Cells

protein, lipids

Rough ER: _____ production (studded with ribosomes) Smooth ER: Synthesis of ____ (including these-based hormones)

carbs, drugs, calcium

Smooth ER: -Synthesis of lipids (including lipid-based hormones) -Carbohydrate synthesis (ex: glycogen) -Metabolism of _____ -Detox of ____ and alcohol *Changes with drug and alcohol abuse! -Storage of ____ ions in some cells

vacuoles

-Big vesicles -Food -Storage (central vacuole-common in plants and adipose cells) -Contractile vacuoles (contain water or air, expelled for propulsion-common in unicellular organisms)

peroxisomes

-Contain enzymes that remove H and add to O2, producing H2O2. -Then convert H2O2 to H2O. -Used to digest some fatty acids, amino acids

movement, sweep, protrude

-A flagellum, a single extension of microtubules that allows _____ -Cilia, many projections of microtubules that _____ material across the surface of the cell -Actin filaments enable extensions of the cell to ____, sometime surrounding a object to be phagocytosed

cytoskeleton

-A network of fibers running throughout the cell -Organelles attach to and move by the cytoskeleton -Whole-cell movement is accomplished by cytoskeleton -Cell shape is maintained by cytoskeleton (especially in animal cells)

making, ribosomes, ribosomes

-All cells are capable of _____ macromolecules -Proteins are made in _____ -Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have _____

reproducing, daughter, mitosis

-All cells are capable of _____ themselves* -Cell copies genetic material and then splits in two, dividing cellular contents -Each ____ cell should be an approximate copy of the parent cell -This process is known as ____, and we will discuss it later on in the course

dna, nucleus

-All cells contain ____ and can utilize energy and make new macromolecules -Cells vary in their level of organization -Central division: presence of a nucleus -_____: a membrane sack to hold DNA

cytosol

-All cells have an aqueous interior -_____: aqueous environment inside the cell 20-50% volume of cell

cellulose

-All plant cells have cell walls made of _____ -This starch is indigestible to us and makes up the bulk of human and animal feces -Plant cell walls provide rigidity so that plants can stand up without a skeleton!

phospholipid

-Almost all cells live in a watery (aqueous) environment -All cells have an aqueous interior -Must create a barrier for autonomy -Barrier for all cells is a _____ bilayer

golgi apparatus

-Another network of membrane sacks -Processes molecules for secretion -Modifies molecules, then sends them in membrane envelopes called vesicles to the plasma membrane -Molecule is released by exocytosis

true, no

-Eu = _______; Eukaryotic cells have a "true nucleus." All their DNA is housed within the nucleus. -Pro = ___; Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, their DNA is gathered in a clump in the center of the cell

mitochondria

-Evolved from endosymbiosis -DNA in nucleus does NOT contain genes for mitochondria! -Has own DNA

lysosomes

-Garbage disposals of the cell -Surrounded by membrane -Acidic interior -Digest unwanted material taken in from outside (i.e. bacteria, old cell parts) -They merge with endocytic vesicles to digest materials "eaten" by the cell -Autophagy: cells use lysosomes to breakdown macromolecules into monomers for reuse.

small, prokaryotes, prokaryotes

-Prokaryotic cells are very _____. -Individuals are single cells but often form chains or clusters. -Prokaryotes are very successful; and there is a huge diversity of species in the Bacteria and Archaea domains. -Bacteria and Archaea are _______. They have no membrane-enclosed internal compartments. -The first cells were probably ______.

cell walls

-Some cells have ____ ____ -These provide shape as well as prevent over-filling -Prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic plant and fungal cells

ER

-System of membranous sacks -closest to nucleus -Lipids and proteins made here -Material leave in vesicles: membrane-bound sacs.

cytoplasm, phospholipid

-The plasma membrane surrounds all cells (surrounds the _____). -The functional unit of the plasma membrane is a single ____ molecule.

pili, flagella

-_____ allow bacteria cells to hold on to surfaces or other bacteria -_____: long cellular "tails" that allow cells to swim through fluid

microtubules

-______ can be rapidly disassembled and reassembled elsewhere in the cell, allowing movement -Centrioles, cilia and flagella are all made of this

hydrophilic, hydrophobic, amphipathic

-polar glycerol head = _____ -two non-polar long fatty acid tails= _____ -_____: having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

phagocytosis, phagosome

1. food particles taken in by _____ 2. _____ fuses with a lysosome 3. digest unwanted material

flagella, flagellum

A cell can have no ____, one _____ or lots and lots of flagella all over their surface

peptidoglycan, thicker

Bacterial cell walls: -Made up of _______ (protein + sugar) -"Gram-positive" bacteria have a _____ cell wall than "gram-negative" bacteria

functional unit

Cells: -The smallest unit of life that can function independently (____ ____) -Contains the genetic information for the entire organism -It is composed of molecules -It can make new macromolecules -Can reproduce itself -It has some organization to its contents

fibers, movement, shape

Cytoskeleton: -A network of ____ running throughout the cell -Organelles attach to and move by the cytoskeleton -Whole-cell _____ is accomplished by cytoskeleton -Cell ____ is maintained by cytoskeleton (especially in animal cells)

same, distinct

Differentiation: -All cells of a given organism have the _____ genome -Develop into _____ cell phenotypes -Cells can differ in: Products the make Shape Size Function Organelles Capabilities -Accomplished through changes to the way the genome is used

lipids, proteins, vesicles

ER: -System of membranous sacks -closest to nucleus -____ and _____ made here -Material leave in _____: membrane-bound sacs.

plant, nucleus, organelles

Eukaryotes: -Animal and _____ cells -True ____: membrane-bound container for DNA -Many _____: individual parts of the cell with discrete functions—often membrane-bound -Within an organism, cells may vary in terms of structure, size and organelle content.

movement

Flagella can assist in cell ____ for eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells

secretion, vesicles, exocytosis, cis, trans

Golgi Apparatus: -Another network of membrane sacks -Processes molecules for _____ -Modifies molecules, then sends them in membrane envelopes called ____ to the plasma membrane -Molecule is released by _____ -___ side is the receiving side, closest to nucleus -____ side is the shipping side, closest to cell membrane

double, smooth, cristae, mitochondrial matrix, ATP

Mitochondria: -Density of mitochondria varies by cell type (i.e. muscle vs skin) -____ membrane -Outer is ____, encircles the cell -Inner is folded (folds are called _____) -Contents of inner membrane is called _____ _____ (DNA and ribosomes here) -Convert energy in consumed molecules into energy in the form of ____ -Provide most of this for entire cell

tubulin, actin, keratin

Monomers to these polymers: 1. microtubules:_______ 2. actin filaments: ______ 3. intermediate filaments:____

unicellular, smaller, no, center

Prokaryotes: -_____ organisms -_____ cells than eukaryotic cells -Have ___ membrane-bound organelles -DNA gathered in _____ of cell

lack, efficiently

Some Significant Differences Between Bacterial Cells and Eukaryotic Cells: 1. Cell walls: Eukaryotic (animal) cells ____ walls, therefore antibiotics that attack cell walls are safe for eukaryotic cells (penicillin) 2. Ribosomes: bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes are molecularly different 3. Eukaryotic cells can utilize sugars for energy much more _____ than prokaryotic cells

chromatin, chromosomes

The nucleus: -Stores the genetic information (DNA) as threads of ____ -Surrounded by its own membrane -During cell division chromatin condenses into _____

vesicles, food, storage, contractile

Vacuoles: -Big _____ -____ -_____ (central vacuole-common in plants and adipose cells) -_____ vacuoles (contain water or air, expelled for propulsion-common in unicellular organisms)

differentiation

Within an Organism, Cells Specialize (______)

ribsomes

____ make proteins

rough

_____ ER: protein production (studded with ribosomes)

glycocalyx

_____/Capsule: some cells exude a jelly-like coating of sugars and/or proteins -These can be for protection or recognition/networking with other cells -they can aid in protection from the environment as well as identifying certain cells

nucleolus

_____: a dark structure in the center of the nucleus that contributes to ribosome production

intermediate

______ filaments are more permanent than the other cytoskeleton elements Often made of keratin

centrioles

_______ are important in animal cell division

garbage, acidic, autophagy

lysosomes: -_____ disposals of the cell -Surrounded by membrane -_____ interior -Digest unwanted material taken in from outside (i.e. bacteria, old cell parts) -They merge with endocytic vesicles to digest materials "eaten" by the cell -______: cells use lysosomes to breakdown macromolecules into monomers for reuse.

endosymbiosis, dna

mitochondria -Evolved from ______ -DNA in nucleus does NOT contain genes for mitochondria! -Has own ___

H, H2o

peroxisomes: -Contain enzymes that remove ___ and add to O2, producing H2O2. -Then convert H2O2 to ___. -Used to digest some fatty acids, amino acids

communication, selectively

the plasma membrane -Site of _____ with external environment -Separates the cell's internal environment from external -Plasma membrane is _____ permeable -Controls entrance and exit from the cell -Layer of non-polar lipids between two aqueous environments

chloroplasts, cell wall, glyoxysomes

unique features of plant cells (euks): + _____ (capable of photosynthesis + ___ ____ (made of cellulose) + ______ (storage of carbs and lipids)

plant

vacuoles common in ___ cells

microtubules, intermediate, actin

what are the 3 parts of cytoskeleton? ____, ___ filaments, and ___ filaments