Cellular Respiration

How many phosphates does ADP have?

2

The main purpose of the Kreb's cycle is to make ______________ and ____________

2 ATP per molecule of glucose, and energy (main purpose is powerhouse for next and final step)

How many phosphates does ATP have?

3

The ETC makes _____ ATP

34

Write in the number of each molecule in the chemical reaction

6 oxygen+ 1 glucose= 6 carbon dioxide + 6 water + Energy

What do you need for Glycolysis to work? How many does it generate with the bare minimum?

A minimum of 2 ATP molecules. Then 2 ATP molecules generate 4ATP molecules, a profit of 2.

What are two carbon compounds called?

Acetyl coenzyme A or acetyl coA

What is ADP made of?

Adenine, ribose, and two phosphate groups

The krebs cycle and electron transport chain is an _________ _______ so it requires _______

Aerobic process, requires oxygen

What is NAD+ and FAD

Are chummy little enzymes that are related to B vitamins, derivatives of Niacin and Riboflavin which are also vitamins.

Why is the Krebs cycle also called the citric acid cycle?

As we know acetyl coA and a 4 carbon molecule called oxaloacetic acid, this creates a 6 carbon molecule called citric acid. But if the citric acid is then oxidized over, a brunch of intricate steps, cutting carbons off left and right, to eventually get back to the oxaloacetic acid which is what makes the Krebs Cycle a cycle. And as the carbons get shoved off the citric acid, there are leftovers in the form of CO2 or carbon dioxide which are exhaled by the cell and eventually by you. Also, each tim a carbon comes off the citric acid, some energy is made, but not as ATP. It is stored in a whole different kind of molecular package. NAD+ and FAD, these B vitamins are good at holding on to high energy electrons and keeping that energy until it can get released later in the electron transport chain.They are like batteries, big awkward batteries that pick up hydrogen and energized electrons from each pyruvate which in effect charges them up. The addition of hydrogen turns them into NADH and FADH2.

Why are the NADHs and FADH2s are important?

Because their electrons are going to provide energy that will work as a pump along a chain of channel proteins across the inner membrane of the mitochondria where the Krebs cycle occurred. These proteins will swap these electrons to send hydrogen protons from inside the very center of the mitochondria, across its inner membrane to the outer compartment of the mitochondria. Once they are out, the protons want to get back to the other side of the inner membrane because there are lots of other protons there. All these anxious protons are allowed back in through a special protein called ATP synthase. And the energy of this proton flow drives this crazy spinning mechanism that squeezes some ADP and some phosphates together to form ATP.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

How does Glycolysis break down glucose?

Breaks down glucose's six carbon ring into, two 3 pyruvate acids, that are called pyruvate molecules.

How many NADH and FADH2 does glucose and pyruvate?

Each pyruvate yields 3 NADHs and 1 FADH2 per cycle and since each glucose has been broken down into two pyruvates that means each glucose molecule can produce 6 NADHs and 2 FADH2

What do enzymes do in cellular respiration?

Enzymes are the proteins that bring together the stuff that needs to react with each other and bring them together in just the right way. For example, they bring together a phosphate with a ADP to create another ATP molecule for each pyruvate. They also help join the acetyl coA and a 4 carbon molecule called oxaloacetic acid, this creates a 6 carbon molecule called citric acid (which is in orange juice).

What sugar starts cellular respiration?

Glucose

Name the 3 steps of cellular respiration:

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Also these 'steps' do not happen on after the other, more like all at the same time.

In the absence of oxygen, what happens dring glycolysis

In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvate formed through gloycolysis get rerouted into a process called fermentation. Also will need more NAD+ to keep the glycolysis going, cause its energy.

When fermentation frees up some NAD+, what happens?

It creates some interesting by product, for example, in some organisms like yeast, the product of fermentation is ethyl alcohol, which is the same as regular alcohol.

Where does the Kreb's cycle happen?

It happens across the inner membrane of the mitochondria which are generally considered the power centers of the cell

What is NADH made from? What is it?

NADH is made from vitamin NAD+ & energized electrons & a hydrogen to create a storehouse of energy that will later be used to make ATP. It is energy

What makes your muscles sore?

Our muscles do not make alcohol when they do not get enough oxygen, if that was the case, working out would make us drunk. Anyways, our muscles make lactic acid instead of ethyl alcohol. Lactic acid is what makes you muscles feel sore.

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

How does ATP go to ADP?

So the three phosphates do not sit well together, because of this, in their oooO arrangement the ATP can drop a phosphate (o)so then it becomes ooO. Since now their only two phosephates, it is called adenosine diphoshate. With one of the phosephates are released, energy is released and causes a (hydroxide)OH pair to take its place.

Whats the other name for the Krebs cycle?

The Citric Acid Cycle, however is usually referred to Krebs which is the name of the man who figured it all out. An ear, nose and throat surgeon who fled Nazi Germany to teach biochemistry at Cambridge, where he discovered this complex cycle in 1937

How does the Krebs cycle make ATP and energy?

The Krebs cycle takes the products of glycolysis, those carbon rich pyruvates and reworks them to create another 2 ATP's per glucose molecules, plus some energy in a couple of other forms. First, one of the pyruvates is oxidized which basically means its combined with oxygen. Then one of the carbons of the three carbon chain bonds with an oxygen molecule and leaves the cell as CO2. So then a two carbon compounds are left. Then another NAD+ comes along, picks up a hydrogen and becomes NADH. So the two pyruvates create another 2 molecules of NADH to be used later.

What does Glycolysis do?

This step breaks down the glucose.

What does Glycolysis also produce?

With 2 ATP molecules, besides the 4 ATP's produces, it produces 2 pyruvates, and two super energy rich morsels called NADH.

One molecule of glucose can make _____ molecules of ATP

about 38 in best case scenario. Most of the time around 29 or 30 though

ATP stands for _____________ _____________. and is a _____________. It ___________ and is considered the _________________.

adenosine triphosphate -a molecule -stores energy -currency of biological energy

Where does glycolysis happen?

cytoplasm or the fluid medium within in the cell that all the organelles hang out in.

What is ATP made of?

made of a base, called adenine, sugar call ribose, and three phosphate groups attached to it

Glycolysis does not need _______________ to occur, therefore it is __________________

no oxygen needed so it is considered an anerobic process