CC 302 Module 4 Practice and Graded Quizzes
What event led to the First Macedonian War?
Philip of Macedon allied with Carthage after Cannae
What was prorogation (1 pt)? Who had the authority to "prorogate" (1pt)? Identify two reasons why it was necessary (3 pts).
Prorogation referred to the extension of term of office by one year. The senate or Roman people could vote to prorogate an elected official's term of office. It was necessary after the Punic Wars because, now, officials had to travel long distances to take up office. In order for them to be able to accomplish anything in office and still be able to stand for other offices, they needed more than one year in office. Eventually, exceptions would be made that allowed some officials to stand for election in absentia, but the law required all candidates to be in Rome. Prorogation made it easier for office holders to take care of business and still be able to make it back to Rome in time to stand for election to other offices.
Scipio Aemilianus was able to bypass the laws surrounding the cursus honorum and obtain a consulship.
True
According to Polybius, the Senate was what element in the constitution?
aristocratic
When an elite Roman died, who delivered the eulogy (1 pt)? Where (1 pt)? What role did the imagines play in the funeral (1 pts)? Why would the family use imagines in the funeral (2 pts)?
A male relative delivered the eulogy, often his son. It was delivered in the Roman Forum. Actors were hired to wear the imagines and to dress and act like the dead relatives. The ancestors were brought out during the funeral procession to demonstrate to the onlookers the nobility of the family and its fitness to govern. As well, the masks would remind the dead man's family of their obligation to uphold family honor, continue to run for offices and cultivate the family's good name.
With the influx of wealth after the Punic Wars, the divide between the rich and poor began to fade away.
A patrician was a descendant of one of Romulus's original 100 senators. A noble was someone whose ancestor had been elected to office/served in the senate. A new man was the first in his family to be elected to the Senate (or, alternatively, first in his family to reach the consulship). Cato the Elder was an example of a "new man." The Gracchi were plebeians, but from a family that was wealth and distinguished in military service--they were the grandsons of Scipio Africanus. The brothers themselves continues to demonstrate their family's fitness to rule by running for and winning elected office.
The cult dedicated to this god, imported to Italy from the Greeks, was a shock to Roman morality.
Bacchus
When did Carthage first have a serious presence in Spain (1 pt)? Name one reason for Carthaginian expansion into Spain (1 pt). Briefly describe two of Rome's tactics for managing Spain following the 2nd Punic War (2 pts). What groups resisted Roman occupation of Spain (1 pt)?
Carthage first had a real presence in Spain after the First Punic War, because it was looking for a source of mineral resources (wealth) to replace what it had lost when it gave control of Sicily and Sardinia to the Romans. In an effort to manage Spain, Rome installed two praetors to govern "on the ground". It also created veteran's colonies and encouraged intermarriage with local women. The Celtiberians and Lusitanians, in particular, violently resisted Roman occupation of Spain.
What did this person famously say?
Carthage must be destroyed!
According to Polybius, the Roman people had little power in the constitution.
False
With the influx of wealth after the Punic Wars, the divide between the rich and poor began to fade away.
False
During the triumphal procession, the triumphing general dressed like:
Jupiter
The aristocratic faction in the Senate used this man and his populist reforms to turn the Roman plebs against Gaius Gracchus.
Livius Drusus
In which of the following ways did the cursus honorum change after the 2nd Punic War? Mark all correct.
Military service became a requirement for holding office a minimum age requirement for election to consul was established
Who finally emerged as the victorious commander of the Numantine War?
Scipio Aemilianus
Which of the following are true about the Numantine War? Mark all correct.
Scipio Aemilianus was victorious after he besieged the city it was a conflict in the Celtiberian War it was fought in Spain
How did someone become a member of the Roman Senate (1 pt)? What was the primary function of the Senate (1 pt)? What role did the Senate play in the legislative process (1 pt)? Describe a situation from the 2nd century BCE that illustrates the weakness of the Senate's authority (2 pts).
Senators were those who had been elected to office. It's primary function was advisory, through issuing senatus consulta, decrees of the senate. The Senate could not pass binding legislation--only assemblies of citizen voters could do that. The Senate could offer its opinion, which was often very influential on voters, however. The career of Scipio Aemilianus is a good example of how an ambitious and accomplished individual could circumvent the will of the Senate. The Gracchi brothers also demonstrate this, though in a more limited way (since they both ended up dead, victims of senatorial violence).
This painting is a depiction of:
Suicide of Gaius Gracchus
Which of the following statements best characterizes the difference between the legislative agenda of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus?
Tiberius was interested in a single issue while Gaius seems to have had a more wide-ranging interest in reforming Roman culture
What office did Tiberius Gracchus hold (1 pt)? What special cause did he take up (1 pt)? What was unusual, at the time, about his tactics of pursuing the passage of his legislation (1 pt)? Why did Tiberius have Octavius removed from office (1 pt)? What strategy did the senate employ to stall Tiberius efforts to enact his legislation even after it was made law (1 pt)?
Tiberius was tribune of the plebs. He took up land reform as his special cause. His approach was unusual, in that he did not work in cahoots with the senate, did not first bring his legislation to the senate for their approval before allowing the citizen's assembly to vote on it. He removed Octavius from office because, he claimed, Octavius was not working for the best interests of the people he was supposed to represent. The senate refused to adequately fund his land commission even after it was created.
According to Polybius, which of the following was a consular (despotic) power?
could summon meetings of the people. ability to bring matters before the Senate management of public money punishment of citizens while on military campaign
The office of tribune of the plebs was originally created:
during tensions between patricians and plebeians due to abuses by patricians as a way to keep the Senate in check to provide an opportunity for plebeians to be political activists
Which group most directly benefited from imperial expansion through increased opportunities for trade, tax-farming, and commerce?
equestrians
Which of the following were parts of Gaius Gracchus' legislative agenda? Mark all correct.
fix the price of grain establish a Roman colony in Carthage senate required to decide on allotment of magistrates' assignments prior to the election
Which of the following was NOT a requirement for gaining public office and ascending up the cursus honorum?
had to be of equestrian rank
How did Tiberius Gracchus justify his efforts to have Octavius removed from office?
he argued that he was not performing his duty of representing the best interests of the Roman people
How did Gaius Gracchus die?
he committed suicide after a riot
What did Scipio Aemilianus do when the Senate refused to give him funds to fight in the Numantine War? Mark all correct.
he obtained them from Italian allies
How did Gaius Gracchus win the support of wealthy Equestrians? Mark all correct.
he passed laws that made it easier for them to make business contracts he put them on juries
How did Scipio Aemilianus gain command of the Third Punic War?
he took his cause directly to the Roman people, who were unhappy that the war was dragging out
Why did Octavius oppose Tiberius' land reform legislation?
he was asked to do so by his friends in the senate
How did Tiberius Gracchus die?
he was beaten to death by a chair leg
Which of the following were true about Tiberius Gracchus's involvement in the Numantine War?
he was blamed for mismanaging the war back in Rome he served as a quaestor he was supported by the Roman people he arranged a truce with the Numantines
The term of office for a Roman senator was:
his lifetime
Why did Scipio Africanus retire from politics?
his political rivals were harassing him with lawsuits
Which of the following is NOT true about the Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus?
it required all followers of Bacchus in Italy to be executed
Which of the following was NOT a reason for Tiberius Gracchus's land reform legislation in the 130s BCE?
it was a way of delaying a planned war against Egypt
What were latifundia?
large rural estates
What was the first crime to be tried in the permanent courts (quaestiones perpetuae)?
magisterial incompetence or corruption
Which of the following was NOT a feature of the cult of Bacchus?
membership was limited to the very wealthy
A senatus consultum:
more than one of these
The first man in his family to obtain the consulship was known as a:
novus homo
What is a votive temple?
one vowed by a military commander for a victory
An aedile:
oversaw the maintenance of infrastructure, like roads and aqueducts
The first office on the cursus honorum was:
quaestor
Who awarded a general a triumph?
senate
According to Polybius, who represented the "democratic" element in Roman governance?
the Roman people
Which of the following was NOT a consequence of a great influx of wealth into Italy after the Punic Wars?
the divide between rich and poor grew smaller
What phenomenon does this portrait of Alexander the Great attest to?
the fashion for art, especially mosaics, in wealthy Roman homes
In what way did Gaius Gracchus reform the juries of the standing courts?
the jurors would now be drawn from the equestrian class rather than the senatorial class
In what way did Roman expansionism affect generals on campaign?
they had more freedom to make treaties with their enemies
What role did the publicani play in Roman administration of the provinces?
they were private contractors who arranged for supplies and weapons to reach the armies in distant provinces
What role did the publicani play in the Roman administration of the provinces in the 3rd and 2nd century BCE?
they were private contractors who arranged for supplies and weapons to reach the armies in distant provinces
Which of the following is true about the objects in this man's hands? Mark all correct.
they were worn by actors in a funeral procession they were displayed in the atrium of the house
How did Tiberius Gracchus fund the land commission over the actions of the Senate?
used the funds from the estate willed to Rome by Attalus of Pergamum
A votive temple:
was vowed and built by a victorious military commander