Cellular respiration & Photosynthesis

Characteristics of enzymes?

-organic catalysts (composed of protein) -does not take part in the reaction -specific only works on one reaction/lock and key -substrate what the enzyme works on product what is produced

Evaluate an enzyme chain reaction

-product of one reaction is reactant for next -based upon enzymes in chain finding is the proper reactant -efficiency of this process increased if enzymes for a pathway are housed in a specific organelle

Explain the difference in aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Aearobic yields a net gain of 36 ATP molecules Anaerobic yields a net gain of 2 ATP molecules (does not need oxygen)

How does chemiosmosis apply to the processes of respiration and photosynthesis?

Both of them use chemiosmosis to create ATP. CR occurs in animals while P happens in plants.

Be able to look at an equation and know if it's a synthesis or decomposition reaction

Decomposition reaction LiCl + O2 -----> LiClO3 Synthesis reaction

Explain the equation of respiration

During glycolysis a molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of a compound called pyruvic acid. The enzymes for glycolysis are located in the cytoplasm. The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) completes the breakdown of glucose all the way to carbon dioxide (CO2) which is then released as a waste product. The enzymes for the citric acid cycle are dissolved in the fluid within mitochondria. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle generate a small amount of ATP directly. They generate much more ATP indirectly, via reactions that transfer electrons from fuel molecules to a molecule called NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) that cells make from niacin, a B vitamin. The electron transfer forms a molecule called NADH that acts as a shuttle carrying high-energy electrons from one area of the cell to another. The third state of cellular respiration is electron transport. Electrons captured from food by the NADH formed in the first two stages are stripped of their energy, a little bit at a time, until they are finally combined with oxygen to form water. The proteins and other molecules that make up electron transport chains are embedded within the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The transport of electrons from NADH to oxygen releases the energy your cells use to make the most of their ATP.

Describe the process of chemiosmosis as it occurs in the chloroplast and mitochondria

It will diffuse from an area of high proton concentration to an area of lower proton concentration. This could be harnessed to make ATP. He likened this process to osmosis, the diffusion of water across a membrane, which is why it is called chemiosmosis. ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes ATP by chemiosmosis. It allows protons to pass through the membrane using the kinetic energy to phosphorylate ADP making ATP. The generation of ATP by chemiosmosis occurs in chloroplasts and mitochondria as well as in some bacteria.

What happens in each of the biochemical pathways?

Metabolic pathways are chemical reactions that take place to create and use energy. Catabolic pathways involve the breakdown of molecules to release energy. *enzymes in chemical reactions have the power to break down, build up or stop a chemical reaction.

Why are respiration products different? (NAD, NADP, FAD)

NAD-dehydrogenase enzyme, removes and passes H+ from one substrate to another, reusable so only small amount needed, respiration NADP- photosynthesis FAD- another coenzyme that is used-not as much, photosynthesis

Why would a red blood cell and an elodea cell respond differently to a hypotonic solution?

Plants have a cell wall so they don't burst. They do become turgid (swollen)

Similarities and differences between respiration and photosynthesis

SAME -involve metabolic pathways -use ETC system located in a membrane to generate ATP -use hydrogen carriers -processes occur in plant cells DIFFERENCE Respiration -in all cells -occurs in mitochondria -release energy -requires oxygen -releases carbon dioxide -breaks down glucose Photosynthesis -only in certain cells -occurs in chloroplasts -absorbs energy -releases oxygen -uses carbon dioxide -build up of glucose

How to products differ? Yeast Bacteria Human muscle cell

Yeast -one cell -beer/wine and baking industry -2 ATP molecules -fats (216 ATP produced) proteins Bacteria -one cell -vinegar -2 ATP Human Muscle Cell -lactic acid -toxic to cells cramping/fatigue oxygen debt (heart rate and oxygen still up when after working out)

Fluid mosaic model

a description of membrane structure, depicting a cellular membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules suspended in a fluid bilayer of phospholipid molecules

Phospholipid bilayer

a double layer of phospholipid molecules (each molecule consisting of a phosphate group bonded to two fatty acids) that is the primary component of all cellular membranes

Noncompetitive

a molecule binds to an enzyme but not at the active site

What are reactants?

a starting material in a chemical reaction

How does active transport differ from passive transport?

active requires energy and work passive does not

What are products?

an ending material in a chemical reaction

Why do trees in this part of country exhibit Fall coloration?

because of chlorophyll, it breaks down and others color show. green disappears and yellow to orange colors become visible and additional colors form through development of red anthocyanin pigments

Allosteric site

binding molecules to an enzyme

Energy

capacity to cause change some can be used to do biological work and can be used to rearrange matter

Explain the equation of photosynthesis

chemical transformation that requires a lot of energy, and sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll provides that energy. Electrons are boosted "uphill" and added to carbon dioxide to produce sugar. Hydrogen is moved along with the electrons being transferred from water to carbon dioxide. This transfer of hydrogen requires the chloroplast to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is transferred along with electrons to carbon dioxide to form sugar. The oxygen escapes through stomata in leaves into the atmosphere as oxygen, a waste product of photosynthesis.

Pigments and why are they important to photosynthesis?

chemicals that have the ability to absorb solar energy and transform it into chemical energy??

How are enzymes related to activation energy?

enzymes are proteins that lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction. Enzymes are not consumed or produced in a reaction but they are catalysts that allow the reaction to proceed at faster rate.

Competitive

imposter molecule fills active site, no

Explain how feedback inhabitation affects enzyme activity and why is it important?

it keeps the cell from wasting resources that could be put to better use. an inhibitor disrupt the enzyme by altering its shape-link between structure and function (ex: try to shake hands when someone is tickling your ribs, cause you to clench your hands)

Why does high temperature stop enzyme activity?

it takes away enzymes (protein)

Endocytosis

large molecules including polypeptides, polysaccharides and polynucleotides are too large to be transported by protein carriers, must be enclosed in vesicles for transport

List the main events that occur in light dependent AND independent reaction

light dependent -light used -NADPH produced -ATP produced -chlorophyll used light independent -light not required -hydrogen used -C6H12O6 produced -calvin cycle

What is chemiosmosis?

movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. it relates to the generation of ATP by movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis

Diffusion

movement of molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equally distributed no extra energy required ( slow process, rate is affected by concentration gradient, temperature, liquid is slower than gaseous medium) DIFFUSION THROUGH AIR IS FASTER THAN DIFUSSION THROUGH A LIQUID

Omosis

net movement of water molecules from a region of greater concentration to a region of lesser concentration across a differentially permeable membrane (water is absorbed from human large intestine and taken up by blood, tonicity refers to strength of solution in relationship of omosis)

How does facilitated diffusion work?

occurs when certain sugars and amino acid molecules are transported across the membrane by a carrier protein down a concentration gradient at a faster rate than simple diffusion This does not need energy.

Active site

part of enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches-typically a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface (shape and chemistry that fits the substrate molecule) pg.82

Photosynthesis

process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria transform light energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of sugars. This process requires carbon dioxide, water, and produces oxygen gas as a waste product -carbon dioxide -water -light -glucose (starch) -oxygen -chlorophyll

Respiration

process which includes all metabolic pathways where carbohydrates and other metabolites are broken down to build ATP (energy carrying packages)

Channel protein

proteins allow molecules or ions to move across membrane

Carrier molecules and why is it important?

proteins combine with a particular substance to move it and it's important because it picks up a specific molecules and take them through the cell membrane against the concentration gradient.

Exocytosis

reverse of endocytosis where intracellular vesicles formed by Golgi apparatus transports cell products out of the cell when vesicle fuses with plasma membrane, exocytosis is required for secretion

Hypertonic

solution has a higher concentration of solute (cell shrivels, water comes out)

Isotonic

solution has an equal concentration of solute (no change in cell size)

Hypotonic

solution has lower concentration of solute (swell, more water comes in)

Metablism

sum total of all the chemical reactions involved in the capture and use of energy

Plasma membrane

the thin double layer of lipids and proteins that set a cell off from its surroundings and acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell; consists of a phospholipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded

What does it mean to say that photosynthesis and respiration complementary processes?

they use each other's products and reactants P is CR reactions CR is P products photosynthesis is known to take away carbon dioxide from the air and put in oxygen while cellular respiration does the opposite, putting in carbon dioxide while taking away oxygen

Product

what is produced as result of enzyme action

Substrate

what the enzyme works on