

"the place in which God shall cause his name to dwell" (13)

This statement is referring to the central temple. Unlike other sources, which assert that God himself resides in the temple, the D source suggest that only God's name resides in the temple. Restricts sacrifice to one central location. (quote) Phrase from Deuteronomy; central sanctuary site of God. (Tabernacle) Where people are directed to conduct sacrifices, following the centralization of the sacrificial cult. Considered to be Jerusalem. (Lecture 13)

Levites (12)

Tribe that descended from Levi. Landless. Priestly tribe. Second Class priests. Priests officiate, Levites assist. In the Tabernacle only the priests of the tribe of Levi (Aaron and his sons) officiate; other Levites (members of other clans from the same tribe) pack and unpack the Tabernacle but otherwise do not officiate.

Standard Wisdom (23)

Virtue is rewarded, a life of virtue is a good life, God is the guarantor of the system. Folly is punished, a life of folly is a bad life. Idea that the wise prosper and the fools suffer Also referred to as positive wisdom. The view affirming that the wise person will inevitably have a good life. The wise person avoids folly. Wisdom brings you a successful life -- good life free of pain, everything is good, world is a good place. E.g. book of Proverbs; many Psalms. Wisdom text -- virtue is its own reward -- behaving in a fully human way. Qohelet (Ecclesiastes) and Job are part of wisdom literature but attack standard wisdom -- classic, standard, orthodox wisdom is wrong -- leading a good life does not help.

Wisdom/wisdom literature (22)

Wisdom literature is the comon designation for those biblical books that focus on "wisdom" (skill, insight; Hebrew, hokhmah). In the Hebrew Bible the main Wisdom texts are: some of the Psalms; Proverbs; Job; Ecclesiastes. Can see the influence in Deuteronomy. Similar texts are also found in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, and elsewhere. Texts were meant for the Upper class. Upper class, cosmopolitan, no divine revelation, humanistic. Generally lacks references to Israelite history, covenant, law, ritual, other distinctive themes of Israelite religion. Wisdom books are books that teach wisdom. They use wisdom as a self-descriptive category of what they are doing. In the HB, the texts that usually go by the name of Wisdom books are the following: Book of Proverbs, Book of Job, Book of Ecclesiastes, some of Psalms. (these have nothing to do with the grand narrative) Traditional wisdom... Also known as orthodox wisdom, it maintains that a life of virtue is a good life, and that right living is its own reward and unethical living its own punishment.

Immanuel (20-21)

_ is a symbolic name which appears in chapters 7 and 8 of the Book of Isaiah as part of a prophecy assuring king Ahaz of Judah of God's protection against enemy kings; it is quoted in the Gospel of Matthew as a sign verifying the divine status of Jesus. A name meaning "God with us," found in Isaiah 7; when a child of this name born of a virgin has learned the difference between right and wrong, the land of the two kings whom Israel dreads will be laid waste; Christians believe that this refers to Jesus Mysterious child in 7:14 -- 14 "Assuredly, my Lord will give you a sign of His own accord! Look, the young woman is with child and about to give birth to a son. Let her name him Immanuel. 15(By the time he learns to reject the bad and choose the good, people will be feeding on curds and honey.) 16 For before the lad knows to reject the bad and choose the good, the ground whose two kings you dread shall be abandoned." Discussion in Kugel. The "young woman" (not "virgin") is probably Mrs Ahaz, and the child is Hezekiah, unless it be Mrs. Isaiah. ???? Passages in Isaiah about birth of mysterious child - who is this mysterious child? - Mysterious signs in the prophets that a better time is to come