CH. 1-2 HWST
translate and determine the following terms that conveyed the role/function of each of the following in Hawaii society: - Konohiki:
- Konohiki: Land managers
(Our Sea of Islands) What are the *two levels* of operation that are pertinent to the purpose of the paper?
1) National governments 2) Proletarians
(Pondering Pidgin) The crucial years of HPE formation was
1890 - 1910
(Decolonizing the Mind) Define cognate:
Cognate - words that have the same linguistic origins
(Pondering Pidgin) What schools were established to address the rise of HCE speakers?
English Standard Schools
(E Ola Mau Kaku i ka 'Olelo Hawai'i) The Hawaiian speller, or alphabet is called the
Pi'apa
( The Maori Language in New Zealand: the decline of Maori Language) According to the pakeha's perception, what did the Maori children need to attain educational achievement?
The English language policy
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors) Te path of Ku is the path of
WAR
(Our Sea of Islands) If the ideas of "narrow, deterministic perspectives" continue for generations, what would happen to the people and what would happen to the land and seas?
Wardship over the people; land and seas would be at the mercy of the global economy
(Pondering Pidgin) Chinese arrived in 1852, the Japanese around 1868, the Filipinos around 1907, and created new pools of ___________ and _____________.
syntax intonations
( The Maori Language in New Zealand: the decline of Maori Language) What is the translation of Nga Kohanga Reo?
the Language Nest
(E Ola Mau Kaku i ka 'Olelo Hawai'i) Prior to the arrival of Captain cook in 1778, the spoken languages in Hawaii was
'oleo Hawai'i
(Decolonizing the Mind) The effect of "control is through deliberate undervaluing of a people's culture, ____, _____, ______, _____, ________, _________, ________, literature and the conscious elevation of the language of the colonizer.
- art - dances - religions - history - geography - education - oratory
(E Ola Mau Kaku i ka 'Olelo Hawai'i) What kind of law was enacted by the Republic of Hawai'i?
Banning of Hawaiian in both private and public schools
(E Ola Mau Kaku i ka 'Olelo Hawai'i) What was the result of Hawaiian medium schools?
Dropped to 0 by 1902
(Our Sea of Islands) Did Europeans invent belittlement?
NO
(Decolonizing the Mind) How as language used amongst the people that depicted the nuances of their culture?
through storytelling
(Our Sea of Islands) What new view of Oceania did the author have in "Big Island" at a conference?
"The world of Oceania is NOT small; it is huge and growing bigger every day"
(Our Sea of Islands) According the author, what is Oceania?
"Vast, expanding, hospitable, generous, humanity rising from the depths of brine and regions of fire deeper still, Oceania is US."
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors) Translate the term *Kinolau:
"many bodies"; every plant and animal is an embodiment of a god
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors) According to the story, Wakea desired Ho'ohokukalani but did not want Papa to find out about his wishes. What is the solution that was provided by the Kahua?
'Aikapu - 'Ai: to eat; kappa: sacred = 'Aikapu is the sacred eating protocol that established a way of life and is the religion in Hawai'i
(Our Sea of Islands) What is the difference b/t viewing the Pacific as "islands in a far sea" vs. "a sea of islands?"
(1) "islands in a far sea" --> emphasizes dry surfaces in vast ocean far from centers of power. Stresses smallness and remoteness of islands (2) "a sea of islands" --> holistic view where things are seen in totality of relationship. A large sea full of exploration
(Our Sea of Islands) What is the difference b/t the *two perspectives* used for our region: Pacific Islands and Oceania?
(1) Pacific Islands --> denotes small areas of land sitting atop reefs or seamounts. "islands in far sea" (2) Oceania --> denotes sea of islands w/their inhabitants. Exploration of the many islands it has to offer. "a sea of islands"
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) Where can cognates of the name be found?
- East and West Polynesia
translate and determine the following terms that conveyed the role/function of each of the following in Hawaii society: - Maka'ainana
- Maka'ainana: Workers of the land (commoners) (free from sacredness)
In general, the Pacific Basin languages belong to the __________________ family of languages and branches into *Two major divisions*. These two major branches are (1) the Formosan language group and the (2) _______________ language group. The latter group houses the remote oceanic languages, including polynesian languages
- Proto-Austronesian (2) Malayo Polynesian
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) What are the names of the most well know, first order gods of Polynesia deities? What elements does each of these gods represent?
- Tu --> War - Tane --> Forests, birds, insects, and myriad of other forms of LIFE - Ta'aroa --> Sea, heavens and creation - Ro'o --> Peace and cultivated foods
(Decolonizing the Mind) Ngugi states that the imperialist tradition in Africa is maintained by the international _________ and the resistance tradition is carried out by the working people (the peasantry and the ____________ aided by patriotic students, intellectuals, soldiers and other progressive elements of the petty middle class
- bourgeoisie - proletariat
(Decolonizing the Mind) The best weapon wielded is the _________ nom. Its effect is to ______ people's belief in their _______, in their ________, in their __________-, in their ___________ of struggle, in their _______, in their capacities and ultimately in __________.
- cultural bomb - annihilate (in their...) - names - languages - environment - unity - in themselves
(Decolonizing the Mind) The choice of language and the use to which language is put is central to a people's definition of themselves in relation to their _______ and _______ environment, indeed in relation to the entire __________.
- natural and social - universe
(Decolonizing the Mind) In your own words, describe what is meant by China Achebe's phrase "fatalistic logic of the unassailable position of English in our language."
- referring to philosophical argument of fatalism introduced by Aristotle - use the word to refer to the view that we are powerless to do anything other than what we actually do - in this respect, the "fatalistic logic of the unassailable position of English in our language" is the notion that there is nothing one can do to deny the use of the English language -- and therefore English is an inseparable quality for survival in today's word. - However, Ngugi refutes this notion and states that this book would be his last book to be written in English
(Decolonizing the Mind) The question that was never asked at the conference was more about the ________ _______ and the ________- origins and the _________ habitation of the writer rather than what __________ as African Literature.
- subject matter - racial - geographical - qualified
(Decolonizing the Mind) Ngugi states that the study of African realities has been seen in terms of ________. He believes this is a misleading stock interpretation of African realities popularized by western _________ that deflects people from seeing that ___________ is still the root cause of many problems in Africa
- tribes - media - imperialism
(Decolonizing the Mind) So what was the colonialist imposition of a foreign language doing to us children? Initially, colonialism was to control _______ but its dominance was the ________ universe, of how people perceived themselves and their relationship to the _______. Therby, _______ and ________ control is not complete or effective w/out mental control
- wealth - mental - world - political and economic
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) Determine *three methods* as discussed in the reading that reflects the process of a synchronic rupture or gap in a common continuous history and reflects the importance of new homeland histories
1) CAPPING - an event that fills gap 2) SHADOWING - more recent arrival dominate and marginalize previous settlers 3) IN SITU - originated from the land
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) Name *three failures* that have led to unscholarly publications on these traditions
1) Failure to understand the internal historical and symbolic dynamics of these traditions 2) Literal misinterpretations 3) Deliberate invented material
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors) Who are the children of Wakea and Ho'ohokukalani?
1) Haloanakalaukapalili --> Kalo (still born child who is buried and grows up to be halo) 2) Haloa -> Ali'i Nui: people of Hawai'i
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors) Diagram their children in chronological order beginning w/the first child born:
1) Hawaii island 2) Maui Island 3) Ho'ohokukalani (w) [reunited] 4) Kaua'i 5) Ni'ihau 6) Lehua 7) Ka'ula
( The Maori Language in New Zealand: the decline of Maori Language) According to the article "The Maori language in New Zealand, what are the *two skills* that seemed "to hold the key to power
1) Reading 2) Writing
(Decolonizing the Mind) Language as a *culture* also has *three important aspects*:
1) culture is a product of the history 2) It is an image-forming agent 3) culture transmits or imparts those images of the world and reality through spoken and written language, a specific language
(Decolonizing the Mind) Language as *communication* has *three aspects* or elements:
1) language as real life 2) speech - communication in production 3) written signs - initiates spoken
(Decolonizing the Mind) Ngugi's approach to explain the conflicts b/t two people is to look at two non-fixed variables an _________ tradition on one hand and a __________ tradition on the other hand
1) resistance tradition vs 2) imperialist tradition
(E Ola Mau Kaku i ka 'Olelo Hawai'i) The missionaries who arrived in Hawaii in ________ were employed by the ________ to educate Hawaiians about Christianity in their ______ language
1820 - ABCFM - native
(E Ola Mau Kaku i ka 'Olelo Hawai'i) What year was this law enacted?
1896
(Decolonizing the Mind) Oceanic languages are _____% of the world's languages
20%
(E Ola Mau Kaku i ka 'Olelo Hawai'i) According to Lucas, by 1853, _______ of the Hawaiian population was literate
3/4
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) What is not emphasizes in Polynesian lore and is considered a striking feature of Polynesian oral tradition?
A lack of emphasis on originating lands
The mo'i is at the apex of the societal "triangle" as an intermediary b/t ________ and the rest of ________ (the people of Hawaii)
AKUA; Lahui
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors) Malama 'Aina was demonstrated in traditional society through the kuleana of each class. Use the online Dictionary to translate and determine the following terms that conveyed the role/function of each of the following in Hawaii society: - Akua:
Akua: God - Land and Politics (most sacred)
translate and determine the following terms that conveyed the role/function of each of the following in Hawaii society: - Ali'i Nui:
Ali'i Nui - High Chiefs who take care of the Akua and Politics (moku punishment)
(Our Sea of Islands) Describe the perspective or worldview of the people of Oceania regarding their environment. Did their environment extend beyond the shoreline?
Anything BUT SMALL
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) What are culture heroes?
Culture heroes can be based on real figures whose histories have been transmitted over time in great mythological cycles, so much so, that original historical details have become too obscured to deduce. In this respect, the culture heroes act a intermediaries b/t gods and humans, test boundaries b/t reality and supernatural, life and death, describing heroic journeys conveying the bounties of creation for the benefit of humans
(Our Sea of Islands) How does the author described the views of people in a dominant position and how are these views perpetuated to then have significant consequences on their inferiors?
Derogatory or belittling behavior integral to relationships of dominance and subordination, wherein superiors behave in ways or say things that are accepted by inferiors, and in turn perpetuate the relationship
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors) According to the author, "incest is by definition a formula for creating _____________"
Divinity
(E Ola Mau Kaku i ka 'Olelo Hawai'i) Unlike his former employer, ABCFM, Richard Armstrong, the second minister of public instruction for Hawaiian Kingdom, supported the use of ______ language in schools
English
( The Maori Language in New Zealand: the decline of Maori Language) What was the reaction of the Maori families that was not anticipated after the first immersion school opened?
Enthusiasm
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) Where does "lore" pertaining to the natural world emanate from?
From the creation and demigod traditions. the function or use that the lore has is to describe, trace and define the origin, existence and characteristics of natural phenomena
(E Ola Mau Kaku i ka 'Olelo Hawai'i) If immersion schools are to make significant impact, what kind of support do they need?
Government and financial support
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors) What example(s) is/are given from the Papa and Wakea story that reflects this relationship?
Haloa (2nd child) - name honoring, maka'ainana, land management
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) Name at least one geographic cognate and list four location (island nations) where the same name can be found
Hawai'i 1) Hawai'i 2) Havai'i 3) Savai'i 4) Hawaiki
(Pondering Pidgin) What is HCE?
Hawaiian Creole English, is the systemized or standardization of pidgin language that has been in use for more than 3 generations
(Pondering Pidgin) What is HPE?
Hawaiian Pidgin English, a pidgin language created from different languages out of necessity by the users. For example, a community of immigrant workers on a plantation who are speaking different languages create a pidgin out of necessity to communicate with one another
(Our Sea of Islands) What ideas was the author bound to?
He was bound to the notion of smallness that even if they could improve approaches to production, that absolute size of our islands would still impose such severe limitations that they would remain defeated [his own feeling was perpetuating the ideas of inferiority and the presumed need for assistance from the larger, dominant and controlling government to be able to survive]
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) What specific idea regarding the origin of human life is the usual Polynesian tradition
Incest
(Our Sea of Islands) According to the author, what even or action can be traced to the derogatory and belittling views of indigenous cultures?
Interactions w/Europeans
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) What is Hawaiki?
It is BOTH a historica-georaphic and religious-symbolic concept
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors) What is the significance of the story of Papa, Wakes, and Ho'ohokukalani?
It is the origins story of the people of Hawai'i
(Decolonizing the Mind) Because of the English language dominance, what happened to Orature (ora literature) in Kenyan languages?
It stopped
translate and determine the following terms that conveyed the role/function of each of the following in Hawaii society: - Kahuna
Kahuna: Priests
translate and determine the following terms that conveyed the role/function of each of the following in Hawaii society: - Kaukau ali'i
Kaukau ali'i: Lesser Chiefs
( The Maori Language in New Zealand: the decline of Maori Language) What it he name for the indigenous people in New Zealand
Maori
(E Ola Mau Kaku i ka 'Olelo Hawai'i) This program was modeled after the _________ language preschools, known as ____________________
Maori Te Kohanga Reo
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) Provide the name of a culture hero and the journey he/she is famous for
Maui --> Fishing up the islands w/his fishing hook
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors) The path of Lono is the path of:
PEACE
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors) Failure on part of the Mo'i on either path of mana was to prove to be outside the state of:
PONO
( The Maori Language in New Zealand: the decline of Maori Language) According to the article, New Zealand government set an an assimilation policy was set upon the society of New Zealand. Whose government enacted this policy?
Pakeha (british settlers)
(E Ola Mau Kaku i ka 'Olelo Hawai'i) The Hawaiian immersion schools for the primary and secondary levels are known as ____________
Papahana Kula Kaiapuni
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors) Who is Papa?
Papahanaoumokuakua - Mother earth
(E Ola Mau Kaku i ka 'Olelo Hawai'i) This non-profit group administers the immersion preschools known as _________
Punanan Leo
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors) Malama means "to care" and 'Aina means "land." Malama 'Aina " to care for the land," is a literal translation. What is the metaphorical relationship that this refers to the idea of reciprocity?
Respect for elders. Older sibling, younger sibling relationship = familial relationship which is the 'Ohana (family) that nourishes
( The Maori Language in New Zealand: the decline of Maori Language) What does it provide for the Maori child?
Self-confidence and Self-Identity
( The Maori Language in New Zealand: the decline of Maori Language) What process did kohanaga reo movement work through that was important to its success?
Self-determination
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors) Who is Wakea?
Sky father
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) In Polynesia, who is the father and mother that is found as a common theme throughout Polynesia and all other gods are born from (gods of nature, sun, moon, planets, stars, and all life)?
Skyfather Earthmother
(Our Sea of Islands) What is the prevailing view that has been unwittingly propagated mostly by social scientists about Islanders?
Small island states and territories of the Pacific, all Polynesia and Micronesia, are much too small, too poorly endowed w/resources, and too isolated from the centers of economic growth for their inhabitants ever to be able to rise above their present condition of dependence of the largess of wealth nations
(Pondering Pidgin) Although HCE is no longer necessary for ethnic communities to communicate w/one another, what does it provide for the community today?
Social identity, who we are, and who we are not
(Decolonizing the Mind) What was the most humiliating thing to be caught doing while at school?
Speaking Gikuyu
( The Maori Language in New Zealand: the decline of Maori Language) What was the government's opinion of the Maori language and what did the government propose and enact t censure Maori people's learning and development?
The Maori language would hinder the people and to ensure Maori language learning and development, the gov banned the language classroom and in playgrounds
(Our Sea of Islands) What is the core of all oceanic cultures that is not taken into account by economists?
The ancient practice of reciprocity
( The Maori Language in New Zealand: the decline of Maori Language) From whom did the kohanaga reo movement emerge and what was the reason for this movement?
The elders
(Our Sea of Islands) What is the "idea of smallness" and "tiny confined spaces" relative to to?
The general though given is that it is a matter of perception, especially by those living on continents
(Our Sea of Islands) Given an example how *language* can be used as a tool to control and emphasize social and ethnic differences
The use of "master" and "boy" to differentiate b/t European and indigenous
(Our Sea of Islands) What does Epeli Hau'ofa say about the views of from the level of national governments versus that from the level of ordinary people?
The views often differ markedly
(Our Sea of Islands) What reason was given to explain why aristocracy in Tonga used belittlement w/commoners?
To control and subordinate
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) What is the cultural import of migratory traditions?
To explain the existence of land as opposed to its discovery
(Our Sea of Islands) What is "neocolonialism" as defined by the author?
To make people believe they have no other choice but dependence
(Decolonizing the Mind) Example of a Polynesian cognate:
Word in English: Hawai'i Cognate in Hawaiian: Hawai'i Maori: Hawaiki Tahitian: Havai'i Marquesan: Havai'i
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors)Po'olua or "two heads" refers to:
a child of a union w/multiple parents (two female/1 males or 2 male/1female)
( The Maori Language in New Zealand: the decline of Maori Language) What was the result or outcome of the policy by 1960s?
high rates of failing school, and a blame on socio-economic situation of families as the result of pos achievements
(Decolonizing the Mind) overtime, this becomes a way of _______ developing into _______ and history
life culture
( The Maori Language in New Zealand: the decline of Maori Language) What type of school produced Maori people who could read and write
missionary school
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) What does current scholarship argue about the names throughout Polynesia?
names systematically from one place to another and became symbolized as origins were forgotten
(Pondering Pidgin) By definition, pidgin is created out of______
necessity
(E Ola Mau Kaku i ka 'Olelo Hawai'i) how many native-speaking communities are still intact and where are they located?
one community on Ni'ihau
(Pondering Pidgin) What industry contributed to the economic push for immigrant workers and thereby the development of HPE?
plantations
(Pondering Pidgin) Exclusive Creole speakers arose out of the _________________ generations who systemized features of HPE
second and third generations
(E Ola Mau Kaku i ka 'Olelo Hawai'i) The rich and extensive Hawaiian vocabulary. reflected the Hawaiians _____ relationship with their _______
symbiotic; environment
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) What do migration traditions contain?
tell the departure from islands of origin and the arrival, exploration, and settlements in locales. Also consider the deeds of the navigators
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors) Punalua literally "two springs" refers to :
the parentage of child of a union with multiple parents
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) Why are migratory traditions difficult to interpret
they contain the greatest mix of history and symbolism
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) What is a more likely proposition for so many places names sharing the same name?
thresholds b/t creation and reality because the ideas of geographic and spiritual origin was mutually similar
(Polynesian Oral Traditions) What is the purpose of lore?
to establish and invoke moral codes and reinforce the legitimacy of existing social institutions and customary practices through the reflection of these practices in the lore
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors) On an elementary level, 'Aikapu is that which prevents the unclean nature of __________ from defiling _____ sanctity when they offer _____ to the male Akua, and which is further observed on the ______ nights of the four major male Akua.
women; male; sacrifice; kapu
(Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors) Describe the significance and important of genealogies to the Hawaiian people
{Genealogies of Native Hawaiians go back to familiar relationship to mother earth and sky father}