CC4 Fluid & Electrolytes

The nurse is caring for a patient status after a motor vehicle accident. The patient has developed AKI. What is the nurses role in caring for this patient? Select all that apply. A) Providing emotional support for the family B) Monitoring for complications C) Participating in emergency treatment of fluid and electrolyte imbalances D) Providing nursing care for primary disorder (trauma) E) Directing nutritional interventions

-Providing emotional support for the family -Monitoring for complications -Participating in emergency treatment of fluid and electrolyte imbalances -Providing nursing care for primary disorder (trauma)

The nurse is caring for a patient who has just returned to the post-surgical unit following renal surgery. When assessing the patients output from surgical drains, the nurse should assess what parameters? Select all that apply. A) Quantity of output B) Color of the output C) Visible characteristics of the output D) Odor of the output E) pH of the output

-Quantity of output -Color of the output -Visible characteristics of the output

A nurse on the renal unit is caring for a patient who will soon begin peritoneal dialysis. The family of the patient asks for education about the peritoneal dialysis catheter that has been placed in the patients peritoneum. The nurse explains the three sections of the catheter and talks about the two cuffs on the dialysis catheter. What would the nurse explain about the cuffs? Select all that apply. A) The cuffs are made of Dacron polyester. B) The cuffs stabilize the catheter. C) The cuffs prevent the dialysate from leaking. D) The cuffs provide a barrier against microorganisms. E) The cuffs absorb dialysate

-The cuffs are made of Dacron polyester. -The cuffs stabilize the catheter. -The cuffs prevent the dialysate from leaking. -The cuffs provide a barrier against microorganisms.

A patient has a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 43 mL/min/1.73 m2 . Based on this GFR, the nurse interprets that the patients chronic kidney disease is at what stage? A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) Stage 3 D) Stage 4

3

Which of the following individuals likely faces the greatest risk for the development of chronic kidney disease? A) A first-time mother who recently lost 1.5 L of blood during a postpartum hemorrhage B) A patient whose diagnosis of thyroid cancer necessitated a thyroidectomy C) A patient who experienced a hemorrhagic stroke and now has sensory and motor deficits D) A patient with a recent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes who does not monitor his blood sugars or control his diet

A patient with a recent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes who does not monitor his blood sugars or control his diet

The nurse coming on shift on the medical unit is taking a report on four patients. What patient does the nurse know is at the greatest risk of developing ESKD? A) A patient with a history of polycystic kidney disease B) A patient with diabetes mellitus and poorly controlled hypertension C) A patient who is morbidly obese with a history of vascular disorders D) A patient with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A patient with diabetes mellitus and poorly controlled hypertension

The nurse is planning patient teaching for a patient with ESKD who is scheduled for the creation of a fistula. The nurse would include which of the following in teaching the patient about the fistula? A) A vein and an artery in your arm will be attached surgically. B) The arm should be immobilized for 4 to 6 days. C) One needle will be inserted into the fistula for each dialysis treatment. D) The fistula can be used 2 days after the surgery for dialysis treatment.

A vein and an artery in your arm will be attached surgically.

Failure to restore blood volume or pressure may cause ______________ or acute cortical necrosis.

Acute Tubular Necrosis

A client is admitted with a diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis. The client has an elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine and is oliguric with a blood pressure of 74/30 mmHg. Which order from the healthcare provider should the nurse carry out first? A) Administer an antiemetic. B) Administer intravenous fluids. C) Administer an antipyretic. D) Collect stool samples.

Administer intravenous fluids.

The nurse is reviewing the potassium level of a patient with kidney disease. The results of the test are 6.5 mEq/L, and the nurse observes peaked T waves on the ECG. What priority intervention does the nurse anticipate the physician will order to reduce the potassium level? -Administration of a loop diuretic -Administration of an insulin drip -Administration of sodium polystyrene sulfonate [Kayexalate]) -Administration of sodium bicarbonate

Administration of sodium polystyrene sulfonate [Kayexalate])

A patient with a diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) may require the administration of which of the following drugs to treat the consequences of CKD? A) Antihypertensive medications B) Antiarrhythmic medications C) Opioid analgesics D) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Antihypertensive medications

A patient with chronic kidney disease has been hospitalized and is receiving hemodialysis on a scheduled basis. The nurse should include which of the following actions in the plan of care? A) Ensure that the patient moves the extremity with the vascular access site as little as possible. B) Change the dressing over the vascular access site at least every 12 hours. C) Utilize the vascular access site for infusion of IV fluids. D) Assess for a thrill or bruit over the vascular access site each shift.

Assess for a thrill or bruit over the vascular access site each shift.

The nurse is caring for a patient with acute glomerular inflammation. When assessing for the characteristic signs and symptoms of this health problem, the nurse should include which assessments? Select all that apply. A) Percuss for pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant. B) Assess for the presence of peripheral edema. C) Auscultate the patients apical heart rate for dysrhythmias. D) Assess the patients BP. E) Assess the patients orientation and judgment.

Assess for the presence of peripheral edema. Assess the patients BP.

The nurse is caring for a patient who has returned to the postsurgical suite after post-anesthetic recovery from a nephrectomy. The nurses most recent hourly assessment reveals a significant drop in level of consciousness and BP as well as scant urine output over the past hour. What is the nurses best response? A) Assess the patient for signs of bleeding and inform the physician. B) Monitor the patients vital signs every 15 minutes for the next hour. C) Reposition the patient and reassess vital signs. D) Palpate the patients flanks for pain and inform the physician.

Assess the patient for signs of bleeding and inform the physician.

The nurse is caring for a patient postoperative day 4 following a kidney transplant. When assessing for potential signs and symptoms of rejection, what assessment should the nurse prioritize? A) Assessment of the quantity of the patients urine output B) Assessment of the patients incision C) Assessment of the patients abdominal girth D) Assessment for flank or abdominal pain

Assessment of the quantity of the patients urine output

A client with acute kidney injury is started on continuous renal replacement therapy (CCRT). Which finding would require immediate action by the nurse? a. Potassium level 5.5 mEq/L b. Sodium level 138 mEq/L c. Blood pressure 76/58 mmHg d. Pulse rate of 88 beats/min

Blood pressure 76/58 mmHg

A client with a history of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is experiencing increasing fatigue, lethargy, and activity intolerance. The care team has established that the client's glomerular filtration rate (GFR) remains at a low, but stable, level. Which laboratory assessments will most likely be prescribed to help determine the cause of these new symptoms? -Assessment of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function -Cystoscopy and ureteroscopy -Blood work for hemoglobin, red blood cells, and hematocrit -Blood work for white cells and differential

Blood work for hemoglobin, red blood cells, and hematocrit

A patient with a longstanding diagnosis of chronic kidney disease has been experiencing increasing fatigue, lethargy, and activity intolerance in recent weeks. His care team has established that his GFR remains at a low, but stable, level. Which of the following assessments is most likely to inform a differential diagnosis? A) Blood work for white cells and differential B) Cystoscopy and ureteroscopy C) Assessment of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function D) Blood work for hemoglobin, red blood cells, and hematocrit

Blood work for hemoglobin, red blood cells, and hematocrit

A patient is admitted to the ICU after a motor vehicle accident. On the second day of the hospital admission, the patient develops acute kidney injury. The patient is hemodynamically unstable, but renal replacement therapy is needed to manage the patients hypervolemia and hyperkalemia. Which of the following therapies will the patients hemodynamic status best tolerate? A) Hemodialysis B) Peritoneal dialysis C) Continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD) D) Plasmapheresis

Continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD)

A patient is being seen in the clinic for possible kidney disease. What major sensitive indicator of kidney disease does the nurse anticipate the patient will be tested for? -Serum potassium level -Uric acid level -Creatinine clearance level -Blood urea nitrogen level

Creatinine clearance level

A patient has presented with signs and symptoms that are characteristic of acute kidney injury, but preliminary assessment reveals no obvious risk factors for this health problem. The nurse should recognize the need to interview the patient about what topic? A) Typical diet B) Allergy status C) Psychosocial stressors D) Current medication use

Current medication use

Which term refers to casts in the urine?

Cylindruria

Which of the following urine characteristics would the nurse anticipate when caring for a client whose lab work reveals a high urine specific gravity related to dehydration? -Clear or light yellow urine -Dark amber urine -Turbid urine -Red urine

Dark amber urine

A client with acute kidney injury has a blood pressure of 76/55 mmHg. The primary health care provider prescribed 1000mL of normal saline to be infused over 1 hour to maintain perfusion. The client starts to develop shortness of breath. What is the nurses priority action? a. Calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP) b. Ask for insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter c. Take the client's pulse d. Decrease the rate of the IV infusion

Decrease the rate of the IV infusion

A patient with ESKD is scheduled to begin hemodialysis. The nurse is working with the patient to adapt the patients diet to maximize the therapeutic effect and minimize the risks of complications. The patients diet should include which of the following modifications? Select all that apply. A) Decreased protein intake B) Decreased sodium intake C) Increased potassium intake D) Fluid restriction E) Vitamin D supplementation

Decreased protein intake Decreased sodium intake Fluid restriction

A nurse is caring for a patient who is in the diuresis phase of AKI. The nurse should closely monitor the patient for what complication during this phase? A) Hypokalemia B) Hypocalcemia C) Dehydration D) Acute flank pain

Dehydration

This phase of Acute Renal Failure includes gradual increase in urinary output, electrolytes moving toward a normal range, and GFR is improving.

Diuretic Phase

Which dermatologic problem most often accompanies chronic kidney disease (CKD)? Petechiae and purpura Hirsutism and psoriasis Dry skin and pruritus Alopecia and fungal rashes

Dry skin and pruritus

A patient is being treated for AKI and the patient daily weights have been ordered. The nurse notes a weight gain of 3 pounds over the past 48 hours. What nursing diagnosis is suggested by this assessment finding? A) Imbalanced nutrition: More than body requirements B) Excess fluid volume C) Sedentary lifestyle D) Adult failure to thrive

Excess fluid volume

A client comes into the emergency department with a serum creatinine of 2.2 mg/dL and a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of 24 mL/dL. What question would the nurse ask first when taking this client's history? a. Have you been taking any aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen recently? b. Do you have anyone in your family with renal failure? c. Have you had a diet that is low in protein recently? d. Has a relative had a kidney transplant lately?

Have you been taking any aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen recently?

Renal failure can have prerenal, renal, or postrenal causes. A patient with acute kidney injury is being assessed to determine where, physiologically, the cause is. If the cause is found to be prerenal, which condition most likely caused it? A) Heart failure B) Glomerulonephritis C) Ureterolithiasis D) Aminoglycoside toxicity

Heart failure

A 45-year-old man with diabetic nephropathy has ESKD and is starting dialysis. What should the nurse teach the patient about hemodialysis? A) Hemodialysis is a treatment option that is usually required three times a week. B) Hemodialysis is a program that will require you to commit to daily treatment. C) This will require you to have surgery and a catheter will need to be inserted into your abdomen. D) Hemodialysis is a treatment that is used for a few months until your kidney heals and starts to produce urine again.

Hemodialysis is a treatment option that is usually required three times a week.

The nurse is caring for a patient in acute kidney injury. Which of the following complications would most clearly warrant the administration of polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)? A) Hypernatremia B) Hypomagnesemia C) Hyperkalemia D) Hypercalcemia

Hyperkalemia

A client with chronic kidney disease reports generalized bone pain and tenderness. Which assessment finding would alert the nurse to an increased potential for the development of spontaneous bone fractures? -Hyperkalemia -Elevated urea and nitrogen -Elevated serum creatinine -Hyperphosphatemia

Hyperphosphatemia

The nurse is providing care for a patient who has a diagnosis of kidney failure. Which of the following laboratory findings is consistent with this patient's diagnosis? A) Metabolic alkalosis B) Hypophosphatemia C) Hypocalcemia D) Hypokalemia

Hypocalcemia

A patient with a recent diagnosis of renal failure that will require hemodialysis is being educated in the dietary management of the disease. Which of the patient's following statements shows an accurate understanding of this component of treatment? A) I've made a list of high-phosphate foods so that I can try to avoid them. B) I'm making a point of trying to eat lots of bananas and other food rich in potassium. C) I'm going to try a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. D) I don't think I've been drinking enough, so I want to include 8 to 10 glasses of water each day.

I've made a list of high-phosphate foods so that I can try to avoid them.

What is a characteristic of the intrarenal category of acute renal failure? -Decreased creatinine -High specific gravity -Decreased urine sodium -Increased BUN

Increased BUN

A patient with ESKD receives continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. The nurse observes that the dialysate drainage fluid is cloudy. What is the nurses most appropriate action? A) Inform the physician and assess the patient for signs of infection. B) Flush the peritoneal catheter with normal saline. C) Remove the catheter promptly and have the catheter tip cultured. D) Administer a bolus of IV normal saline as ordered.

Inform the physician and assess the patient for signs of infection.

Direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, or reduced blood supply.

Intrarenal

Proteinuria is used to measure?

Kidney damage

A 71-year-old patient with ESKD has been told by the physician that it is time to consider hemodialysis until a transplant can be found. The patient tells the nurse she is not sure she wants to undergo a kidney transplant. What would be an appropriate response for the nurse to make? A) The decision is certainly yours to make, but be sure not to make a mistake. B) Kidney transplants in patients your age are as successful as they are in younger patients. C) I understand your hesitancy to commit to a transplant surgery. Success is comparatively rare. D) Have you talked this over with your family?

Kidney transplants in patients your age are as successful as they are in younger patients.

The nurse is caring for a patient after kidney surgery. The nurse is aware that bleeding is a major complication of kidney surgery and that if it goes undetected and untreated can result in hypovolemia and hemorrhagic shock in the patient. When assessing for bleeding, what assessment parameter should the nurse evaluate? A) Oral intake B) Pain intensity C) Level of consciousness D) Radiation of pain

Level of consciousness

A client is hospitalized in the oliguric phase of AKI and is receiving tube feedings. The nurse is teaching the client's spouse about the renal-specific formulation for the enteral solution compared to standard formulas. What components would be discussed in the teaching plan? Select all that apply a. Lower sodium b. Higher calcium c. Lower potassium d. Higher phosphorus e. Higher calories

Lower sodium Lower potassium Higher calories

The nurse has identified the nursing diagnosis of risk for infection in a patient who undergoes peritoneal dialysis. What nursing action best addresses this risk? A) Maintain aseptic technique when administering dialysate. B) Wash the skin surrounding the catheter site with soap and water prior to each exchange. C) Add antibiotics to the dialysate as ordered. D) Administer prophylactic antibiotics by mouth or IV as ordered.

Maintain aseptic technique when administering dialysate.

This phase of Acute Renal Failure includes an increase in the serum concentration of substance usually excreted by the kidneys; Azotemia and electrolyte imbalance; Elevation of BUN and Creatinine and potassium levels.

Oliguria Phase

Sudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged prostate, kidney stones, bladder tumor, or injury.

Postrenal

A patient is scheduled for a CT scan of the abdomen with contrast. The patient has a baseline creatinine level of 2.3 mg/dL. In preparing this patient for the procedure, the nurse anticipates what orders? A) Monitor the patients electrolyte values every hour before the procedure. B) Preprocedure hydration and administration of acetylcysteine C) Hemodialysis immediately prior to the CT scan D) Obtain a creatinine clearance by collecting a 24-hour urine specimen.

Preprocedure hydration and administration of acetylcysteine

An 86-year-old female patient has been admitted to the hospital for the treatment of dehydration and hyponatremia after she curtailed her fluid intake to prevent urinary incontinence. The patient's most recent laboratory results are suggestive of acute renal failure. How would this patient's renal failure be categorized? A) Prerenal B) Postrenal C) Intrinsic D) Intrarenal

Prerenal

Sudden or severe drop in BP (shock) or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys from severe injury or illness.

Prerenal

A patient on the critical care unit is postoperative day 1 following kidney transplantation from a living donor. The nurses most recent assessments indicate that the patient is producing copious quantities of dilute urine. What is the nurses most appropriate response? A) Assess the patient for further signs or symptoms of rejection. B) Recognize this as an expected finding. C) Inform the primary care provider of this finding. D) Administer exogenous antidiuretic hormone as ordered.

Recognize this as an expected finding.

This phase of Acute Renal Failure includes gradual return to normal or near normal kidney function and may last 3 to 12 months.

Recovery Phase

A patient with chronic kidney disease is completing an exchange during peritoneal dialysis. The nurse observes that the peritoneal fluid is draining slowly and that the patients abdomen is increasing in girth. What is the nurses most appropriate action? A) Advance the catheter 2 to 4 cm further into the peritoneal cavity. B) Reposition the patient to facilitate drainage. C) Aspirate from the catheter using a 60-mL syringe. D) Infuse 50 mL of additional dialysate.

Reposition the patient to facilitate drainage.

A client with renal failure is undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Which nursing diagnosis is the most appropriate for this client? -Impaired urinary elimination -Risk for infection -Activity intolerance -Toileting self-care deficit

Risk for infection

Hyperphosphatemia is a complication associated with chronic kidney disease. Which of the following is given to help manage this complication? erythropoietin cyclosporine sevalamer calcium glutinate

Sevalamer

A child is brought into the clinic with symptoms of edema and dark brown rusty urine. Which nursing assessment finding would best assist in determining the cause of this problem? -Protein elevation in the urine -Elevation of blood pressure -Red blood cells in the urine -Sore throat 2 weeks ago

Sore throat 2 weeks ago

A 15-year-old is admitted to the renal unit with a diagnosis of postinfectious glomerular disease. The nurse should recognize that this form of kidney disease may have been precipitated by what event? A) Psychosocial stress B) Hypersensitivity to an immunization C) Menarche D) Streptococcal infection

Streptococcal infection

The nurse is caring for a patient receiving hemodialysis three times weekly. The patient has had surgery to form an arteriovenous fistula. What is most important for the nurse to be aware of when providing care for this patient? A) Using a stethoscope for auscultating the fistula is contraindicated. B) The patient feels best immediately after the dialysis treatment. C) Taking a BP reading on the affected arm can damage the fistula. D) The patient should not feel pain during initiation of dialysis.

Taking a BP reading on the affected arm can damage the fistula.

A patient with significant burns on his lower body has developed sepsis on the third day following his accident. Which of the following developments is most clearly suggestive of ischemic acute tubular necrosis rather than prerenal failure? A) The patient exhibits pulmonary and peripheral edema. B) The patient's GFR does not increase after restoration of renal blood flow. C) Emergency hemodialysis does not result in decreased BUN and creatinine. D) The patient exhibits oliguria and frank hematuria.

The patient's GFR does not increase after restoration of renal blood flow.

The nurse is caring for acutely ill patient. What assessment finding should prompt the nurse to inform the physician that the patient may be exhibiting signs of acute kidney injury (AKI)? A) The patient is complains of an inability to initiate voiding. B) The patients urine is cloudy with a foul odor. C) The patients average urine output has been 10 mL/hr for several hours. D) The patient complains of acute flank pain.

The patients average urine output has been 10 mL/hr for several hours.

Which of the following descriptions is true of peritoneal dialysis? A) Vascular access is achieved through an internal arteriovenous fistula or an external arteriovenous shunt. B) Treatments typically occur three times each week for three to four hours. C) The dialyzer is usually a hollow cylinder composed of bundles of capillary tubes. D) Treatment involves the introduction of a sterile dialyzing solution, which is drained after a specified time.

Treatment involves the introduction of a sterile dialyzing solution, which is drained after a specified time.

The nurse is caring for a postoperative 70-kg client who had major blood loss during surgery. Which findings would prompt immediate action to prevent acute kidney injury? Select all that apply. a. Urine output of 100mL in 4 hours b. Urine output of 500mL in 12 hours c. Large amount of sediment in the urine d. Amber, odorless urine e. Blood pressure of 90/60 mmHg

Urine output of 100mL in 4 hours Large amount of sediment in the urine Blood pressure of 90/60 mmHg

The nurse is working on the renal transplant unit. To reduce the risk of infection in a patient with a transplanted kidney, it is imperative for the nurse to do what? A) Wash hands carefully and frequently. B) Ensure immediate function of the donated kidney. C) Instruct the patient to wear a face mask. D) Bar visitors from the patients room.

Wash hands carefully and frequently.

Which of the following is the most accurate indicator of fluid loss or gain? -Body temperature -Caloric intake -Weight -Urine output

Weight

The nurse is caring for a patient with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus who has been recently diagnosed with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The patient has an elevated phosphorus level and has been prescribed calcium acetate to bind the phosphorus. The nurse should teach the patient to take the prescribed phosphorus-binding medication at what time? A) Only when needed B) Daily at bedtime C) First thing in the morning D) With each meal

With each meal

The primary care provider for a newly admitted hospital client has added the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to the blood work scheduled for this morning. The client's GFR results return as 50 mL/minute/1.73 m2. The nurse explains to the client that this result represents: -a loss of over half the client's normal kidney function. -concentrated urine. -a need to increase water intake. -that the kidneys are functioning normally.

a loss of over half the client's normal kidney function.

A client with diabetes mellitus has had declining renal function over the past several years. Which diet regimen should the nurse recommend to the client on days between dialysis? A) a high-protein diet with a prescribed amount of water B) a low-protein diet with a prescribed amount of water C) no protein in the diet and use of salt sparingly D) a low-protein diet with an unlimited amount of water

a low-protein diet with a prescribed amount of water

A client is admitted for treatment of chronic renal failure (CRF). The nurse knows that this disorder increases the client's risk of: -a decreased serum phosphate level secondary to kidney failure. water and sodium retention secondary to --a severe decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. -metabolic alkalosis secondary to retention of hydrogen ions. -an increased serum calcium level secondary to kidney failure.

a severe decrease in the glomerular filtration rate.

The most common indicator of acute renal failure is: A) anemia. B) uremia. C) edema. D) azotemia.

azotemia

The primary care provider for a newly admitted hospital patient has added the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to the blood work scheduled for this morning. The patient's GFR will be extrapolated from serum levels of: A) urea. B) protein. C) creatinine. D) myoglobin.

creatinine.

The nurse is preparing a client for a nuclear scan of the kidneys. Following the procedure, the nurse instructs the client to carefully handle urine because it is radioactive. -maintain bed rest for 2 hours. -drink liberal amounts of fluids. -notify the health care team if bloody urine is noted.

drink liberal amounts of fluids.

Regardless of the cause, chronic kidney disease results in progressive permanent loss of nephrons, glomerular filtration and renal: A) tubule dysplasia. B) vascular pressure. C) endocrine functions. D) hypophosphatemia.

endocrine functions.

A client with chronic renal failure who receives hemodialysis three times weekly has a hemoglobin (Hb) level of 7 g/dl (70mmol/L). The most therapeutic pharmacologic intervention would be to administer epoetin alfa ferrous sulfate

epoetin alfa

A client admitted to the unit with a diagnosis of end-stage renal disease is scheduled to undergo hemodialysis. The client voices anxiety over shunt placement and management of care at home. A nurse initiates a referral to which members of the interdisciplinary team? A) home health nurse, nutritionist, and social worker B) physical and occupational therapist, dietitian, and home health aide C) dialysis nurse, physician, and family D) physician, physical therapist, and family

home health nurse, nutritionist, and social worker

Impaired skin integrity and skin manifestations are common in persons with chronic kidney disease. Pale skin and subcutaneous bruising are often present as a result of: A) thrombocytopenia. B) anticoagulant therapy. C) decreased vascular volume. D) impaired platelet function.

impaired platelet function.

A patient had excessive blood loss and prolonged hypotension during surgery. His postoperative urine output is sharply decreased and his blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is elevated. The most likely cause for the change is acute: A) prerenal inflammation. B) bladder outlet obstruction. C) ischemic tubular necrosis. D) intrarenal nephrotoxicity.

ischemic tubular necrosis.

As chronic kidney disease progresses, the second stage (renal insufficiency) is identified by: A) isotonic polyuria. B) metabolic acidosis. C) hyperparathyroidism. D) diminished renal reserve.

isotonic polyuria.

Reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), with a serum creatinine level that remains in the normal range, is associated with aging because _______ is reduced in elderly persons. A) calcium intake B) muscle mass C) drug tolerance D) renal perfusion

muscle mass

A client admitted with a gunshot wound to the abdomen is transferred to the intensive care unit after an exploratory laparotomy. I.V. fluid is being infused at 150 ml/hour. Which assessment finding suggests that the client is experiencing acute renal failure (ARF)? A) blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level of 22 mg/dl (1.2 mmol/L) B) temperature of 100.2° F (37.8° C) C) urine output of 250 ml/24 hours D) serum creatinine level of 1.2 mg/dl (0.1 mmol/L)

urine output of 250 ml/24 hours