CCNA 1 v7 Modules 14 - 15
10 segments With a window of 1000 bytes, the destination host accepts segments until all 1000 bytes of data have been received. Then the destination host sends an acknowledgment.
A PC is downloading a large file from a server. The TCP window is 1000 bytes. The server is sending the file using 100-byte segments. How many segments will the server send before it requires an acknowledgment from the PC?
6001
A PC that is communicating with a web server has a TCP window size of 6,000 bytes when sending data and a packet size of 1,500 bytes. Which byte of information will the web server acknowledge after it has received four packets of data from the PC?
4501
A PC that is communicating with a web server has a TCP window size of 6,000 bytes when sending data and a packet size of 1,500 bytes. Which byte of information will the web server acknowledge after it has received three packets of data from the PC?
3001
A PC that is communicating with a web server has a TCP window size of 6,000 bytes when sending data and a packet size of 1,500 bytes. Which byte of information will the web server acknowledge after it has received two packets of data from the PC?
In order to terminate a TCP session, the client sends to the server a segment with the FIN flag set. The server acknowledges the client by sending a segment with the ACK flag set. The server sends a FIN to the client to terminate the server to client session. The client acknowledges the termination by sending a segment with the ACK flag set.
A client application needs to terminate a TCP communication session with a server. Place the termination process steps in the order that they will occur.
21
A client creates a packet to send to a server. The client is requesting FTP service. What number will be used as the destination port number in the sending packet?
80
A client creates a packet to send to a server. The client is requesting HTTP service. What number will be used as the destination port number in the sending packet?
443
A client creates a packet to send to a server. The client is requesting HTTPS service. What number will be used as the destination port number in the sending packet?
110
A client creates a packet to send to a server. The client is requesting POP3 service. What number will be used as the destination port number in the sending packet?
25
A client creates a packet to send to a server. The client is requesting SMTP service. What number will be used as the destination port number in the sending packet?
161
A client creates a packet to send to a server. The client is requesting SNMP service. What number will be used as the destination port number in the sending packet?
22
A client creates a packet to send to a server. The client is requesting SSH service. What number will be used as the destination port number in the sending packet?
69
A client creates a packet to send to a server. The client is requesting TFTP service. What number will be used as the destination port number in the sending packet?
23
A client creates a packet to send to a server. The client is requesting telnet service. What number will be used as the destination port number in the sending packet?
FTP HTTP SMTP The ISP uses the HTTP protocol in conjunction with hosting web pages, the FTP protocol with file transfers, and SMTP with e-mail. DNS is used to translate domain names to IP addresses. SNMP is used for network management traffic. DHCP ic commonly used to manage IP addressing.
A manufacturing company subscribes to certain hosted services from its ISP. The services that are required include hosted world wide web, file transfer, and e-mail. Which protocols represent these three key applications?
If multiple conversations occur that are using the same service, the source port number is used to track the separate conversations. Both UDP and TCP use port numbers to provide a unique identifier for each conversation. Source port numbers are randomly generated and are used to track different conversations. Destination port numbers identify specific services by using either a default port number for the service or a port number that is assigned manually by a system administrator.
How are port numbers used in the TCP/IP encapsulation process?
peer-to-peer In a peer-to-peer networking model, data is exchanged between two network devices without the use of a dedicated server. Peer-to-peer applications such as Shareaz, eDonkey, and Bitcoin allow one network device to assume the role of server, while one or more other network devices assume the role of client using the peer-to-peer application.
In what networking model would eDonkey, eMule, BitTorrent, Bitcoin, and LionShare be used?
when a faster delivery mechanism is needed when applications do not need to guarantee delivery of the data UDP is a very simple transport layer protocol that does not guarantee delivery. Devices on both ends of the conversation are not required to keep track of the conversation. UDP is used as the transport protocol for applications that need a speedy, best-effort delivery.
In what two situations would UDP be better than TCP as the preferred transport protocol?
Session, Presentation, and Application The network access layer of the TCP/IP model performs the same functions as the physical and data link layers of the OSI model. The internetwork layer equates to the network layer of the OSI model. The transport layers are the same in both models. The application layer of the TCP/IP model represents the session, presentation, and application layers of the OSI model.
The application layer of the TCP/IP model performs the functions of what three layers of the OSI model?
A student has two web browser windows open in order to access two web sites. The transport layer ensures the correct web page is delivered to the correct browser window. The source and destination port numbers are used to identify the correct application and window within that application.
Which scenario describes a function provided by the transport layer?
meeting the reliability requirements of applications, if any multiplexing multiple communication streams from many users or applications on the same network identifying the applications and services on the client and server that should handle transmitted data The transport layer has several responsibilities. Some of the primary responsibilities include the following:Tracking the individual communication streams between applications on the source and destination hostsSegmenting data at the source and reassembling the data at the destinationIdentifying the proper application for each communication stream through the use of port numbersMultiplexing the communications of multiple users or applications over a single networkManaging the reliability requirements of applications
What are three responsibilities of the transport layer?
decentralized resources resource sharing without a dedicated server Peer-to-peer networks have decentralized resources because every computer can serve as both a server and a client. One computer might assume the role of server for one transaction while acting as a client for another transaction. Peer-to-peer networks can share resources among network devices without the use of a dedicated server.
What are two characteristics of peer-to-peer networks?
identifying the proper application for each communication stream tracking the individual communication between applications on the source and destination hosts The transport layer has several responsibilities. The primary responsibilities include the following: Tracking the individual communication streams between applications on the source and destination hosts Segmenting data at the source and reassembling the data at the destination Identifying the proper application for each communication stream through the use of port numbers
What are two roles of the transport layer in data communication on a network?
Both models support devices in server and client roles. In both the client/server and peer-to-peer network models, clients and servers exist. In peer-to-peer networks, no dedicated server exists, but a device can assume the server role to provide information to a device serving in the client role.
What do the client/server and peer-to-peer network models have in common?
It just sends the datagrams. When a client has UDP datagrams to send, it just sends the datagrams.
What does a client do when it has UDP datagrams to send?
destination and source port numbers
What important information is added to the TCP/IP transport layer header to ensure communication and connectivity with a remote network device?
sequence numbers At the transport layer, TCP uses the sequence numbers in the header of each TCP segment to reassemble the segments into the correct order.
What information is used by TCP to reassemble and reorder received segments?
UDP reassembles the received datagrams in the order they were received. UDP has no way to reorder the datagrams into their transmission order, so UDP simply reassembles the data in the order it was received and forwards it to the application.
What is a characteristic of UDP?
Gnutella The Gnutella protocol is used when one user shares an entire file with another user. A person would load a Gnutella-based application such as gtk-gnutella or WireShare and use that application to locate and access resources shared by others.
What is a common protocol that is used with peer-to-peer applications such as WireShare, Bearshare, and Shareaza?
resource sharing without a dedicated server The peer-to-peer (P2P) networking model allows data, printer, and resource sharing without a dedicated server.
What is a key characteristic of the peer-to-peer networking model?
the combination of a source IP address and port number or a destination IP address and port number
What is a socket?
SMB clients can establish a long-term connection to the server.
What is an advantage of SMB over FTP?
A workstation initiates a DNS request when the user types www.cisco.com in the address bar of a web browser. When a user types a domain name of a website into the address bar of a web browser, a workstation needs to send a DNS request to the DNS server for the name resolution process. This request is a client/server model application. The eMule application is P2P. Sharing a printer on a workstation is a peer-to-peer network. Using ARP is just a broadcast message sent by a host.
What is an example of network communication that uses the client-server model?
0 to 1023
What is the complete range of TCP and UDP well-known ports?
to request an HTML page from a web server
What is the function of the HTTP GET message?
Clients establish a long term connection to servers. The Server Message Block protocol is a protocol for file, printer, and directory sharing. Clients establish a long term connection to servers and when the connection is active, the resources can be accessed. Every SMB message has the same format. The use of SMB differs from FTP mainly in the length of the sessions. SMB messages can authenticate sessions.
What is true about the Server Message Block protocol?
registered port Registered ports (numbers 1024 to 49151) are assigned by IANA to a requesting entity to use with specific processes or applications. These processes are primarily individual applications that a user has chosen to install, rather than common applications that would receive a well-known port number. For example, Cisco has registered port 1985 for its Hot Standby Routing Protocol (HSRP) process.
What kind of port must be requested from IANA in order to be used with a specific application?
the domain name mapped to mail exchange servers MX, or mail exchange messages, are used to map a domain name to several mail exchange servers that all belong to the same domain.
What type of information is contained in a DNS MX record?
application
Which OSI layer provides the interface between the applications used to communicate and the underlying network over which messages are transmitted?
The client randomly selects a source port number.
Which action is performed by a client when establishing communication with a server via the use of UDP at the transport layer?
HTTP The GET command is a client request for data from a web server. A PUT command uploads resources and content, such as images, to a web server. A POST command uploads data files to a web server.
Which application layer protocol uses message types such as GET, PUT, and POST?
P2P applications P2P applications allow the clients to behave as servers if needed. When using authentication services, email exchange, and client/server applications, one host acts as server and the other acts as client at all times.
Which applications or services allow hosts to act as client and server at the same time?
the amount of data the destination can process at one time Window is the number of bytes that the sender will send prior to expecting an acknowledgement from the destination device. The initial window is agreed upon during the session startup via the three-way handshake between source and destination. It is determined by how much data the destination device of a TCP session is able to accept and process at one time.
Which factor determines TCP window size?
control bits The value in the control bits field of theTCP header indicates the progress and status of the connection.
Which field in the TCP header indicates the status of the three-way handshake process?
ACK In a TCP session, when a device has no more data to send, it will send a segment with the FIN flag set. The connected device that receives the segment will respond with an ACK to acknowledge that segment. The device that sent the ACK will then send a FIN message to close the connection it has with the other device. The sending of the FIN should be followed with the receipt of an ACK from the other device.
Which flag in the TCP header is used in response to a received FIN in order to terminate connectivity between two network devices?
application The application layer of the TCP/IP model performs the functions of three layers of the OSI model - application, presentation, and session. The application layer of the TCP/IP model is the layer that provides the interface between the applications, is responsible for formatting, compressing, and encrypting data, and is used to create and maintain dialogs between source and destination applications.
Which layer in the TCP/IP model is used for formatting, compressing, and encrypting data?
client/server In the client/server network model, a network device assumes the role of server in order to provide a particular service such as file transfer and storage. In the client/server network model, a dedicated server does not have to be used, but if one is present, the network model being used is the client/server model. In contrast, a peer-to-peer network does not have a dedicated server.
Which networking model is being used when an author uploads one chapter document to a file server of a book publisher?
HTTPS HTTPS is a secure form of HTTP used to access web content hosted by a web server.
Which protocol is used by a client to communicate securely with a web server?
DNS Some applications may use both TCP and UDP. DNS uses UDP when clients send requests to a DNS server, and TCP when two DNS serves directly communicate.
Which protocol or service uses UDP for a client-to-server communication and TCP for server-to-server communication?
SMTP FTP HTTP Some protocols require the reliable data transport that is provided by TCP. In addition, these protocols do not have real time communication requirements and can tolerate some data loss while minimizing protocol overhead. Examples of these protocols are SMTP, FTP, and HTTP.
Which three application layer protocols use TCP?
Length Source Port Checksum A UDP header consists of only the Source Port, Destination Port, Length, and Checksum fields. Sequence Number, Acknowledgment Number, and Window Size are TCP header fields.
Which three fields are used in a UDP segment header?
session layer application layer presentation layer The three upper layers of the OSI model, the session, presentation, and application layers, provide application services similar to those provided by the TCP/IP model application layer. Lower layers of the OSI model are more concerned with data flow.
Which three layers of the OSI model provide similar network services to those provided by the application layer of the TCP/IP model?
FTP POP3 DHCP FTP, DHCP, and POP3 are application layer protocols. TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols. ARP is a network layer protocol.
Which three protocols operate at the application layer of the TCP/IP model?
UDP provides basic connectionless transport layer functions. UDP relies on application layer protocols for error detection. UDP is a low overhead protocol that does not provide sequencing or flow control mechanisms. UDP is a simple protocol that provides the basic transport layer functions. It has much lower overhead than TCP because it is not connection-oriented and does not offer the sophisticated retransmission, sequencing, and flow control mechanisms that provide reliability.
Which three statements characterize UDP?
The destination IP address is 255.255.255.255. The message comes from a client seeking an IP address. All hosts receive the message, but only a DHCP server replies. When a host configured to use DHCP powers up on a network it sends a DHCPDISCOVER message. FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF is the L2 broadcast address. A DHCP server replies with a unicast DHCPOFFER message back to the host.
Which three statements describe a DHCP Discover message?
TCP 3-way handshake
Which transport layer feature is used to guarantee session establishment?
Destination devices receive traffic with minimal delay. Received data is unacknowledged. TCP: Provides tracking of transmitted data segments Destination devices will acknowledge received data. Source devices will retransmit unacknowledged data. UDP Destination devices will not acknowledge received data Headers use very little overhead and cause minimal delay.
Which two characteristics are associated with UDP sessions?
window sequence number The sequence number and window fields are included in the TCP header but not in the UDP header.
Which two fields are included in the TCP header but not in the UDP header?
SMTP DNS POP, POP3, and IMAP are protocols that are used to retrieve email from servers. SMTP is the default protocol that is used to send email. DNS may be used by the sender email server to find the address of the destination email server.
Which two protocols may devices use in the application process that sends email?
applications that handle reliability themselves applications that can tolerate some data loss, but require little or no delay
Which two types of applications are best suited for UDP?
because HTTP requires reliable delivery When a host requests a web page, transmission reliability and completeness must be guaranteed. Therefore, HTTP uses TCP as its transport layer protocol.
Why does HTTP use TCP as the transport layer protocol?
