CE Psychology Exam One (Chapters 1-2)
A correlation coefficient is a(n): A) numerical indicator of the strength and direction of a relationship between two factors B) independent variable that is used in a correlational study C) numerical indicator of the statistical insignificance of the findings in a particular research study D) index of the practical rather than the statistical significance of research findings
A
A correlational study: A) examines how strongly two variables are related to one another B) can be used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship C) is no longer allowed under today's ethical guidelines D) has little utility, since it is merely descriptive
A
A hypothesis is a(n): A) tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables B) geometrical construct often used in statistical analyses C) theory that has been proven D) operational definition assigned to the independent variable
A
All psychologists who do research: A) are scientists B) have a medical background C) must pass a state licensure test D) are pseudoscientists
A
Along with neurons, the human nervous system is made up of____cells which greatly outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1 A) glial B) Ranvier C) dendritic D) polarized
A
An action potential occurs when: A) sodium ions enter the axon's interior, causing a brief positive electrical impulse B) potassium ions are electrically transformed into sodium ions C) polarized dendrites stimulate adjoining nodes of Ranvier D) potassium ions enter the dendrites and sodium ions exit the axon, causing depolarization and a brief negative charge
A
An___is a drug or other chemical that blocks a receptor site and inhibits or prevents a response in the receiving cell. A) antagonist B) endorphin C) agonist D) opiate
A
Behaviorism was characterized by: A) the rejection of consciousness as a topic in psychology and a focus on observable behavior B) a narrow focus upon consciousness and conscious experience C) a focus on the importance of free will, self-determination, and psychological growth D) an emphasis upon the unconscious determinants of personality
A
Case studies: A) are commonly used by clinical psychologists and other mental health professionals to develop a complete profile of a psychotherapy client B) were popular when psychology was first founded but are almost never used today C) are not considered to be a legitimate form of scientific evidence D) are the main scientific tool used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship
A
Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of: A) mental processes, including reasoning and thinking, problem solving, memory, perception, mental imagery, and language B) children with special needs, uch as children with autism or those suffering from learning disabilities C) how people are affected by their social environments D) the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders
A
Descriptive research studies: A) typically answer the "who, what, where, when, and how often" questions about behavior B) are no longer used in contemporary psychology C) have been replaced by sophisticated brain imaging techniques D) provide the most compelling evidence of cause-and-effect relationships
A
Empirical Evidence refers to evidence that is the result of: A) objective observation, measurement, and experimentation B) intuition, logic, and critical thinking C) experience, philosophy, and opinion D) experience,logic, and statisitcs
A
Evidence suggests that the addictiveness of some drugs, including cocaine and nicotine, is related to increases in the activity of which of the following neurotransmitters? A) dopamine B) pepsinogen C) acetylene D) propene
A
For centuries philosophers debated which was more important: the inborn___of an individual or the environmental influences that___the individual. A) Nature;Nurture B) Nurture;Nature C) Dualism;Condition D) Monism;Condition
A
Look at the drawing and pick the alternative that correctly labels the structure in the drawing. A) 1=dendrites,2=cell body,3=axon,4=myelin sheath B) 1=axon terminals,2=dendrite,3=vesicles,4=synapse C) 1=synaptic spines,2=glial cells,3=ion channels,4=node of Ranvier D) 1=synaptic vesicles,2=ion channel,3=pons,4=axon
A
Meta-analysis is: A) a statistical technique that combines and analyzes the findings of many different studies on a particular topic in order to determine overall trends B) the final step in the scientific method C) a type of computer program used to collect and analyze the results of case study research D) a pseudoscience
A
Nerves are made up of: A) bundles of axons B) dendritic fibers C) bundles of cell bodies D) glial cells
A
Physiology is: A) a branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms, including humans B) the idea that mind and body are separate entities C) the first major school of thought in psychology D) sometimes referred to as the "third force" in American psychology
A
Psychoanalysis emphasized: A) the role of unconscious factors in behavior B) overt behavior and principles of learning C) the role of conscious thoughts in psychological growth D) the perception of whole figures
A
Psychologists who counsel students, perform assessments, who help teachers, school administrators, and parents understand how children learn and develop are known as___psychologists A) school B) experimental C) personality D) cognitive
A
Random assignments refers to a procedure that: A) ensures that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the experimental conditions or groups B) helps psychologists determine which factors should be defined as dependent variables C) is used in statistics to determine whether results are random or simply due to chance D) randomly assigned different procedures to different researchers in order to minimize experimenter bias
A
The Cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on: A) the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think B) how overt behavior is acquired and modified by environmental influences C) the diversity of human behavior in different cultural settings and countries D) the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a person's self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one's potential
A
The cell body of a neuron: A) provides the energy needed for the neuron to function B) manufactures myelin C) is the long, fluid-filled tube that carries the neuron's message to other body areas D) receives information directly from other neurons
A
The early school of psychology called behaviorism: A) grew out of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov's pioneering research in which he conditioned dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell B) was the first of the early schools to disappear C) was flatly rejected by John Watson and B.F. Skinner in the early 1900s D) was rejected as a pseudoscience in the early 1930s by the American Psychological Association (APA) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
A
The endocrine system involves communication by chemical messengers called___, which circulate through the______. A) hormones; bloodstream B) neurotransmitters; spinal cord C) hormones; cerebrospinal fluid D) endorphins; nervous system
A
The most common type of brain injury is___. A) a concussion B) whiplash C) an aneurism D) chronic traumatic encephalopathy
A
The two main divisions of the nervous system are the___and the___. A) peripheral nervous system; central nervous system B) central nervous system; autonomic nervous system C) brain; spinal cord D) autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system
A
The type of specialized cell whose main function is to communicate information between neurons is a(n): A) interneuron B) glial cells C) motor neurons D) sensory neurons
A
To bolster the credibility of their claims, pseudoscientists: A) typically use lots of scientific jargon without scientific substance B) use the double-blind technique C) rely on empirical evidence D) apply experimental methods
A
Two key figures in the development of humanistic psychology include: A) Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers B) Sigmund Freud and B.F. Skinner C) Mary Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn D) John Watson and B.F. Skinner
A
What happens to the neurotransmitters that fail to attach to a receptor site? A) in a process called reuptake, they are reabsorbed by the sending neuron and recycled B) they bind with potassium ions C) they are destroyed by glial cells D) in a process called depolarization, they are neutralized by negative ions
A
When neurotransmitters communicate an excitatory message to the postsynaptic neuron: A) the postsynaptic neuron is more likely to generate an action potential B) the presynaptic neuron is more likely to generate an action potential C) the action potential is cancelled out D) reuptake is inhibited
A
When researchers create questions to investigate, generate evidence, and draw conclusions, they are guided by a set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures called: A) the scientific method B) guesses and hunches C) ethical guidelines D) pseudoscientific assumptions
A
Which famous Greek philosopher wrote extensively about psychological topics such as sleep and dreaming, the senses, and memory? A) Aristotle B) Descartes C) Calkins D) James
A
Which of the following BEST defines a neurotransmitter? A) a chemical messenger that crosses the synaptic gap between neurons B) an electrical impulse that crosses the synaptic gap between neurons C) a chemical communicator manufactured by glial cells D) a microscopic channel through which sodium and potassium ions pass
A
Which of the following best defines neurogenesis? A) the development of new neurons B) the first neuron to generate an action potential C) the influence of neurons on the formation of new genes D) the influence of genes on the firing rates of neurons
A
Which of the following is TRUE of glial cells? A) they assist neurons by providing structural support and by removing waste products B) they are neurons that specifically signal muscles to relax or contract C) they are neurons that are specialized for conveying information to the brain from receptor cells in the sense organs and internal organs D) they are a type of neuron whose primary function is to communicate information from one neuron to the next
A
Wilhelm Wundt: A) was a german physiologist who established the first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig B) was a French philosopher who proposed the idea of interactive dualism C) is credited with the discovery of unconscious mental processes D) was an Austrian physician who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology
A
According to the "Psych for Your Life: Successful Study Techniques" box in your textbook, A) multitasking while studying can enhance retention of content B) taking notes on your laptop enhances retention of content, whereas taking notes by hand reduces retention C) repeated study has a greater effect on final test performance than repeated testing D) distributed practice has a greater impact on retention and recall than massed practice
D
Communication between two neurons occurs at the A) nucleus B) node of Ranvier C) ion channel D) synapse
D
In an experiment the independent variable is the variable that is: A) affected by the changes in the dependent variable B) unknown C) beyond the researcher's control, as it independently varies or changes over time D) deliberately manipulated by the researcher
D
Presynaptic neuron is to postsynaptic neuron as: A) synapse is to neurotransmitters B) receptors are to neurotransmitters C) electrical communication is to chemical communication D) message-sending neuron is to message-receiving neuron
D
The action potential is best defined as: A) the amount of serotonin that can cross the axon's membrane B) the +3- to +7-volt capacity of a typical motor neuron C) the ability of a motor neuron to either contract or relax a muscle group D) a brief electrical impulse that transmits information along the axon of a neuron
D
The amount of information that a neuron can receive increases with the number of _____ that the neuron has. A) axons B) cell bodies C) glial cells D) dendrites and dendrite branches
D
The early psychological school of thought called structuralism emphasized the study of: A) habits and adaptive behavior B) physiology C) the relative importance of nature vs nurture D) the elemental component parts of sensations, feelings, and conscious experience
D
The evolutionary perspective in psychology: A) suggests that human behavior is best understood in terms of the individual capacity for growth, free will, and self-direction B) analyzes behavior in terms of its adaptive function, such as how it increases a species' chances to survive and reproduce C) is now regarded as nothing more than pseudoscience D) states that, t fully understand human behavior, you must understand how behavior varies among different cultures
D
The founder of psychoanalysis was: A) American psychologist B.F. Skinner B) American psychologist Carl Rogers C) German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt D) Austrian physician Sigmund Freud
D
The three basic types of neurons are: A) glial cells, nodes of Ranvier, and myelin B) dendritic neurons, axonal neurons, and body neurons C) excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons, and niterneurons D) sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons
D
There are roughly____neurons in the human brain A) 500,000 B) 500 billion C) 1 billion D) 100 billion
D
To increase the likelihood that he will retain information while studying for his Introduction to Psychology exam, Brayden should: A) multitask while studying B) engage in massed practice C) avoid taking notes by hand, and use the laptop or any other electronic device to take notes D) highlight no more than one or two points per paragraph in the study material
D
What occurs during the refractory period? A) the neuron depolarizes B) Neurotransmitters are released by the dendrites C) the charge of the neuron's interior increases to about +60 millivolts D) the neuron reestablishes the negative-inside/positive-outside condition
D
Which early approach or "school" of psychology is associated with Wilhelm Wundt's student Edward Titchener? A) Behaviorism B) Humanistic psychology C) Functionalism D) Structuralism
D
Which letter points to the brain structure that controls vital life functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion? A) corpus callosum B) pons C) cerebellum D) medulla
D
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of collectivistic cultures? A) A person's identity is closely tied to the identity of a larger group, such as family or work group. B) the needs and goals of the group are valued over the needs and goals of an individual C) they are more commonly found in Asia and South America than in North America and Europe D) the importance of self-reliance and individual achievement are emphasized
D
While taking this test, you have probably paid little attention to ongoing body functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion. Such involuntary bodily functions are governed by the: A) somatic nervous system B) cerebrospinal; fluid C) spinal reflexes D) autonomic nervous system
D
______psychology focuses on individual differences and the characteristics that make each person unique A) educational B) social C) cross-cultural D) personality
D
Compared to neurons whose axons are not wrapped in myelin, neurons whose axons are wrapped in myelin: A) are unable to communicate with other neurons B) can communicate up to 50 times faster C) use much more energy D) do not have an axon
B
In an experiment the dependent variable is: A) always equivalent to zero B) the factor that is measured for change and influenced by the independent variable C) measured only in the control group participants D) deliberately manipulated by the researcher
B
In collectivistic cultures, a person's sense of identity is: A) primarily determined by his or her outstanding accomplishments B) strongly influenced by the person's interdependent relationships with others, such as the person's family C) largely a matter of individual preferences and attitudes D) best characterized as independent, autonomous, and distinctive
B
In thinking about psychology and consciousness the idea that the mind and the body are separate entities that interact makes a lot of sense to you. This view is MOST likely the view of the French philosopher: A) Aristotle B) Descartes C) Watson D) Skinner
B
Neurons are: A) found in primates and humans, but not in other animals B) cells that are highly specialized to receive and transmit information from one part of the body to another C) found only in the spinal cord and bone marrow D) highly specialized cells that produce myelin
B
Psychologists following the ___perspective have investigated the diversity of human behavior in different countries and have discovered that some well-established psychological findings are not as universal as once thought. A) positive psychology B) cross-cultural C) evolutionary D) cognitive
B
The analogy used in the book referred to the axon membrane as a gatekeeper. This means that the membrane: A) determines whether a glial cell can pass through the axon B) controls the balance of positive and negative ions on the interior and exterior of the axon C) operates in an all-or-none fashion, either opening to allow neurotransmitters to pass or not D) uses the nodes of Ranvier to allow some ions to move out of the axon and neurotransmitters to move into the axon
B
The branch of science that is concerned with the study of the nervous system, especially the brain is called: A) nescience B) neuroscience C) myology D) histology
B
The electrical charge of a neuron when it is in the resting potential state is about: A) +30 millivolts B) -70 millivolts C) +2 volts D) -10 volts
B
The experimental group is the group of: A) participants exposed to the dependent variable B) participants exposed to the independent variable C) psychologists who are collaborating on an experiment D) variables that require operational definitions
B
The factors in a hypothesis that can vary or change are called the: A) theories B) variables C) main effects D) correlation coefficients
B
The finding that practicing retrieval of information from memory produces better retention than restudying the same information for an equivalent amount of time is called the _____effort A) cohort B) testing C) placebo D) confounding
B
The neurotransmitter called acetylcholine: A) is found in all sensory neurons B) is involved in muscle contractions and memory C) causes hallucinations when present in excessive amounts D) is chemically identical to heroin
B
The notion of structural plasticity: A) has been demonstrated in animal studies but there is no evidence for structural plasticity in humans B) is the idea that learning, active practice, or environmental stimulation can cause physical changes in the brain's structure C) led to the idea of surgically cutting the corpus callosum as a possible treatment for severe cases of epilepsy D) is the idea that the brain has the ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain areas
B
The part of the neuron that carries messages to other cells in the body is the: A) dendrite B) axon C) nucleus D) reticular formation
B
The primary function of the myelin sheath is to: A) reduce the speed of the neurotransmitters crossing the synaptic gap B) insulate the axon and increase the speed at which neurons convey their message C) provide support and nutrition to the dendrites D) inhibit the opening and closing of ion channels on the axon's membrane
B
When a neurotransmitter communicates an inhibitory message to a postsynaptic neuron, the _____likely to have an action potential A) postsynaptic neuron is more B) postsynaptic neuron is less C) presynaptic neuron is more D) presynaptic neuron is less
B
Which of the following people developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth? A) John B. Watson B) Abraham Maslow C) G. Stanley Hall D) Ivan Pavlov
B
While psychoanalysis focuses on ____conflicts, humanistic psychology emphasizes_____experiences A) observable;unconscious B) unconscious;observable C) external;internal D) physiological;observable
B
A pseudoscience is a: A) specific branch of science focused on a single issue and based on compelling empirical evidence B) group of different sciences, such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology, that focus on the same general issue C) fake or false science that is based on little or no scientific evidence D) form of science that emphasizes findings that have practical value (applied science) rather than new knowledge just for the sake of new knowledge (pure science)
C
Behaviorists viewed human behavior as being shaped and maintained by ______, rogers emphasized_____. A) unconscious processes; conscious processes B) free will; both internal and external causes C) external causes; self determination, free will , and the importance of choice D) self-determination, free will, and personal choice; external causes
C
Clinical psychologists: A) are medical doctors B) can prescribe medicine in all 50 states C) are trained in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders D) can hospitalize clients and order biomedical therapies, such as ECT
C
Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to: A) behave in accordance with cultural norms B) stress the importance of cross-cultural psychology C) use your own culture as the standard for judging other cultures D) deny your ethnic heritage
C
Functional plasticity: A) produces aphasia or paralysis B) has been demonstrated in research with primates but not with humans C) refers to the brain's ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged areas of the brain D) can only occur in children prior to about the age of seven
C
In combination, the brain and spinal cord make up the___nervous system A) peripheral B) autonomic C) central D) somatic
C
Like a key in a lock, the shape of the _____ must fit the _____ to affect the postsynaptic neuron. A) dendrite; axon terminal B) cell body; axon terminal C) neurotransmitter; receptor site D) synaptic vesicle; receptor site
C
Miguel jogs about five miles a day. At roughly the three-mile point, Miguel usually experiences a rush of positive feelings due to _____ levels of _____. A) decreased; norepinephrine B) increased; insulin C) increased; endorphins D) decreased; GABA
C
Neuroscience refers to the study of the: A) endocrine system B) immune system C) nervous system D) genome
C
Rachel had injections of Botox in an attempt to eliminate facial wrinkles. Botox contains minute amounts of botulin, an extremely lethal substance produced by bacteria. Botox works because botulin blocks the release of a specific neurotransmitter from motor neurons, causing muscle paralysis. This neurotransmitter, found in all motor neurons, is called ______. A) dopamine B) serotonin C) acetylcholine D) GABA
C
The all-or-none law refers to the fact that: A) the myelin sheath either completely covers an axon or it does not B) the resting potential occurs only when the neuron is completely depolarized C) either the neuron is sufficiently stimulated and an action potential occurs or it is not sufficiently stimulated and the action potential does not occur D) a neurotransmitter is completely reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron or it is dissolved in the synaptic gap.
C
The brain's ability to change function and structure is referred to as: A) synaptic transmission B) neurogenesis C) neuroplasticity D) cortical localization
C
The heightened physical arousal that characterizes the fight-or-flight response involves the __________ branch of the nervous system. A) spinal B) somatic C) sympathetic D) parasympathetic
C
The research method that is used to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effects on another variable is called_____research A) descriptive B) correlational C) experimental D) meta-analytic
C
Theresa is interested in a relatively new area of psychology that focuses on the conditions and processes that contribute to optimal functioning of people, groups, and institutions. She believes that psychology should be concerned with topics such as personal happiness, optimism, creativity, wisdom, and the social institutions that foster these qualities in individuals and communities. Her views are MOST consistent with the___persective in psychology. A) biological B) behavioral C) positive psychology D) psychodynamic
C
When a neuron is in the resting potential state: A) it is unable to activate B) it has a negative electrical charge of about 7 volts C) the fluid within the axon has a larger concentration of potassium ions than the fluid surrounding the axon D) the ion channels are open
C
When psychologists systematically observe and record behaviors as they occur in their natural settings, they are using a descriptive method called: A) case study survey research B) meta-analysis C) naturalistic observation D) experimental research
C
Which of the following events do most historians consider as the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline? A) Aristotle's landmark essay in 335 B.C. entitled On the Soul B) the 1924 publication of John Watson's book entitled Behaviorism C) the establishment of the first psychology research laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 D) Sigmund Freud's discovery of the unconscious mind in the early twentieth century
C
Which of the following signal muscles to relax or contract? A) sensory neurons B) glial cells C) motor neurons D) epithelial cells
C
Which part of the neuron receives messages from other neurons? A) the axon B) the microglia C) the dendrite D) the sodium ion membrane
C
Which school of psychology would agree with the statement that "psychology should stress the study of how behavior and mental processes function to allow people and animals to adapt to their environments"? A) structuralism B) behaviorism C) functionalism D) psychoanalysis
C
_____convey information about the environment from the sense organs to the brain, and___communicate information to the muscles and glands. A) Sensory Neurons;glial cells B) Excitatory neurons;inhibitory neurons C) Sensory Neurons;motor neurons D) Motor Neurons;Sensory neurons
C
A theory: A) is another term for hypothesis B) integrates and summarizes diverse findings on the same topic C) is based strictly on speculation with little or no empirical evidence D) is a statement of absolute fact that eventually becomes a scientific law
B
An agonist is a drug or other chemical that: A) blocks a receptor site and inhibits or prevents a response in the receiving cell B) binds to a receptor site and triggers a response in the cell C) is released in response to stress or trauma and reduces the perception of pain D) blocks the reuptake of serotonin, increasing its effects
B
An operational definition is: A) a research design in which the participants act or operate as their own control group B) a precise description of how each variable in a particular study will be manipulated or measured C) one that has been approved by the American Psychological Association D) a statistical method used in psychological research to correct for bias that may be operating in the experimental situation
B
