Cell Cycle - Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

List the events that occur in anaphase.

Dyad (double) chromosomes split at the centromere Each sister chromatiD gets pulled in the opposite direction toward the pole

What is cell division used for?

For growth To replace damaged or non-working cells Create new organism

What occurs during interphase?

Interphase is the longest stage of the cell cycle and can be divided into 3 phases: G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase. The newly formed cell matures during the G1 phase. If the cell is going to divide, it enters the S (synthesis) phase where the DNA is replicated and the G2 phase where more growth occurs.

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

Process that sex cells use to divide

Meiosis

Does number of chromosomes equal complexity of an organism.

NO

Cell Cycle Sum UP

One large cell makes two smaller cells with same number of chromosomes; allows organisms to grow

How is a plant cell different from an animal cell during cytokinesis?

Plant cells have a sturdy, strong cell wall and cannot pinch the cell membrane like the animal cell; instead, a new cell wall is formed at the equator by making a cell plate or equatorial plate out of vesicles.

What is the nickname for prophase?

Prep

Budding

Process by which a new, duplicate plant or animal begins to form at the side of the parent and enlarges until an individual is created. Ex: common in plants, hydra

List the events that occur in metaphase.

Spindles attach to the centromere of the chromosomes and pull them to the MIDDLE of the cell called the EQUATOR

What is the nickname for telophase?

Terminate

Dyad chromosome

a replicated chromosome that consists of 2 identical, sister chromatids joined at the centromere. (double chromosome, looks like an X)

Gene

a section of the DNA strand that codes for a particular trait. More than one gene can be on the same DNA strand.

Types of asexual reproduction

binary fission budding

Cancer and cell division

cancer cells have abnormal cell growth and do not respond to signals correctly.

Haploid cell

cell with 1 of each kind of chromosomes (ex: Sex cell)

prokaryotic cell

cells without a nucleus (Ex: Bacteria)

autosome

chromosome not directly involved in determining sex of the organism.

Sex determining chromosome

chromosome(s) that determine sex of an organism

ChromatiD

form of a chromosome that is one strand of DNA organized

What is a life cycle

formation of a new organism until that organism reproduces new organism(s)

Sex cell

germ cell

centromere

location where the sister chromatids are joined after DNA replication.

Asexual reporduction

one organism divides to make two new IDENTICAL organisms

Monad Chromosome

one strand of DNA organized. This form is often referred to as a chromatiD

Regeneration

the ability some organisms have to reconstruct a lost body part using mitosis (ex: starfish, some lizards)

What event occurs during the G1 phase?

the newly formed cell grows to maturity. Some cells will stay in a resting state after mature called the G0 (G zero) phase until the cell needs to divide.

What is interphase?

the stage of the cell cycle that is between cell divisions

What occurs in each stage of the cell cycle?

1. Interphase - no division 2. Mitosis - process divides nucleus 3. Cytokinesis - process divides cell and cytoplasm

What is G2 phase?

A stage of interphase. Second growth.

What is the nickname for anaphase?

Apart

two types of Reproduction

Asexual Sexual

Somatic Cell

Body Cell

Define Chromosome.

Form of DNA when it is organized.

Sexual Reproduction

Two haploid cells fuse together to form a new organism that is a genetic combo of the parents.

Number of chromosome pairs in a human somatic cell

23

Number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell

46

Diploid cell

Cell with 2 of each kind of chromosomes

List the events that occur in prophase.

ChromatiN becomes chromosomes Nuclear membrane dissolves Organelles not involved in mitosis disappear Centriole pairs separate and move to opposite poles, but remain connected with a network of microtubules called spindle fibers Once at poles the centrioles form additional spindles to reach and attach to cell membrane. These fibers are called ASTER FIBERS (ANCHORS)

List the events that occur in Telophase.

Chromosomes uncoil and become chromatiN again Spindles and asters disappear Nuclear membrane surrounds the chromatin All organelles reappear Reverse of prophase.

What event occurs during the S phase?

DNA is synthesized through a process called DNA replication.

Karyotype

Diagram that shows a cell's chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs in order from largest to smallest. A photo micrograph of thechromosomes in a cell during metaphase Can be used to id abnormalities in chromosomal # and structure

List the events of Cytokinesis in an ANIMAL CELL?

Division of the cytoplasm Cleaves the cell into 2 cells Animal Cells: At equator the cytoplasm invaginates to form a cleavage furrow The furrow continues to deepen until the cell is completely divided and two separate cells are formed Plant Cells: New cell plate (equatorial plate) forms at the equator

What occurs in animal cell cytokinesis?

During cytokinesis of animal cells, microtubules wrap around the equator of the cell to create an invagination or indention and cinch the microtubule belt until the cell membranes meet and pinch off to create 2 daughter cells.

What occurs in plant cell cytokinesis?

During cytokinesis of plant cells, the cell wall CANNOT indent; therefore, at the equator a cell plate (or equatorial plate) form from vesicles to become a new cell wall.

Define ChromatiN.

Form of DNA when it is unorganized.

Define cell cycle

From formation of a new cell, as a result of cell division, to that new cell's division to produce more new cells.

If Pitt Makes A Touchdown Cheer!!!

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.

What is the nickname for metaphase?

Middle

PMAT

Miotsis Phases - Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Process that somatic cells divide

Mitosis

Explain the big idea of mitosis?

Process to divide the nucleus to create 2 IDENTICAL daughter cells.

List the Phases of Mitosis in order.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT)

What is cytokinesis?

The process (sis) of moving (kine) the cell (cyto). Divides the cell to make 2 cells.

Reproduction

The process by which an organism produces others of its same kind.

What scientist contributed that all cells come from preexisting cells?

Virchow

Human Female sex determining chromosomes.

XX

Human Male sex determining chromosomes.

XY