CB chapter 9

Which of the following represents the way a person learns his or her native culture? a. Acculturation b. Enculturation c. Acclimatization d. Adaptation e. Assimilation

b

28. An acquired taste for flavors, considered "unpalatable" in some cultures, is made possible through habituation.

true

29. A consumer with a strong ethnic identification is most likely to feel close-minded about adopting products from a different culture.

true

31. Ethnocentrism is highly related to the concept of uncertainty avoidance.

true

32. Media acts as an agent of enculturation.

true

33. An influx of nonnative media can influence the rate of acculturation.

true

34. The CSV profile of a culture can influence the effectiveness of cultural shaping.

true

37. Translation-back translation is a way to try to produce translational equivalence.

true

38. Metric equivalence is necessary to draw basic comparisons about consumers from different countries concerning important consumer relationships.

true

39. Scalar equivalence is necessary to compare average scores for consumer attitudes between cultures.

true

45. Consumers from collectivist nations define relationships in terms of the ties between a brand or service provider and a family or relevant group of consumers.

true

46. The extent to which a contract is seen as binding varies from place to place.

true

49. The term Chindia refers to the combined market and business potential of China and India.

true

7. Role expectations are the primary basis for cultural norms and sanctions.

true

8. Role expectations define the types of products that are appropriate for a person within a role.

true

9. Ecological factors cause differences in culture because they change the relative value of objects.

true

An individual's consumption activity helps determine how accepted he or she is by the other consumers in the society.

true

Culture determines things that are socially rewarding or socially unrewarding.

true

Culture guides consumers in deciding the appropriate actions in various consumer situations.

true

Popular culture captures cultural trends and shapes norms and sanctions within society.

true

A researcher conducts a survey in the United States and Brazil. She wants to publish the survey findings in each country's native language. She hires a bilingual Brazilian to translate the findings into English and gets another person to translate it back to the native language. This technique known as back translation is done to ensure that _____ equivalence exists between the publications of the findings in two different languages. a. translational b. transitory c. scalar d. dialectic e. translocational

a

Almost every language is spoken slightly differently from place to place. These variations in how languages are spoken are referred to as _____. a. dialects b. accents c. slangs d. jargons e. lexicons

a

In the core societal values (CSV) dimension, the extent to which people expect each other to take responsibility for themselves and their immediate family is referred to as _____. a. individualism b. protectionism c. isolationism d. pluralism e. interventionism

a

John, an American, works for a U.S. law firm that transferred him to their office in Brazil for three years. During his stay there, John also learnt the Brazilian culture. This is an example of _____. a. acculturation b. enculturation c. externalization d. adaptation e. acclimatization

a

Maria is educating her children on culture-appropriate manners of addressing adults as "sir" or "ma'am." These accepted ways of addressing people represents _____. a. etiquette b. diplomacy c. anomie d. faux pas e. vignette

a

Men tend to share some feminine traits in a culture with low _____. a. masculinity b. individualism c. uncertainty avoidance d. power distance e. long-term orientation

a

Most children learn appropriate ways to behave in different situations through parental appreciation for proper behavior and punishment for improper behavior. Such kind of learning is an example of _____. a. shaping b. diffusing c. structuring d. modeling e. renquing

a

Penalties associated with performing a nongratifying or culturally inconsistent behavior are known as cultural ______. a. sanctions b. roles c. limitations d. biases e. equities

a

The idea that when someone does a good deed for you, you are expected to return that good deed is known as _____. a. renquing b. kaizen c. guanxi d. nemawashi e. mottainai

a

The specific expectations that are associated with each type of person are referred to as _____ expectations. a. role b. shared c. rational d. adaptive e. interventional

a

Which of the following represents how disparate one nation is from another in terms of their CSVs? a. Cultural distance b. Cultural lag c. Cultural diffusion d. Cultural equity e. Cultural alliance

a

In most countries, the Head of State is expected to act with diplomatic strength. This is an example of _____ expectations. a. rational b. role c. adaptive d. personal e. local

b

In the United States, people attend funerals in black-colored clothes while in Japan, people wear white-colored clothes. This expectation of dressing in appropriate color of clothes according to the situation is an example of cultural _____. a. stereotypes b. norms c. biases d. sanctions e. roles

b

Jonah lives in a place where summers are unheard of and temperatures hardly rise above sub-zero. As a result, people living in that region rarely take daily showers, unlike people living in tropical regions. This difference in the frequency of showers between cultures can be attributed to the difference in _____ factors. a. accommodative b. ecological c. evolutionary d. demographic e. physiological

b

The French believe that their wine is superior to wine produced elsewhere in the world. This is an example of consumer _____. a. sinocentrism b. ethnocentrism c. imperialism d. feudalism e. xenocentrism

b

The customary greetings people exchange when they meet and which differ from culture to culture are an example of _____. a. evolution b. tradition c. assimilation d. sanction e. accommodation

b

The idea that a marketing strategy may be global but the implementation of that strategy at the marketing tactics level should be local is referred to as _____. a. enculturation b. glocalization c. acculturation d. adaptation e. acclimatization

b

The process of learning by imitating others' behavior is known as _____. a. shaping b. modeling c. reinforcing d. renquing e. diffusing

b

The state in which consumers are shown to use numbers to represent quantities the same way across cultures is called _____ equivalence. a. translational b. metric c. elemental d. conceptual e. dialectic

b

Theo is looking at how distinct one nation is from another in terms of their cultural values. In doing so, he learns that the United States is very similar to Australia and the United Kingdom. The approach Theo is using to know the distinctness of countries according to their cultural values is based on the concept of cultural _____. a. diffusion b. distance c. lag d. alliance e. equity

b

Wei's parents are first-generation Chinese immigrants to the United States. Unlike Wei, her parents never learned English and always preferred products made in China to the ones made in their adopted country. Wei attributes this to the sense of attachment and loyalty they have for their native country. Wei's parents are most likely to have strong _____. a. ethnic externalization b. ethnic identification c. ethnic polarization d. ethnic fractionalization e. ethnic acculturation

b

Which of the following constitutes popular culture? a. A retail employee treating customers promptly and courteously. b. A teen using Twitter or Facebook to inform her friends about an upcoming concert. c. A motorcycle driver following the same driving rules as an automobile driver. d. A hotel clerk being expected to speak multiple languages. e. An individual doing a good deed with the expectation that the other person will return the good deed.

b

Which of the following is true about uncertainty avoidance? a. Nations that are low in uncertainty avoidance will be slower to adopt product innovations. b. The price-quality relationship is not as strong among cultures with high uncertainty avoidance. c. Consumers in high-uncertainty-avoidance cultures are slower to buy products that are perceived to be scarce. d. Consumers from low-uncertainty-avoidance cultures demand greater amounts of product information and explanation. e. Superstitions and myths play a bigger role among cultures low in uncertainty avoidance.

b

Which of the following refers to the extent to which an individual's life is intertwined with a large cohesive group? a. Protectionism b. Collectivism c. Isolationism d. Pluralism e. Interventionism

b

1. Which of the following represents the commonly held societal beliefs that define what is socially gratifying within a specific society? a. Consumer network b. Consumer advocacy c. Consumer culture d. Consumer awareness e. Consumer base

c

Alex was invited to a formal dinner by his manager. As he had never been a part of a formal six-course meal, he was not sure about the use of the different cutleries for each course. He watched the other diners seated beside him and followed their use of knives and forks. He learned that the really small fork was for the shrimp cocktail, and that the bread plate on the left as well as the glass of water on the right were for him. This kind of learning is an example of _____. a. shaping b. renquing c. modeling d. diffusing e. reinforcing

c

Daniel's workplace has no structured hierarchy, and all employees are treated equally regardless of their designations or roles in the organization. According to the CSV dimension, this is an example of an organization low in _____. a. individualism b. masculinity c. power distance d. uncertainty avoidance e. long-term orientation

c

Hannah lives in place where rice is the staple diet of the people and eating wheat or potatoes is associated with poverty and inferior status. This association that favors the consumption of rice to wheat or potatoes is an example of consumer _____. a. awareness b. advocacy c. culture d. base e. network

c

In Dave's home country, most restaurants and public places have separate seating arrangements to segregate customers based on to their "status and position" in society. According to the CSV dimension, this is an example of a nation high in _____. a. individualism b. masculinity c. power distance d. uncertainty avoidance e. long-term orientation

c

In some tribal cultures, commercial exploitation of nature is a serious offence that sometimes calls for expulsion from the community. Such measures aimed at making people conform to rules are known as cultural _____. a. limitations b. roles c. sanctions d. biases e. equities

c

In the CSV dimension, the extent to which people accept as fact the principle of the division of authority and privilege among different groups within the society is referred to as _____. a. masculinity b. individualism c. power distance d. uncertainty avoidance e. long-term orientation

c

Kamal lives with his extended family consisting of his grandparents and parents. In his country, people value faithfulness to one's family to the extent that a person's identity is closely associated to the family's identity. According to the CSV dimension, Kamal's culture is most likely to be high in _____. a. isolationism b. pluralism c. collectivism d. interventionism e. protectionism

c

Mitch is a sales representative for Caterpillar, the world's largest manufacturer of heavy equipment. Caterpillar decides to send Mitch to China to help with the sales operation in its newly established unit in Beijing. Mitch undergoes extensive training to understand the way business is conducted in China. During his training, Mitch learns about a practice called _____ according to which people in China expect a salesperson to devote his resources in developing an acquaintance with the customer before they even discuss business. a. renquing b. kaizen c. guanxi d. taguchi methods e. ishikawa

c

Most people grow up imbibing the culture they are born into. They generally do not contemplate about why they have a preference for certain foods. This is mainly because everyone else in the family or in their culture seems to share the same preference. The process by which people imbibe the ways of the culture they are born into is referred to as _____. a. acculturation b. assimilation c. enculturation d. adaptation e. acclimatization

c

The American society places a high value on being independent as well as attaining personal milestones. According to the CSV dimension, the American society is most likely to be high in _____. a. pluralism b. protectionism c. individualism d. interventionism e. isolationism

c

Thirst, a beverage manufacturer, markets its products using the same strategy worldwide. However, changes are made when implementing the strategy to reflect an essence of the local culture, such as the ethnicity of the people in their ads and the music used in jingles. This is an example of _____. a. enculturation b. acculturation c. glocalization d. acclimatization e. accommodation

c

Which of the following CSV dimensions captures distinctions existing in societies based on mannerisms typically associated with Western male traits over traditional feminine traits? a. Individualism b. Uncertainty avoidance c. Masculinity d. Long-term orientation e. Power distance

c

Which of the following is a BRIC country? a. Belgium b. Ireland c. Russia d. Italy e. Canada

c

_____ refers to customs and accepted ways of structuring society. a. Sanction b. Evolution c. Tradition d. Adaptation e. Assimilation

c

27. Learning results in core societal values that are relatively enduring.

true

31. In China, business deals focus on building lasting and enduring relationships between the parties involved. This illustrates that China is a country high in _____. a. masculinity b. individualism c. power distance d. long-term orientation e. uncertainty avoidance

d

32. In Jack's home country, business negotiations focus primarily on immediate profits and quick temporary solutions. According to the CSV dimension, this is an example of a culture low in _____. a. masculinity b. individualism c. power distance d. long-term orientation e. uncertainty avoidance

d

A belief among consumers that their ethnic group is superior to others and that the products that come from their native land are superior to other products is called consumer _____. a. imperialism b. polycentrism c. pseudoskepticism d. ethnocentrism e. xenocentrism

d

A rule that specifies the appropriate behavior in a given situation within a specific culture is referred to as cultural _____. a. stereotype b. bias c. transmission d. norm e. criticism

d

Consumers from high-uncertainty-avoidance cultures tend to: a. be faster in adopting product and service innovations than in other cultures. b. be slower in buying a product because of its perceived scarcity than in other cultures. c. perceive stronger price-quality relationships than in other cultures. d. demand greater amount of product information than in other cultures. e. rely less on commonly held beliefs to decide on a purchase than in other cultures.

d

Highly individualistic societies differ from highly collectivist societies in that highly individualistic societies: a. take their identities from the groups to which they belong. b. place a lot of importance on group achievements. c. are loyal to the groups to which they belong. d. place high value on self-reliance. e. tend to live in extended families.

d

Jane is a little girl who is learning culture-appropriate behavior from her observations in daily life. She keenly watches and analyzes the way people around her act. This type of learning is referred to as _____. a. adaptation b. modification c. externalization d. socialization e. acclimatization

d

The process by which consumers come to learn a culture other than their natural, native culture is called _____. a. externalization b. enculturation c. acclimatization d. acculturation e. adaptation

d

The socialization process by which consumers' behaviors slowly adapt to a culture through a series of rewards and sanctions is known as _____. a. modeling b. renquing c. diffusing d. shaping e. structuring

d

_____ equivalence exists when two phrases share the same precise meaning in two different cultures. a. Scalar b. Dialectic c. Metric d. Translational e. Dialogic

d

_____ involves learning through observation and the active processing of information about lived, everyday experience. a. Adaptation b. Modification c. Externalization d. Socialization e. Acclimatization

d

_____ represent a commonly agreed upon consensus about the most preferable ways of living within a society. a. Cultural trails b. Cultural lags c. Cultural biases d. Cultural values e. Cultural sanctions

d

Aaron is proud of the traits associated with his countrymen. They are generally perceived as adventurous with a pronounced inclination toward risk-taking and an aversion for the structured routine life. According to the CSV dimension, this is an example of a culture low in _____. a. masculinity b. individualism c. power distance d. short-term orientation e. uncertainty avoidance

e

According to the CSV dimension, a culture uncomfortable with ambiguous or unknown things is high in _____. a. masculinity b. individualism c. power distance d. long-term orientation e. uncertainty avoidance

e

In the Chinese calendar, 2012 is the year of the Dragon. Chinese consumers are purchasing various consumer products adorned with dragon motifs as they believe that it will bring good luck and prosperity. According to the CSV dimension, cultures in which superstitions and myths are given high value tend to be high in _____. a. masculinity b. individualism c. power distance d. short-term orientation e. uncertainty avoidance

e

The degree to which consumers feel a sense of belonging to the culture of their ethnic origins is known as ethnic _____. a. polarization b. internalization c. fractionalization d. acculturation e. identification

e

The physical characteristics that describe the physical environment and habitat of a particular place are known as _____ factors. a. intrinsic b. physiological c. demographic d. evolutionary e. ecological

e

Wei lives in Beijing where most consumers value thriftiness and perseverance, and relationships are gradually established with the intention of making them last for a lifetime. This is an example of a culture high in _____. a. masculinity b. individualism c. power distance d. uncertainty avoidance e. long-term orientation

e

Which of the following CSV dimension reflects values consistent with Confucian philosophy and a prioritization of future rewards over short-term benefits? a. Individualism b. Masculinity c. Power distance d. Uncertainty avoidance e. Long-term orientation

e

Which of the following is used to compare average scores for consumer attitudes from one culture to the next? a. Numerical equivalence b. Attitudinal equivalence c. Translational equivalence d. Conceptual equivalence e. Scalar equivalence

e

18. In low-power-distance nations, marketing messages that make use of authority appeals are very effective in facilitating positive consumers' response.

false (Authority appeals in marketing are more effective when power distance is high.)

30. People who are highly ethnocentric believe that consumers should be more global in their purchasing activities and buy products from different countries.

false (Consumers who are highly ethnocentric believe that it is only right to support workers in their native country by buying products from that country.)

35. Consumers will face no difficulty in finding value in marketing messages even if they do not understand the language used in the advertisement.

false (Consumers will have difficulty finding value in things they cannot understand. Marketers have long wrestled with the problem of translating advertisements, research instruments, product labels, and promotional materials into foreign languages for foreign markets.)

11. The concept of core societal values (CSV) is based on the assumption that members of a culture tend to have different values and world views even though they belong to the same culture.

false (Core societal values (CSV) represent a commonly agreed upon consensus about the most preferable ways of living within a society. Even though not all members of a culture may share precisely the same values to the same degree, a specific cultural group will tend to have common world views along these dimensions.)

26. Countries with relatively high cultural distance scores are more similar and tend to value the same types of consumption experiences.

false (Countries with relatively low cultural distance scores are more similar and tend to value the same types of consumption experiences.)

44. Etiquettes remain the same across cultures.

false (Different cultures have different etiquettes for handling various social situations.)

40. International advertisements that make use of globish slogans place a premium on the correct use of grammar.

false (Globish reduces the English vocabulary to around 1500 words and gets rid of nasty complications like contractions and silent letters. Grammatically incorrect but easily recognized, Globish slogans and advertising are spreading through developing countries.)

50. Glocalization represents the idea that the marketing strategy may be local but the implementation of that strategy at the marketing tactics level should be global.

false (Glocalization represents the idea that the marketing strategy may be global but the implementation of that strategy at the marketing tactics level should be local.)

23. In societies with a high long-term orientation, consumers tend to be spendthrifts and indolent.

false (High long-term orientation means that a consumer values thriftiness and perseverance as well as the maintenance of long-term relationships.)

42. Low-context cultures emphasize communication through nonverbal elements, while, high-context cultures emphasize the spoken word.

false (High-context cultures emphasize communication through nonverbal elements, while, low-context cultures emphasize the spoken word.)

15. In the masculinity CSV dimension, femininity refers to the prominence of women in society specifically in the political domain.

false (In the masculinity CSV dimension, femininity does not refer to a political or social movement or even to the prominence that women have within a society.)

12. Jane lives in a place where an individual is primarily identified as belonging to a "particular family." Jane lives in a highly individualistic society.

false (Jane lives in a highly collectivistic society. Highly collectivistic societies tend to live in extended families, take their identity from the groups to which they belong, and be very loyal to these groups.)

22. Long-term orientation prioritizes short-term benefits over long-term rewards.

false (Long-term orientation reflects values consistent with Confucian philosophy and a prioritization of future rewards over short-term benefits.)

17. Low-power-distance nations tend to be less egalitarian.

false (Low-power-distance nations tend to be more egalitarian.)

41. Nonverbal communication cues have universally accepted standard meanings that are independent of their cultural contexts.

false (Many nonverbal communication cues are culturally laden so that the meaning depends on culture.)

47. The BRIC markets exclusively consist of developed nations.

false (The acronym BRIC stands for Brazil, Russia, India, and China. These four nations are often singled out as having economies that are growing very rapidly. In each market, large middle classes are emerging as consumers who formerly would have had little opportunity for a good job have benefited from corporate capital investment.)

Belgium is categorized as a BRIC nation.

false (The acronym BRIC stands for Brazil, Russia, India, and China.)

Every consumption act has an absolute meaning.

false (The consumption act itself generally has no absolute meaning, only meaning relative to the environment in which the act takes place.)

Consumption activities associated with a given role tend to be universal across cultures.

false (The consumption activities associated with roles can vary from culture to culture.)

19. In a nation low in uncertainty avoidance, the task of the marketer is to make the unfamiliar seem familiar.

false (The task becomes making the unfamiliar seem familiar in appealing to consumers high in uncertainty avoidance.)

43. CANZUS consumers are more likely to be physically close to each other during a conversation than are consumers from Italy.

false (The value that consumers place on space affects communication styles. Generally, CANZUS consumers, for instance, do not like to be too close to each other. When having a conversation, they remain at "arm's length." However, Italian, Armenian, or many Arabian consumers are comfortable communicating when they are so close to each other that they are physically touching.)

36. When marketers promote their products in foreign markets, translation of advertisements alone is sufficient to guarantee effective communication with the consumers.

false (Translation alone is insufficient to guarantee effective communication.)

13. The masculinity CSV dimension tends to be more clearly visible within a feminine culture.

false (Women's traits tend to vary less from nation to nation than do those of men, so the masculinity CSV dimension is most clearly obvious within a masculine culture.)

14. Culver is a city in which men are as likely to be employed as nurses as women. Hence, Culver ranks high on the masculinity CSV dimension.

false (Women's traits tend to vary less from nation to nation than do those of men, so this dimension is most clearly obvious within a masculine culture. In other words, in a culture with low masculinity, men also tend to share some feminine traits.)

10. While tradition can be thought of as influencing culture, it can also be stated that, in the long run, culture also defines tradition.

true

16. In high-power-distance nations, certain consumer behaviors are designated exclusively to individuals by class or status.

true

20. The extent to which scarcity drives actual purchase intentions is more pronounced among cultures high in uncertainty avoidance.

true

21. Consumers from high-uncertainty-avoidance cultures demand greater amounts of product information and explanation.

true

24. Renquing is the idea that when someone does a good deed for an individual, the individual is expected to return that good deed.

true

25. Cultural distance represents how disparate one nation is from another in terms of their CSVs.

true