Cell Bio Study guide

what happens when something is taken in by senses?

let off sometype of chemical/hormone in the body as a response.

chromatophores

muscles that hold color

Camoflaugue tetxture change steps

-Cuttlefish, octopus, and squid have papillae -Have subcutaneous neuromuscular systems that allow for manipulation of protrusions to camouflage in environment

Cancer Stimuli

-Environmental agents (ex chemical) -heredity -trauma

actin

-It is a protein that form contractile filaments of muscle cells.

Cancer Treatments

-chemo/drugs -Radiation -removal - do nothing -homopathoic medicine/lifestyle change -research gene therapy

camoflauge skin layers

1st layer chromatophors- animal interact with light gets through skin 2nd layer light abosred, let off color 3rd layer refraction

metasis

2nd tumor site

microtube

It determine cell shape and help vesicles to move.

hemidesmosome

It form attachments between basal surface and basement membrane.

cadherin

It is a cell adhesion molecule that create adhesion junction to bind cells.

intermediate filament

It is a component of the cell and provide strength for the cell.

Epidermolysis bullosa

It is a rare genetic connective tissue disorder. The skin blister very easily and when it try to regor it cause terminal cancer.

adherens junction

It is known as cell junction, where cytoplasmic linkwith actin cytoskeleton.

integrin

It is the principal receptors facilitate cell-extracellular matrix process

epidermoloysis bullosa Selected: a. rare diseases that cause fragile, blistering skinThis answer is correct. 2. Integrins Selected: l. proteins that attaching the cell cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix and biochemically, by sensing whether adhesion has occurredThis answer is correct. 3. Cadherin Selected: c. proteins that bind cells togetherThis answer is correct. 4. Collagen Selected: f. the main structural protein found in skin and other connective tissuesThis answer is correct. 5. Intermediate Filament Selected: j. proteins in the cytoplasm which function as cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix adhesionThis answer is correct. 6. Actin Selected: k. multi-functional proteins that form microfilamentsThis answer is correct. 7. Microtubule Selected: d. part of the cytoskeleton that helps maintain the shape of the cellThis answer is correct. 8. Desmosome Selected: g. a structure by which two adjacent cells are attached, formed from protein plaques in the cell membranes linked by filaments.This answer is correct. 9. Hemidesmosome Selected: b. small stud-like structures found skin that attach to the extracellular matrixThis answer is correct. 10. Adherens Junction Selected: e. are protein complexes at cell-cell junctionsThis answer is correct. 11. Extracellular Matrix Selected: i. collection of extracellular molecules that provides structural support to surrounding cellsThis answer is correct. 12. Cytoskeleton Selected: h. microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm

Know these word

When can cancer occur?

Majority of cell in interphase, broken in to G1 S(DNA copied) and G2 cancer can occur at check points, M phase Mitosis Usally occur with a cell mutation check point: if cell needs DNA s phase occurs if not goes into G2 phase. Cell stays mostly in interphase

Camoflauge color change step

Signal to the the body from nervous system-- external stimuli (vision, touch) -Specifically, octopus have many more photoreceptors than vertebrates -Octopus, cuttlefish, and squid are capable of seeing different aspects of light such as polarized light Radial muscles move to change size of pigmented chromatophore -Radial muscle fibers pull on the cytoelastic sacculus to expand pigment sac to show more granules -Gap junction allows change of size -One chromatophore expands others contract Leucophores and iridophores align in order to reflect their surroundings -With expansion of chromatophores, light is taken in and reflected by leucophores based on most abundant wavelength of light -With expansion of chromatophores, light is taken in and refracted by iridophores to produce favorable color. -Prism structure allows for refraction

Describe the relationship of the immune system to organ transplants and the use of immunosuppressant drugs to prevent the rejection of a transplanted organ. In your answer be sure to include: -state 1 way the immune system is involve in the rejection of transplanted organs -explain why the best source for a donated kidney would be the identical twin of the recipient -explain why immunosuppressant drugs might be needed to prevent refection of a kidney recieved from a donor other than an identical twin -state 1 reason a person may get sick more easily when taking an immunosuppressant drug

The immune system helped protect the body from things that are foreign to the body. For example, viruses or cells with DNA that do match those of the individual. An organ that is transplanted do not have the same DNA as the recipent. This will cause the immune system in the recipent to try and get rid of that organ. An identical twin is the best source of a donated organ like a kidney because there genetics are 99.9% the same as the recipient. This would decieve the immune system into thinking that that organ is actually one's own cells. Immunosuppressants are also used to help combat the effects of organ rejection. They do this by calming down the bodies natural immune system reaction. The type of immunosupresants that the recipent takes depends on the serverity of the organ rejection. All organ recipentants have to be on some amount of immounsupressants in order to have their new organ for as long as possible. These will need to be taken if the organ is not from an identical twin because they help prevent the immune system from destroying the organ. One negative effect to taking immunosuppressants is that they increase one's chances of getting sick because the immune system is controled in a way that it does not work completely as it usally would in order to save the transplanted organ. This causes antigens to be able to get in the body and be there for longer, which causes the person to be sick more often.

Cytoskeleton

a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence.

Which is true of epidermolysis bullosa? a. It is a group of inheritable disorders, characterized by fragile skin and blisters. b. It usually presents in immunocompromised patients. c. It is diagnosed by family history and clinical presentation alone d. Epidermolysis usually only effects males.

a. It is a group of inheritable disorders, characterized by fragile skin and blisters.

What is the main function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? a. It is the site of the modification of proteins following their translation from RNA. b. It synthesizes proteins using RNA as a template.T c. It generates energy to drive other biochemical processes. d. It is the site of destruction of unwanted biological materials.

a. It is the site of the modification of proteins following their translation from RNA.

Which of the following statements about microtubules is correct? a. Microtubules are hollow tubes consisting of 13 protofilaments. b. Microtubules are polymers of β tubulin homodimers. c. Microtubules are stable structures in the cell. d. β tubulin has latent ATPase activity, which regulates microtubule stability

a. Microtubules are hollow tubes consisting of 13 protofilaments.

A process that occurs in the human body is shown in the diagram. What would happen if a temperature change caused the shape of the active site to be altered? a. The amino acids would combine slower or not at all. b. The dipeptide would digest faster. c. The amino acids would combine faster. d. The dipeptide would digest slower or not at all.

a. The amino acids would combine slower or not at all.

Which of these characteristics of Tay-Sachs indicates that it is likely to be genetic? a. The frequency of the disorder is approximately 1/3,600 in the Ashenazi Jewish population, but much less common in other Caucasian populations. b. Tay-Sachs often appears in a pedigree with no known family history of the disorder. c. The disorder leads to death at a very young age.

a. The frequency of the disorder is approximately 1/3,600 in the Ashenazi Jewish population, but much less common in other Caucasian populations.

Where do precursor T-lymphocytes develop into fully competent but not yet activated T-cells? a. The thymus gland b. The lymph nodes c. The spleen d. The bone marrow

a. The thymus gland

Which of the following most accurately describes how secondary structures in proteins are stabilised? a. Through hydrogen bonds joining different parts of the peptide backbone. b. Through hydrogen bonds between different amino acid side chains. c. Through covalent bonds joining different parts of the peptide backbone. d. Through ionic bonds operating between oppositely charged amino acid side chains.

a. Through hydrogen bonds joining different parts of the peptide backbone.

Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments are components of the a. cytoskeleton b. chromosome in prokaryotes c. plasma membrane in prokaryotes d. chromosome in eukaryot

a. cytoskeleton

Enzymes have a 3-D shape due to which type of protein structure? a. tertiary b. primary c. quaternary d. secondary

a. tertiary c. quaternary

What would happen to the rate of production of D if enzyme 1 was not present? a.it would be reduced b. it would be increased c. it would stop d. it wouldn't be any different

a.it would be reduced

When a cell structure is worn out or defective, which organelle is responsible for breaking down the material? a. lysosome . b. nucleus c. ribosome d. cytoplasm

a.lysosome

Papillae

are protrusions of skin and are manipulated to produce favorable texture

Which of the following is not true about antibody structure? a. Antibodies have multiple identical antigen binding sites. b. Antibodies are secreted and function away from the cell. They are not attached to the cell membrane. c. The class of the antibody molecule is determined solely by its heavy chain. d. Antibodies are built from equal numbers of large (heavy) and small (light) peptide chains.

b. Antibodies are secreted and function away from the cell. They are not attached to the cell membrane.

Which of the following are the consequences of inheriting a mutated HEXA allele from both parents? . a. Cells will not produce functional GM2 ganglioside enzyme, so they will not be able to export beta-hexosaminidase A out of the cells. b. Cells will not produce functional beta-hexosaminidase A enzyme, so they will not be able to degrade GM2 ganglioside c. Cells will not produce functional GM2 ganglioside enzyme, so they will not be able to degrade beta-hexosaminidase A. d. Cells will not produce functional beta-hexosaminidase A enzyme, so they will not be able to export GM2 ganglioside out of the cells.

b. Cells will not produce functional beta-hexosaminidase A enzyme, so they will not be able to degrade GM2 ganglioside

To replace burned skin, doctors can successfully tansplant replacement skin taken frm another part of the body of the burn victim. Which statement best explains why the transplanted skin is not rejected? a. The transplanted skin is damaged, making the immune system nonfunctional b. The antigens of the replacement skin are the same as those of the damaged skin. c. There is no blood supply to the skin, so mixing of antigens does not occur. d. Burn victims lose so much blood that white blood cells cannot cause an immune response.

b. The antigens of the replacement skin are the same as those of the damaged skin.

Which term below best defines the 'quaternary structure' of a protein? a. The folding of the polypeptide backbone in three-dimensional space. b. The arrangement of two or more polypeptide sub-units into a single functional complex c. The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. d. The interaction of amino acid side chains.

b. The arrangement of two or more polypeptide sub-units into a single functional complex

John has been diagnosed with Tay-Sachs Disease. As his doctor, what would you recommend for the most effective treatment plan? a. Surgery to remove the affected parts of the brain tissue. b. There is currently no effective treatment for Tay-Sachs Disease. c. Gene therapy to replace the faulty HEXA gene. d. An injectable, synthetic form of the beta-hexosaminidase A enzyme

b. There is currently no effective treatment for Tay-Sachs Disease.

The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as consisting of a. two layers of phospholipids with protein sandwiched between them. b. a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins c. a protein bilayer with embedded phospholipids. d. a phospholipid single layer with embedded proteins

b. a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

A person will gain long-term immunity after a. the passage of antibodies from their mother b. administration of the chicken pox vaccine c. an injection of immunoglobulin if exposed to mumps. d. the inflammatory response to a bee sting.

b. administration of the chicken pox vaccine

Compound X increases the rate of the reaction below. Compound X is most likely a. an ADP molecule b. an enzyme c. an indicator d. a lipid molecule

b. an enzyme

What is a specific term for a bacterial or other foreign protein that initiates antibody production by the body? a. peptide b. antigen c. MHCII molecule d. complement

b. antigen

Diseases in which a person's immune system attacks the person's own normal tissue are called a. primary immune diseases b. autoimmune diseases c. antigen shifting diseases d. clonal selection diseases

b. autoimmune diseases

Which transplant method would prevent the rejection of tissue after an organ transplant? a. using organs from pigs or monkeys b. using organs cloned from the cells of the patient c. by using an organ donated by a close relative because the proteins will always be identical to those of the recipient d. using organs produced by genetic engineering to get rid of all proteins in the donated organs

b. using organs cloned from the cells of the patient

Homopathoic medicine

based on treating the whole person by changing their lifestyle

Which of the following statements about amino acids is correct? a. Twenty four amino acids are commonly used in protein synthesis. b. Amino acids are uncharged at neutral pH. c. Amino acids are classified according to the structures and properties of their side chains. d. Amino acids in proteins are mainly in the D-configuration.

c. Amino acids are classified according to the structures and properties of their side chains.

Which of the following is not a feature of a secondary immune response to an antigen, when compared to the first response to the same antigen? a. More antibody is produced. b. The antibody is generated faster.. c. Antibody is generated without T-cell help. d. The antibody produced has greater affinity for the antigen.

c. Antibody is generated without T-cell help.

Which of the following cell types or systems is not part of an innate immune response to a pathogen? Which of the following cell types or systems is not part of an innate immune response to a pathogen? a. Phagocytes. b. Natural killer cells. c. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. d. The inflammatory response.

c. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.

Which of the following statements about skeletal muscle is correct? a. Skeletal muscle is controlled by involuntary nervous action. b. Skeletal muscle can maintain its contraction for long periods. c. Skeletal muscle has a striated appearance under the microscope. d. Skeletal muscle contracts slowly.

c. Skeletal muscle has a striated appearance under the microscope.

Which of the following best describes the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells? a. Processing and packaging proteins into transport vesicles for delivery to the Golgi apparatus. b. Synthesis of new membrane lipids. c. Synthesis of proteins. d. Synthesis of ribosomes.

c. Synthesis of proteins.

Base your answer on the graph and on your knowledge of biology. Which is a true statement about the relationship between pH and enzyme action? a. Adding more acid does not affect the rate of activity of an enzyme. b. All enzymes work best at a neutral pH c. The activity of an enzyme is affected by pH. d. Enzymes function only in a pH range of 4.0 to 5.5.

c. The activity of an enzyme is affected by pH.

The lymphatic system a. contains red blood cells. b. has vessels with thick, muscular walls c. contains phagocytic cells. d. controls blood clotting.

c. contains phagocytic cells.

Anaplasia

cancerous cells revert to an unspecilized state happens w/ Malignant cells

extracellular matrix

collection of extracellular molecules that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.

The effect of temperature on the relative rate of action of an enzyme is represented in the graph. The optimum temperature for the action of this enzyme is approximately:

d. 37°C

Which of the following statements about the functions of cell membranes is not correct? a. Cell membranes maintain the shape of cells. b. Cell membranes retain the contents of cells. c. Cell membranes are impermeable to most molecules. d. Cell membranes are permeable to most inorganic ions.

d. Cell membranes are permeable to most inorganic ions.

Which of the following cells participate in nonspecific defense responses when your body is invaded by microbes? a. macrophages b. natural killer cells c. neutrophils d. all of the above responses

d. all of the above responses

Enzymes a.make endergonic reactions proceed spontaneously b. are needed in large quantities because they are used up during catalysis c. are not very specific in their choice of substrates d. lower the activation energy of a reaction

d. lower the activation energy of a reaction

Memory cells a. produce cyclosporine b. are responsible for passive immunity c. prevent an animal from encountering certain antigens d. provide an accelerated immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen

d. provide an accelerated immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen

Vaccinations help prepare the body to fight invasions of a specific pathogen by a. inhibiting white blood cell production b. inhibiting antigen production c. stimulating red blood cell production d. stimulating antibody production

d. stimulating antibody production

Why do drastic changes in the temperature or pH of a system alter enzyme activity? a. they change the three-dimensional shape of the enzyme b. they disrupt hydrogen and ionic bonds in the enzyme c. they disrupt hydrophobic interactions in the enzyme d. all of the above

d.all of the above

Which of these produces and secretes antibodies in the body? a. red blood cell b. bacteria c. virus d. plasma cell

d.plasma cell

Malignant Cancer/tumors

grow rapidly, can be fetal, spread to other tissues, penatrate blood/lymphatic system to establish a new tumor site which is called a metasis

Benine Cancer/tumors

slow growth, do not spread, can be not cancerous

why are extracellular matrix/cytokeleton important?

structural system, help cell membrane do their job. space between two cells adjunction lymph fluid in those spaces. Support mechnism for cells that bump up against eachother.

collagen

the main structural protein found in skin and other connective tissues

The protein contains two distinctive types of polypeptide chains labelled X and Y. What are the names of chain X and chain Y?

x- beta helix y- Secondary pleated structure