CCJ 240 Chapter 2

"Three strikes and you're out" laws are an example of:

a mandatory sentence

A report prepared by a probation officer who investigates a convicted offender's background in order to help the judge select an appropriate sentence is known as:

a presentence report

A period of incarceration with minimum and maximum terms stipulated, so that eligibility for parole depends on the time necessary for treatment is known as:

an indeterminate sentence

If an offender were to be sentenced to prison for a term of a minimum of 5 years to a maximum of 10 years, and if the offender's release during this time frame were determined by the parole board on the basis of the offender's behavior and rehabilitation while in prison, that would be an example of what?

an indeterminate sentence

The Fair Sentencing Act reduced the level of sentencing disparity in cases involving:

crack cocaine and powdered cocaine

____________is a goal of punishment which focuses on the notion that both an individual and society as a whole can be discouraged from committing similar crimes through the effective use of certain types of punishments.

deterrence

During the late 1700s, changes in society affected views on law and criminal justice. What was not an example of this shift in social and political thinking?

gallery slavery, the practice of forcing men to row ships, became a common form of punishment

Punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the general public and to discourage crime by others is called:

general deterrence

The goal of punishment that focuses on physically depriving an offender from the ability to commit future crime is commonly referred to as ...

incapacitation

Punishments that are less severe and less costly than prison, but are more restrictive than traditional probation, are known as:

intermediate sanctions

The law of retaliation - the principle that punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense, or "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth" - is known as what?

lex talionis

A relatively new goal of punishment that has emerged over the last decade in which the punishment is designed to repair damage done to the victim and the community by the offender's actions is known as ...

restorative justice

Punishment inflicted on a person who has infringed the rights of others and thus deserves to be penalized is known as what?

retribution

Criminal sanctions in the United States are used to accomplish what four goals?

retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation

A divergence in the length and types of sentences imposed for the same crime or for crimes of comparable seriousness when no reasonable justification can be discerned is known as:

sentencing disparity

An instrument developed for judges that indicates the usual sanctions given previously for particular offenses is known as:

sentencing guideline

Reducing disparity in sentencing for similar offenses, increasing or decreasing punishments for certain types of offenders and offenses, establishing truth-in-sentencing policies or laws, reducing prison crowding, and making the sentencing process more rational are goals associated with what correctional tool?

sentencing guidelines

A sentence in which the offender is released after a short incarceration and put on probation is known as:

shock probation

Punishment inflicted on criminals to discourage them from committing future crimes is called:

specific deterrence

During the 1700s, Western scholars and activists, particularly in England and France, began a sweeping reconception of society with ideas based on rationalism, the importance of the individual, and limitations on the power of government. This period id known as what?

the Enlightenment or the Age of Reason

What is not true of Bentham's view of criminal law and corrections?

the belief that capital punishment should be used even on minor offenses to deter other and to weed out "bad seeds"

What is not one of the three elements of punishment according to Professor Herbert Packer?

the idea that crime is a natural occurrence in a society

Sentencing guidelines have shifted sentencing discretion from:

the judge to the prosecutor

The doctrine that the aim of all action should be the greatest possible balance of pleasure over pain, and hence the belief that a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve good to outweigh the pain inflicted, is known as ....

ultilitarianism

A conviction that occurs when an innocent person is found guilty by either plea or verdict is known as a:

wrongful conviction