Cell Structures ADVANCED SET

contractile vacuole

A _____ _____ is a membrane-bound organelle found mainly in protists that periodically expands to fill with extra water from the cell then shrinks to propel the extra water to the outside of the cell.

lysosome

A _____ is a small sac (vesicle) that contains special digestive chemicals called enzymes (special type of protein). The enzymes help break down molecules.

chloroplast

A _____ is an organelle that uses water, carbon dioxide, and chlorophyll to convert the radiant energy of the Sun into chemical energy, resulting in the formation of glucose, through the process of photosynthesis.

Cell Membrane

A double-layered membrane that surrounds ALL cells and separates the cytoplasm from the extra-cellular space. Also called the plasma membrane, it regulates what enters and leaves the cell and helps the cell maintain homeostasis. Structurally, it is made of a phospholipid bi-layer.

Nuclear Envelope

A double-layered membrane that surrounds and protects the nucleus; controls what can enter and exit the nucleus.

Cytoplasm

A jelly-like substance, composed mainly of water, occupying most of the interior space between the cell membrane and other structures inside the cell.

large central vacuole

A large membrane-bound sac found in plant cells that stores water, nutrients, waste products, and other chemicals. In plant cells, this structure helps the cells maintain their shape via turgor pressure.

Organelle

A membrane-bound cell structure that performs a specific function. Note: quite often, this term is used incorrectly to refer to ANY cell structure.

nucleus

A membrane-bound region in the cell that contains DNA (chromosomes) and the nucleolus and directs the cell's activities; the control center of the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A network of maze-like, membrane-bound passageways connected directly to the nuclear envelope in which chemical compounds are manufactured, processed, and transported.

Nucleolus

A small region inside the nucleus--usually darker than the rest of the nucleus--where ribosomes are synthesized (made).

Secretory Vesicle

A special type of vesicle that pinches off from the Golgi body and carries contents to the cell membrane for export OUTSIDE the cell.

Transport Vesicle

A special type of vesicle that pinches off from the endoplasmic reticulum and carries contents to the Golgi body, or pinches off from the Golgi and carries the contents to some other destination INSIDE the cell.

Golgi body

A stack or set of flattened membrane "sacks" that collect, modify, and package chemical compounds and send them on to new destinations within the cell or prepare them for export outside of the cell.

Ribosome

A tiny structure made of rRNA that synthesizes (makes) proteins. Some of these tiny structures are found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, while others float freely in the cytoplasm.

Golgi body

An organelle found in the cells of eukaryotic organisms that forms an interconnected network of flattened sacs called cisternae that functions as a packaging and distribution center, kind of like the post office.

nucleus

In biology, the _______ is the control center of a cell, forming the basis for all of a cell's activity and growth. In chemistry, this term refers to positively charged center of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

Vesicle

In general terms, a _____ is any small package of nutrients or proteins that pinches off either from the endoplasmic reticulum or from the Golgi apparatus and carries the contents to another part of the cell. Under a microscope, it is usually impossible to tell the function of these tiny organelles.

3

On the photo above what number is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

pseudopodia

Sarcodines like this amoeba (uh-MEE-buh) are animal-like protists that can reproduce both sexually and asexually. While some sarcodines have a flagellum in certain stages of their development, they are typically recognized by their use of one or more _____(or false feet) to move and get food.

Plastids

Small structures found only in plant cells. May be found inside other organelles. Three main types: 1. leucoplast: stores food 2. chloroplast: houses the green pigment chlorophyll involved in photosynthesis. 3. chromoplast: houses other pigments not involved in photosynthesis.

large central vacuole

The _____ _____ _____ is a large membrane-bound vesicle found in plants. This vesicle is filled with an aqueous (water-based) solution that functions as storage and structural support for the cell.

large central vacuole

The _____ _____ _____ maintains tugor pressure within the cell, providing both the cell and the plant with structural support. This organelle also helps plant cells maintain homeostasis by regulating salt and water levels to maintain an acidic internal pH.

Golgi body

The _____ _____ is an organelle that consists of layers of flattened sacs. This organelle receives proteins packaged in transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum and then either releases the finished products into the cell cytoplasm or secretes them to the outside of the cell.

nucleus

The _____ is a membrane-bound structure found in eukaryotic cells, holds DNA, and controls reproduction, cellular growth, and most cell processes.

Rough ER

The _____ is the part of the endoplasmic reticulum located closest to the nucleus that is covered with embedded ribosomes that build proteins.

Smooth ER

The _____ is the part of the endoplasmic reticulum located farthest from the nucleus that is NOT covered with embedded ribosomes.

envelope, pores

The nucleus of a cell is protected by the nuclear ________, which is actually a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. This double membrane is also perforated (hold-punched) by openings called nuclear ______. (2 DIFFERENT WORDS SEPARATED BY COMMA, ORDER MATTERS!)

Cell Wall

The rigid, porous, outer layer of a plant cell just beyond the cell membrane made primarily of cellulose.

cisternae

The series of five to eight membrane-bound flattened sacs or folds that make up the Golgi body of a cell are called _____.

4

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum serves as a transition area for vesicles that transport ER products to various destinations. What number is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the picture above?

mitochondrion

The structure labeled Part K is called a _____? (singular noun)

chloroplast

The structure labelled I (i) in the diagram is called a _____.

Centrioles

These are made of a bundle of microtubules that helps organize the movement of chromosomes during cell division. These structures always occur in pairs.

large central vacuole

This organelle is often used to isolate materials that might be harmful to a plant cell. It is also used to store waste products.

cis, trans

Transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum arrive and fuse with the _____ face of the Golgi body. The contents are processed as they pass through the cisternae of the Golgi. Secretory vesicles destined for the export from the cell then bud off from the _____ face of the Golgi body. (2 WORDS, SEPARATED BY A COMMA, ORDER MATTERS!)

chloroplasts

What are the green organelles inside this cell called?

nucleus

What is the structure labelled A?

Animal Cell

What kind of cell is this?

plant cell

What kind of cell is this?

contractile vacuole

What organelle is D in the picture above? (Hint: This organelle regulates salt and water levels in some protist cells.)

contractile vacuole

What organelle is pictured in the paramecium (a type of protist) above? (Hint: This organelle performs osmoregulation and helps the protist balance salt and water levels.)

nucleolus

What structure is labelled Part 2?

Rough ER

What structure is labelled Part 4?

large central vacuole

What structure is labelled Part H?

Turgor pressure

_____ _____ is also referred to as hydrostatic pressure, which is the pressure exerted on a plant cell wall by water passing into the cell by osmosis. Once the water has passed into cell by osmosis, the water is stored in the large central vacuole.

Mitochondria

_____ are organelles that, using oxygen, convert the chemical energy stored in glucose into a form of energy known as ATP that can be readily be used by the cell.

cilia, flagella

________ are SHORT, HAIR-LIKE structures that beat back and forth to enable movement of a protist, whereas __________ are LONG, WHIP-LIKE, tail structures found on some protists and on some prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) that whip back and forth to enable the cell to spin and turn. (TWO WORDS SEPARATED BY A COMMA)

Ribosomes

_________ are not true organelles (because they lack a membrane), but they are commonly mistaken as organelles. They are tiny, yet complex cell structures that are made of RNA and protein, and function in building other proteins!